Jurnal Online Universitas Pertahanan (Indonesian Defense University)
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Indonesia's Defense Diplomacy Towards France in 2019-2023 from Defense Diplomacy Motives Perspective
Full text linkThe dynamics in the regional and global scope encourage countries to implement defense diplomacy to achieve national defense and security interests. Indonesia is one of the countries that has implemented defense diplomacy and cooperated with many partners spread across various countries. However, from 2019 to 2023, Indonesia's defense diplomacy and cooperation strengthened with one country, France. This research aims to find out the motives of Indonesia's defense diplomacy towards France in the 2019-2023 period. This research uses a qualitative method with the concept of defense diplomacy motives from Frega Wenas Inkiriwang. The research uses data from books, journal articles, news, reports, and documents from official websites. The research data collection technique was conducted through literature studies and interviews. The results show that the motives of Indonesia's defense diplomacy towards France focus on the motives of strategic engagement, confidence-building measures, capacity building, and international reputation to overcome problems, such as inadequate defense equipment, limited defense technology, unfulfilled MEF I and II targets, lack of human resources capable of mastering defense technology, and the interests of maintaining the integration of the Republic of Indonesia. This study found that Indonesia should keep developing diplomatic connections with France to strengthen the defense industry's capabilities and the competency of the Indonesian National Military personnel. Nevertheless, the Indonesian government must establish a monitoring mechanism for cooperation in procuring defense equipment and staff training. This guarantees the continuation of the cooperation agreement, which promotes Indonesia's defense capabilities and independence. Indonesia is not intended to become dependent on France due to the ongoing collaboration; instead, it is designed to assist in developing national defense
CONTROVERSIES ON ARMS TRADE AND HUMAN SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
No full textThe security of the Middle Eastern countries is impacted by the arms trade in the region. Human rights breaches in the Middle East are partly caused by the armaments trade. Currently, one of the primary goals in defending the nation against external threats is obtaining weapons. . The article examine the Middle East's armaments trade and its impact on human security that analyzed with liberal theory. Descriptive qualitative research methodology was employed in this study. The information was gathered from research-related publications, websites, and other sources. This article finds that the massive arms trade in the Middle East is reducing the quality of human security, in the context of the absorption of welfare funds for arms purchases
Evaluation of Indonesia's Energy Policy Implementation in the Oil Sector to Strengthen National Defense
Full text linkRussia's invasion of Ukraine has resulted in an increase in world crude oil prices, causing an energy crisis in many countries. The crisis lifted food, goods, transportation, and other commodities’ prices. Indonesia is one of the countries affected by the increase in world crude oil prices as the country is still dependent on imported oil. Energy policies that have been issued by the Indonesian government must be able to overcome the energy crisis that is currently occurring in Indonesia. The policies issued by the government have not been able to overcome the energy vulnerability that has occurred in Indonesia, so the government needs to rethink its energy policy to protect the country from the energy crisis. This study focuses on evaluating policies in the Indonesian petroleum sector. The objective of this research is to determine whether the policies implemented by the government align with current global environmental changes. The study was conducted using qualitative research methods through a literature review approach which was carried out by collecting data and information related to the policy of increasing world crude oil prices that occurred domestically and abroad. The research shows that the energy security policy in Indonesia needs to be strengthened and clarified, as this is closely related to the development of Indonesia's defense to become a strong and self-reliant nation
Use of Cyclotron for Radionuclide Production in SPECT Diagnostics at Nuclear Medicine Installation
Full text linkThe development of cyclotron technology in the healthcare industry became important after the production of several radioisotopes with short half-lives were used. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) became one of the important diagnostic methods, especially in the visualization and functional analysis of internal organs. In Indonesia, cyclotron is only available in a few hospitals and is not fully optimized in the production of radionuclides for SPECT. By involving cyclotron technology in the production of radionuclides for SPECT, it is hoped that this research can make a contribution in advancing the field of nuclear medicine, opening up new opportunities for diagnostic research, and improving the healthcare quality by providing more accurate and timely information to medical practitioners. Relatively low-energy cyclotrons are required to produce PET radionuclides such as 18F, 11C, 13N, 64Cu, and 124I with energies between 2.7 and 5.6 MeV. Medium cyclotrons capable of accelerating protons greater than 10 MeV are required for the production of SPECT radionuclides such as 99mTc, 123I, 201Tl, 111In and 67Ga
HUBUNGAN KAUSALITAS JANGKA PENDEK DAN JANGKA PANJANG PENGELUARAN PERTAHANAN TERHADAP INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DI KOREA UTARA TAHUN 1990-2022
Full text linkKorea Utara menjadi negara yang mengalami penurunan di titik terendah, khususnya terkait krisis pangan, kebijakan pembatasan, ketergantungan pada impor, serta adanya gap pengetahuan dengan negara lain berupa pembatasan informasi dari dalam ke luar maupun informasi dari luar ke dalam. Penurunan kondisi ekonomi Korea Utara merupakan hasil dari berbagai faktor, termasuk sanksi yang diberlakukan oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) dan kondisi kesejahteraan yang memburuk dengan ideologi Juche dari masyarakatnya. Di sisi lain, Korea Utara justru terobsesi untuk mengembangkan kekuatan militernya, yakni sebanyak 23,3% dari pendapatan negara digunakan untuk keperluan militer. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan kausalitas jangka panjang dan jangka pendek dari Pengeluaran Pertahanan dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Korea Utara tahun 1990-2022 dan dikaitkan relevansinya terhadap Indonesia dari segi pertahanan dan kesejahteraan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode Error Correction Model (ECM) yang diolah melalui program EViews 9, dengan 33 observasi data, yang bersumber dari World Bank, Sipri, dan Our World in Data. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa dalam jangka pendek pengeluaran pertahanan memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap indeks pembangunan manusia sebesar 20,8% dan indeks pembangunan manusia berpengaruh terhadap pengeluaran pertahanan sebesar 23,68%, sedangkan terdapat hubungan kausalitas jangka panjang yang berpengaruh negatif antara pengeluaran pertahanan terhadap indeks pembangunan manusia sebesar 41,01 persen, dan indeks pembangunan manusia terhadap pengeluaran pertahanan sebesar 10,08 persen. Sehingga, dalam penelitian ini menunjukan adanya kausalitas satu arah atau undirectional causality. Hasil temuan ini mendukung fenomena Guns vs Butter, saat pengeluaran pertahanan ditingkatkan, maka pengeluaran kesejahteraan menurun
Current State, Future Prospect and Challenges on Fungal Biomaterials: A Review
Full text linkThe durability of fungal mycelia as well as its sustainability and environment-friendliness make them of great interest for a wide variety of applications. These include replacing non-degradable plastics in packaging, alternative to animal-based leather in fashion, durable and sturdy interior design, and eliminating CO2 emissions in architecture and building designs. Many well-known companies have implemented these products in their sustainability and environmental campaigns Fungal biomaterials still face challenges in product development, for example, producing non-destructible but functional biomaterials, especially in structural designs. Fungal biomaterials, however, will have many advantages in the future due to an increase in public awareness regarding sustainable and environmentally friendly products
Comparative Analysis of Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger (KNIL) and Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) Military Training as Precursors to the Indonesian National Armed Forces
Full text linkThe Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) were formed from three groups with different training backgrounds: those trained by the Dutch, Japanese, and civilian militias. Only the first two groups underwent professional military training. The Dutch military trained the first group as part of the Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger (KNIL), and the second group received military training from the Japanese while being part of the Volunteer Army for the Defence of the Homeland (Pembela Tanah Air or PETA). This article conducts a comparative analysis of the military training received by soldiers from KNIL and PETA. It examines the aspects that differentiate the training of these two armed forces, which served as the foundation for the Indonesian military. This research approach uses historical methods and sociological analysis. The study utilizes primary and secondary sources, with primary sources as the main references. These primary sources were obtained by examining contemporary newspaper records and autobiographical notes from individuals who underwent training in KNIL and PETA. Notable newspaper sources include Asia Raya, Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, De Sumatra Post, Kan Po, and Soerabaiasch Handelsblad. The findings revealed significant differences between the KNIL and PETA training programs, which can be classified into technical training and training culture. Technical training differences included divisions, recruitment, classification, duration, and content. Training culture differed as KNIL adopted Western military professionalism, emphasizing separation from civilian life. In contrast, PETA adopted the Japanese bushido doctrine and the Remarkable Trinity concept, emphasizing harmony between the military, government, and people. This study concludes that the training and frameworks established by both groups played a crucial role as precursors to the TNI
A HOLISTIC OVERVIEW: INDONESIA'S GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ENCOURAGES GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT INVESTMENT IN SUPPORT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
Full text linkThe Pacific Ring of Fire passes across Indonesia physically, and the country's intense volcanic and tectonic activity has produced a wealth of geothermal resources that could reach 23,46 GW, distributed over 357 sites. To promote the decarbonization of Indonesia's electricity supply and the advancement of geothermal energy, the Indonesian government issued Presidential Regulation No. 112/2022 on the Acceleration of Renewable Energy Development for Electricity Supply in 2022. To incentivize GPPs to invest, the lack of bids in PLN's most recent procurement from 2021 requires more than the maximum electricity tariff. Investing in geothermal projects has some regulatory obstacles in addition to cost concerns. This study aims to assess geothermal investment in Indonesia and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, which are susceptible to price and supply volatility. GPPs ensure a consistent energy supply for national needs to support national defense. The method used is descriptive qualitative, which relies on literature studies that discuss appropriate issues. The National Energy Management Blueprint 2006-2025 presents the survey results. The Government of Indonesia plans geothermal energy to contribute about 5% of the national energy mix or about 7,32 GW in 2025. However, the realization of installed geothermal power plant capacity in 2023 only reached 2,38 GW, or 32,52 percent of the planned capacity to be installed. Through the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the government needs to increase the purchase price of electricity from IPP GPPs to create a good investment climate and continue to grow the geothermal industry
EVALUASI RENDAHNYA DAYA TARIK INVESTASI ASING DALAM SEKTOR KELISTRIKAN BERBASIS ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN DI INDONESIA
Full text linkPemerintah telah mengembangkan Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN) yang berfokus pada energi baru terbarukan (EBT) sebagai langkah antisipatif terhadap penurunan pasokan energi fosil di masa depan. Namun, pelaksanaan kebijakan ini menghadapi sejumlah tantangan, terutama terkait dengan anggaran dan teknologi. Pendanaan dari sektor swasta, khususnya Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) menjadi sangat penting dalam pengembangan sektor kelistrikan berbasis energi hijau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi rendahnya daya tarik investasi di sektor kelistrikan berbasis EBT di Indonesia berdasarkan dari system peringkat Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI). Metode analisis literatur digunakan untuk menyoroti kebijakan pemerintah yang mendukung investasi dalam energi hijau yang ramah lingkungan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan energi hijau di Indonesia masih terkendala oleh iklim investasi yang kurang kondusif. Hal ini terlihat dari peringkat Indonesia yang relatif rendah pada indeks Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI), di mana Indonesia menempati posisi ke-39 dari 40 negara yang disurvei. Meskipun pemerintah telah mengimplementasikan beberapa kebijakan untuk mendukung investasi di sektor energi hijau, seperti pengurangan pajak, fasilitas pengurangan pajak, dan libur pajak, namun masih ada kebijakan yang perlu direvisi. Misalnya, mekanisme pemilihan langsung bagi Pengembang Pembangkit Listrik (PPL) dan kebijakan penetapan harga beli energi kepada investor dinilai kurang efisien dan menghambat investasi dalam sektor energi ramah lingkungan. Dengan demikian, diperlukan penyesuaian kebijakan yang lebih efektif untuk menciptakan iklim investasi yang lebih menarik bagi pengembangan energi hijau di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya perbaikan kebijakan untuk mencapai tujuan jangka panjang dalam meningkatkan kontribusi EBT terhadap pasokan energi nasional untuk meningkatkan ketahanan energi
GUADALCANAL STRATEGIES: LESSONS LEARNED FOR ENHANCING NATUNA'S SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM BY INDONESIAN COAST GUARD
Full text linkThe reconquest of Guadalcanal by U.S troops on 9th February 1943 marked a pivotal moment in reclaiming Pacific islands from Japanese occupation. The strategic conditions of Guadalcanal during the Pacific War era bear similarities to Natuna facing Chinese aggressiveness, particularly regarding the 'Nine Dash Line' claims, which extend to Indonesian waters around Natuna. This research aims to derive lessons from the Japanese defeat at Guadalcanal to emphasize the critical importance of developing a robust surveillance system in Indonesia's outermost regions, especially Natuna. Utilizing a combination of Case Study and Historical Research methodologies, this study identifies strategic parallels between the U.S military actions in Guadalcanal and Chinese actions in the South China Sea. The findings underscore the necessity for the Indonesian Coast Guard (Bakamla RI) to enhance surveillance capabilities in Natuna to safeguard national sovereignty