Jurnal Online Universitas Pertahanan (Indonesian Defense University)
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Quo Vadis ASEAN Security Amidst the United States-China Rivalry in the Southeast Asia Region
Full text linkTensions between the United States and China intensify globally, particularly in Southeast Asia. Therefore, ASEAN countries should re-assess the ties between these two great powers, both within the ASEAN region and with external counterparts. Given the strategic value of the region, Southeast Asia has become the venue for strategic competition between the United States and China over the past decade. Therefore, rowing the ASEAN's boat among the two gigantic reefs in the ocean requires ASEAN resilience as a Community to overcome the current and future challenges. Potential conflicts intra-ASEAN could be entry points for major powers to weaken ASEAN's unity. The study aims to analyze the most suitable approach for ASEAN regionally to deal with the challenges and to meet the expectations for a sustainable ASEAN Community and assess whether ASEAN's orientation in maintaining neutrality against major powers remains suitable to serve the strategic interests of the member states in the current environment. In this regard, a qualitative method and concepts of Amalgamated Security Community and Pluralistic Security Community are applied to analyze the study. The results of the study show realistic calculation can never be overlooked to preserve sustainable common strategic interests for the member states, which include economic growth on the one hand, and stable regional peace on the other hand. In this regard, “a manageable United States-China rivalry” by a solid ASEAN Pluralistic Security Community in the region guarantees more sustainability of national strategic interests for its member states and ASEAN
Strategic Leadership to Deal with the Separatism Movement in Papua
Full text linkThe separatist movement in Papua has been a threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia for many years. Although various efforts have been made to deal with this problem, the separatist movement still exists and threatens the stability of the Papua region. Therefore, effective strategic leadership policies and strategies are needed to overcome separatist movements in Papua. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of strategic leadership in overcoming separatist movements in Papua as a form of threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia. The research method used is library research by collecting data from primary and secondary sources, including journal articles, books, and official documents. The data was then analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive approach. The recommendations for effective strategic leadership in addressing separatist movements in Papua include; acknowledging historical factors, engaging stakeholders, adopting preventive strategies, protecting human rights, leveraging technology, enhancing transparency and accountability, and promoting economic development
Opportunities and Challenges of the State Defense Paradigm in the Era of Globalization
Full text linkIn the era of globalization, efforts to defend the country no longer involve physical warfare. This study aims to describe the opportunities and challenges to defend Indonesia in the globalization era. This research was conducted because it has an urgency that there is a meaning of disruption in the paradigm of state defense in the era of globalization. This study is a descriptive-qualitative study that used library research to collect data from surveys, observations, Focus Group Discussions, and Interviews. This study finds that through the digital era, social media platforms will create interactive, communicative, and multi-channel communication dialogue patterns that will create a digital community that loves the motherland and is aware of the nation and state. Besides, the transformation of the value of State Defense in the digital era is more effective than previously. On the other side, Indonesia is still facing cultural, structural, and postural challenges. Thus, the challenges faced also need to be considered and prevented together with all existing stakeholders and state defense agents
INDONESIA’S PERSPECTIVE AND POSSIBLE STRATEGIES AS THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF ASEAN 2023 IN RESPONDING TO THE EMERGENCE OF AUSTRALIA-UK-USA DEFENSE PACT
Full text linkThe formation of the AUKUS Defense Pact (Australia-UK-US) has the potential to trigger militarization and regional instability. Indonesia, poised to lead ASEAN in 2023, is concerned about the impact of heightened tensions and threats to regional security. If AUKUS alters the role of external powers in this region, the centrality of ASEAN's role in preserving regional stability could be disrupted. This study aims to analyze the perspectives and strategies that Indonesia, on behalf of ASEAN, can adopt in facing AUKUS. A qualitative research method is employed with a descriptive approach. Data collection involves comprehensive interviews and a literature review. The SWOT method is used to formulate suitable strategies and perspectives, particularly those that reaffirm ASEAN's central role. The research findings reveal that the emergence of AUKUS has triggered security dilemmas within ASEAN, accelerated regional arms races, and potentially altered the balance of military power. As ASEAN Chair in 2023, Indonesia is committed to fostering unity within ASEAN to preserve regional stability and interests. The SO strategy (Strengths-Opportunities), through diplomatic efforts, economic cooperation, and multilateralism coordinated by ASEAN, is identified as the way for Indonesia to reinforce ASEAN's central role and respond to AUKUS. Consequently, Indonesia can promote regional cooperation, stability, and resilience
The Relationship of Mutualism Between the Diversity of Gut Bacteria Metabolism and The Human Body: A Review
Full text linkDo you know the relationship of mutualism between the diversity of gut bacteria metabolism and the human body? Hearing bacteria our thinking is directed to something that pathogenic and parasitic to the host, not all bacteria can cause disease. Precisely the human body has a mutual relationship between gut bacteria and human metabolism such as helping in the digestive process of both coarse fiber, protein, fat, detoxifying toxins as well as endurance and maintaining homeostatic. The understanding of the mechanism of homeostatic gut bacteria is not fully known especially until the basic genetics and metabolism in each of these gut bacteria. This paper is expected to improve understanding of the interaction of intestinal bacteria such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and Saccharomyces boulardii to human metabolism, especially in detecting diseases and improving the health of the body. The focus of this paper is on the diversity of bacterial metabolic pathways in the human gut as well as the influence of the presence of such bacteria in the body. The studies was completed by study libraries with qualitative and quantitative data
The Significance of the San Remo Manual to Protect the Sea Defense of Indonesia
Full text linkIn 1994, the San Remo Manual was established as a regulation governing sea warfare, providing guidelines for countries engaged in conflicts at sea. As Indonesia holds a crucial strategic position in both regional and global sea and air zones, understanding and adhering to international law during armed conflicts at sea is of paramount importance. This research aims to offer practical guidance on the significant role of the San Remo Manual, in applying international law during sea warfare and examines its application in Indonesia. The study employs a qualitative method, which seeks to identify and understand various phenomena in-depth. By analyzing different cases and phenomena, empirical insights on the development and application of the law can be derived. The research results show a comprehensive guide for countries involved in sea conflicts, detailing permissible actions, involvement of parties, protection of injured vessels and personnel, and actions taken by non-conflicting nations. For the Indonesian Navy, implementing the San Remo Manual is vital since they operate in waters that may be prone to armed conflicts. Adhering to this manual can help regulate the conduct of naval personnel during military operations at sea, with a strong emphasis on upholding human rights and justice in the use of military force
A Healthy Game-Theoretic Evaluation of NATO and Indonesia's Policies in the Context of International Law
Full text linkThis study examines the policies of two prominent actors, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Indonesia while considering their adherence to international law. The analysis is conducted through the lens of game theory, which provides a framework for evaluating strategic interactions in the cyber domain. This study aims to explore how game theory can be applied to assess the policies of NATO and Indonesia in combating and to establish the link between game-theoretic evaluation and conflict resolution in Indonesia's cyber landscape. By understanding strategic interactions and motivations of various actors, this study seeks to provide insights into fostering international cooperation, promoting responsible state behavior, and enhancing cybersecurity. This study employs a qualitative research design, relying on literature reviews, policy analyses, and case studies to examine the cybersecurity policies of NATO and Indonesia. Game theory serves as the primary analytical framework to model cyber conflicts and interactions between different actors. The policies of NATO and Indonesia are evaluated concerning cooperation, competition, and compliance with international law. The analysis reveals that both NATO and Indonesia employ distinct approaches to combating. NATO's collective response emphasizes coordination, information sharing, and cooperative defense strategies, reinforcing international cybersecurity efforts. On the other hand, Indonesia's response is shaped by its unique challenges and priorities, leading to tailored policies and collaborations. Game-theoretic evaluation establishes the importance of cooperation, deterrence, and adherence to international law in resolving conflicts arising from cyber threats in Indonesia. This research highlights the significance of international partnerships, capacity building, and context-specific best practices for a more secure digital environment in Indonesia and beyond. Ultimately, game-theoretic evaluation proves instrumental in shaping effective cybersecurity strategies and promoting responsible behavior in the ever-evolving cyber landscape
United States National Strategy for Defending Vital Infrastructure from Cyberattacks
Full text linkThe expanding information and communication technology landscape has led to complex security challenges, marked by dynamic and evolving cyber threats including hacking, malware, phishing, data theft, fraud, and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). Notably, the United States has faced the highest incidence of cybercrime cases from 2017 to 2021, affecting 2.9 billion victims and resulting in a cumulative material loss of US$18.7 billion during this period. This research centers on the United States, acknowledged as the primary target for global cybercriminals, comprising 38% of cybercrime targets. This research aims to find out the strategic efforts of the United States in overcoming cybercrime that befell its country so that it becomes the best country in cases of alleviating and controlling cases of cyberattacks even though it is also the country with the highest cases of cyberattacks in the world. Utilizing a qualitative research method, the study demonstrates that the United States collaborates systematically and synergistically with state governments, employing a centralized approach to delegate specific tasks and authorities. The study concludes that the United States has implemented the National Cybersecurity Strategy (NCS) 2023 program, aiming to establish a strategic environment and ecosystem by maintaining vital infrastructure and centralized integration
STRATEGI PEMBINAAN KESADARAN BELA NEGARA MASYARAKAT DALAM MENDUKUNG OPERASI MILITER SELAIN PERANG DI KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG
Full text linkBengkayang merupakan salah satu kabupaten yang ada di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat yang berbatasan langsung dengan Malaysia. Di Kabupaten Bengkayang banyak terjadi pelanggaran tapal batas, penyelundupan, dan pelanggaran lainnya yang melibatkan masyarakat di perbatasan sehingga mengancam masalah kebangsaan serta ancaman militer dan non militer. Pelanggaran atau permasalahan-permasalahan ini akan menimbulkan efek yang bisa mengancam kestabilan negara termasuk bisa membuat kesadaran mayarakat dalam bela negara berkurang. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis strategi pembinaan kesadaran bela negara masyarakat dalam Mendukung Operasi Militer Selain Perang (OMSP) di Kabupaten Bengkayang Kalimantan Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif analitik eksploratif. Metode kualitatif analitik eksploratif digunakan untuk dapat memahami secara mendalam masalah yang diteliti, makna peristiwa, dan interaksi orang-orang dengan situasi tertentu serta bertujuan untuk memperdalam pengetahuan dan mencari ide-ide baru mengenai suatu gejala tertentu, juga untuk merumuskan masalah secara lebih terperinci. Data pada penelitian ini didapatkan dari 10 orang informan kunci. Pemilihan informan berdasarkan kesesuaian dengan permasalahan yang ada, dan dapat dipercaya sebagai sumber data yang kompeten, dan kredibel. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan didapatkan hasil bahwa dalam melakukan pembinaan kesadaran bela negara guna mendukung OMSP di Kabupaten Bengkayang Kodim dan Kesbangpol menggunakan tiga strategi yaitu; melakukan pembinaan kesadaran bela negara pada isu batas negara, melakukan pembinaan kesadaran bela negara melalui kegiatan sosial kemasyarakatan, serta melakukan kegiatan santunan kepada Ibu-Ibu Lansia dan anak yatim, perbaikan tempat ibadah dan sekolah-sekolah serta kegiatan kepramukaan bagi guru-siswa. Selain itu, dalam meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat di perbatasan dan mendukung peningkatan kesadaran bela negara, Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Bengkayang juga turut mengambil bagian yaitu dengan dengan membentuk desa siaga perbatasan sebagai sistem rujukan kesehatan, melakukan pembinaan kemampuan pemasaran hasil produksi pertanian dan kerajinan kawasan perbatasan, serta memperluas akses dan mutu Pendidikan
HUBUNGAN NIAT BERPERILAKU DAN KOMUNIKASI PERSUASIF TERHADAP KEMAUAN MENJADI BAGIAN DARI KOMPONEN CADANGAN DALAM PENDIDIKAN BELA NEGARA
Full text linkDiperlukan niat berperilaku dan komunikasi persuasif yang baik dalam meningkatkan kemauan alumni pendidikan bela negara untuk menjadi bagian dari komponen cadangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan niat berperilaku dan komunikasi persuasif terhadap kemauan untuk menjadi bagian dari komponen cadangan dalam pendidikan bela negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan alat korelasi. Data didapatkan melalui instrumen kuesioner yang diberikan kepada 100 sampel alumni pendidikan bela negara. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu: Niat Berperilaku memiliki hubungan korelasi yang paling kuat dengan Komunikasi Persuasif (r = 0,876, p 0,01), dan hubungan korelasi yang paling lemah dengan Kemauan menjadi Komponen Cadangan (r = 0,243, p 0,05). Komunikasi Persuasif memiliki hubungan korelasi yang kuat dengan Niat Berperilaku (r = 0,876, p 0,01) dan Kemauan menjadi Komponen Cadangan (r = 0,341, p 0,01). Kemauan menjadi Komponen Cadangan memiliki hubungan korelasi yang lemah dengan Niat Berperilaku (r = 0,243, p 0,05) dan Komunikasi Persuasif (r = 0,341, p 0,01). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa adanya hubungan dari niat berperilaku dan komunikasi persuasif antara pelatih dan alumni terhadap kemauan alumni untuk menjadi bagian dari komponen cadangan