Jurnal Online Universitas Pertahanan (Indonesian Defense University)
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IDENTIFIKASI DAN PEMETAAN RISIKO PROSES PREPARASI, INTEGRASI, DAN PENGUJIAN ROKET R-HAN 122B DENGAN PENDEKATAN HIRADC DALAM RANGKA MENJAGA SUMBER DAYA NASIONAL
No full textPertahanan negara menuntut penguasaan teknologi strategis, termasuk sistem peroketan, untuk menjamin kedaulatan dan keamanan nasional. Roket R-HAN 122B saat ini telah mencapai Tingkat Kesiapan Teknologi (Technology Readiness Level/TRL) 8 dan perlu divalidasi menuju TRL 9 melalui uji operasional yang aman. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi potensi bahaya, menilai tingkat risiko, dan memetakan sebaran risiko pada tahap preparasi, integrasi, dan pengujian roket R-HAN 122B di Institusi X. Metode yang digunakan adalah Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Determining Control (HIRADC) dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Identifikasi bahaya dilakukan melalui observasi lapangan dan kajian literatur, sedangkan evaluasi risiko dilakukan berdasarkan kombinasi antara kemungkinan (likelihood) dan tingkat keparahan (severity). Sebaran risiko divisualisasikan menggunakan perangkat lunak Golden Surfer dan UTM Geo Map. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat sembilan risiko pada tahap preparasi (empat kategori rendah dan lima sedang), sembilan risiko pada tahap integrasi (lima rendah dan empat sedang), serta 21 risiko pada tahap pengujian (16 rendah dan lima sedang). Peta risiko menunjukkan adanya zona aman (biru–kuning) dan zona berbahaya (oranye) yang memerlukan kewaspadaan lebih tinggi. Secara umum, proses operasional roket tergolong aman, namun beberapa risiko dengan tingkat keparahan tinggi masih muncul dan memerlukan langkah pengendalian tambahan. Penelitian ini memberikan dasar empiris bagi penyusunan Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) keselamatan, pengembangan program pelatihan operator, serta pemasangan sistem peringatan di lapangan. Selain itu, hasil pemetaan risiko memperkuat kesiapan teknis menuju TRL 9 dan mendukung keberlanjutan produksi roket R-HAN 122B
China's Support for Indonesia's ASEAN Our Eyes Initiative in Countering Cyberterrorism in Southeast Asia
No full textThe ASEAN Our Eyes Initiative (OEI) was established as a regional intelligence-sharing platform in response to the growing threat of cyberterrorism in Southeast Asia. As the initiator, Indonesia has demonstrated regional leadership in promoting collective security based on ASEAN’s core principles of identity, nationalism, and strategic integrity. China’s increasing involvement in OEI-related activities introduces a complex strategic dynamic. On one hand, China’s technological support and intelligence-sharing capabilities have the potential to enhance ASEAN’s cyber defense. On the other hand, dependence on external actors may undermine ASEAN’s strategic autonomy and weaken its leadership in regional security affairs. This study offers a novel contribution by critically examining the ambivalent role of China in the OEI, an aspect that remains underexplored in current defense literature. Using a qualitative approach through a structured literature review, this research analyzes academic publications, official defense policies, and intelligence-related reports to evaluate both the benefits and risks of China’s participation. The findings indicate that while China’s involvement can significantly enhance ASEAN’s operational capacity in addressing cyberterrorism, it also carries the potential to shift the regional balance of power, thereby threatening ASEAN’s identity and independence as a security actor. This leads to clear policy implications in which ASEAN, particularly Indonesia, must establish transparent and rules-based cooperation frameworks to define the boundaries of external engagement. Strengthening intra-ASEAN collaboration and investing in domestic cyber defense capabilities are essential to safeguarding the sustainability of OEI. By maintaining a careful balance between external support and regional sovereignty, OEI can continue to serve as a credible, ASEAN-driven security mechanism. This study recommends enhancing joint oversight mechanisms, legal safeguards, and internal resilience to ensure that the initiative remains rooted in the region’s foundational values of unity, autonomy, and collective integrity
National Cyber Defense: Analysis of Incident Severity Factors Using a Decision Tree
No full textCybersecurity became Indonesia’s national defense priority after the April 2024 ransomware attack on critical infrastructure exposed systemic vulnerabilities. Despite BSSN’s establishment, inter-agency coordination remains fragmented, and response delays persist. This study aims to identify the key determinants of cyber-incident severity and propose data-driven policy recommendations. A descriptive quantitative approach was applied to all 77 incidents recorded by BSSN from January to September 2024 a period chosen because it follows new regulatory measures introduced at the start of 2024 and includes multiple high-profile events. BSSN data were cross-referenced with Kominfo and Id-SIRTII logs (revealing an 8 percent discrepancy) to enhance validity. Preprocessing involved removing non-contributory fields, grouping by attack type, sector, and severity, converting categorical variables (Incident Type, Sector, Origin, Mitigation Measures, Response Time, Status) into factors, and stratified splitting into 80 percent training and 20 percent testing subsets. A decision tree model in RStudio (pruned with cp = 0.05) yielded 93.75 percent accuracy, validated by 10-fold cross-validation (mean accuracy 92.5 percent, SD 2.1 percent). Results show Incident Type as the strongest predictor of severity, followed by Mitigation Measures and Response Time. Attacks responded to within 24 hours seldom exceed medium severity, whereas delays over 48 hours, especially for exploits, Trojans, and malware, almost always result in critical outcomes. Additionally, incidents from the United States and Singapore disproportionately target underdeveloped infrastructure and governance sectors, increasing severity. To bolster Indonesia’s cybersecurity resilience, recommendations include: expanding secure, evenly distributed digital infrastructure; establishing and reinforcing provincial CSIRTs; enforcing uniform audit and certification standards; and integrating digital literacy into education. Ultimately, deepening ASEAN CERT integration through synchronized incident classification and real-time threat attribution will bridge national and regional defense gaps, thereby enhancing cross-border response capabilitie
HOW EFFECTIVE IS INDONESIA'S STRATEGIC HEDGING APPROACH?
Full text linkThe intensifying strategic rivalry between the United States and China has significant implications for regional stability, compelling Indonesia to navigate increasingly complex geopolitical dynamics. Maintaining balanced relations with both major powers while safeguarding national sovereignty is central to Indonesia’s foreign policy, which is anchored in the principle of being “free and active.” Within this framework, strategic hedging has emerged as a key approach. This study critically examines the effectiveness of Indonesia’s hedging strategy and explores potential adaptations to address future challenges. Using a qualitative methodology, the research evaluates Indonesia’s strategic posture through two case studies: (1) its position on Indo-Pacific order-building initiatives, and (2) its response to territorial disputes in the South China Sea. These cases provide empirical insights into Indonesia’s strategic hedging approach’s strengths and limitations. The findings indicate that Indonesia has primarily implemented hedging effectively, balancing the risks of entrapment, polarization, and security threats while maintaining strategic autonomy. Nonetheless, persistent external pressures, particularly China’s assertiveness, highlight the need for Indonesia to strengthen its policy framework. To ensure long-term strategic resilience, the study recommends enhancing defense capabilities by developing a more self-reliant domestic defense industry and pursuing a more integrated security strategy that reduces dependence on foreign powers. This research acknowledges certain limitations, particularly the subjectivity inherent in qualitative analysis when assessing complex strategic behaviors. Additionally, the conceptual framework may not fully account for the non-linear nature of hedging or the influence of domestic political, economic, and institutional factors. In conclusion, while Indonesia’s current hedging strategy remains relevant, reinforcing self-reliance and advancing a more cohesive national security approach will be essential for navigating the evolving geopolitical landscape
Characterization of Jatropha curcas Growth and Semiquantitative ACCse Gene Expression by RT-PCR Technique under Drought Treatment
Full text linkOne of the plants that has the potential to produce biolipids is the Jatropha curcas plant (Jatropha curcas L.), this plant is known for its seeds that can produce oil that can be used as biodiesel. This study aimed to determine the effect of drought stress on growth factors and the role of the ACCse lipid biosynthesis coding gene in Jatropha curcas. Jatropha curcas was grown in polybags with 100 experimental units and various drought abiotic treatments. The RNA isolation stage was carried out by grinding jatropha plants using Trizol reagent. cDNA synthesis was performed using the RevertAid cDNA kit (Thermo Scientific, USA). The results showed that reduced soil moisture significantly impacted various growth parameters. Plant height and leaf number decreased drastically at 25% KL, with a height reduction of up to 45% compared to the control. Leaves also became smaller, an adaptive response to reduce water loss through transpiration. Furthermore, plant biomass decreased significantly due to limited photosynthesis due to closed stomata under drought conditions. The results showed successful cDNA synthesis with good efficiency, as evidenced by consistent amplification of both target genes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Jatropha curcas is sensitive to drought stress during the early post-cutting period, and prolonged water limitation can impair plant growth and survival. These findings provide valuable insights into drought response mechanisms and can serve as a basis for evaluating stress tolerance strategies or mitigation approaches in J. curcas cultivation. In the control, the ACCse gene showed stable expression, while in the drought treatment, there was a significant increase in ACCse gene expression, indicating its role in the adaptive response to drought stress
Components of the Anthracnose Disease Epidemic in Plants
Full text linkAnthracnose, caused by various species of Colletotrichum, is one of the major diseases in tropical plants that has a significant impact on agricultural productivity. This disease can attack various important commodities such as fruits, vegetables, and plantation crops, with symptoms in the form of dark spots on leaves, fruits, and stems that have the potential to cause crop losses and decreased product quality. This study discusses the components of the anthracnose disease epidemic, including etiology, variation in pathogen species and host specificity, clinical symptoms, and environmental factors that influence disease development. In addition, the potential for biological control strategies using antagonistic microbes such as Trichoderma spp was also discussed., Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus polymyxa, and Streptomyces spp., which works through the mechanisms of competition, antibiotics, and the induction of plant resistance. Biocontrol is considered environmentally friendly and sustainable, but it still faces challenges in formulation and application in the field, so further research is needed, especially relevant to tropical conditions. An omics technology-based approach is recommended to accelerate the identification of potential biological agents. This study is expected to be a reference for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in developing effective and sustainable anthracnose management strategies to support food security in the tropics
Bengkulu Naval Airbase Strategic Development in Enhancing National Defense
No full textThe development of Bengkulu Naval Airbase is a strategic initiative to enhance Indonesia's maritime defense capabilities, but various barriers have hindered its implementation. This study investigates the obstacles and supporting factors and provides actionable recommendations for its realization. This research uses the Suhirwan Quasy Qualitative methodological procedure comprising 13 distinct steps. In the initial phase, theoretical frameworks are utilized to construct structured interview guidelines for data collection. During the final phase, the same theoretical foundations serve to validate and confirm research findings derived from empirical data. The methodology combines theory and evidence through a two-phase approach: first as a design framework, then as an analytical validation tool. Data was collected through structured interviews and documentary studies from Navy officials, the Governor of Bengkulu, and stakeholders. The analysis uses triangulation to cross-check findings from multiple data sources and perspectives, ensuring rigor and validity. The findings emphasize the importance of leadership commitment, especially from the Bengkulu Governor, and effective coordination with the Ministry of Transportation. The study shows that developing the Bengkulu Naval Airbase is vital not only for maritime defense but also for boosting the local economy and community development. To address implementation challenges, the study recommends formalizing inter-agency coordination, optimizing resource distribution based on performance, and strengthening leadership support through accountability and training, all tailored to the military airbase context and informed by theory and practice. By addressing these factors, the Indonesian Navy can effectively develop the Bengkulu naval airbase, supporting broader national security goals
Oryza sativa cv. Inpago 10 Shows Significant Drought Tolerance Differences Based on Relative Water Content (RWC) for National Food Sovereignty
Full text linkRice (Oryza sativa) is a key staple crop in Indonesia. This study focuses on using Relative Water Content (RWC) in Oryza sativa cv. Inpago 10 to deepen the understanding of drought tolerance and contribute data that supports national food sovereignty. The RWC measurement involves weighing fresh leaf samples, soaking them in distilled water for 24 hours, re-weighing them to obtain turgid weight, drying them at 60°C for 24 hours, and then measuring their dry weight. The RWC is calculated using a specific formula. The experimental design follows a Randomized Complete Block Design, with Inpago 10 subjected to drought stress and Inpago 5 serving as the control. Results show that Inpago 10 retains water more effectively during drought stress compared to Inpago 5. This research advances understanding of drought tolerance and could facilitate the development of more resilient rice varieties, thereby strengthening national food sovereignty
The Effectiveness of Depleted Uranium on Penetrating Ammunition and Its Impact on Environment: a Journal Review
Full text linkNuclear technology has significantly impacted the military, especially in weaponry. Depleted Uranium (DU), a byproduct of uranium purification rich in U-238 with low radiation levels, is notably used in ammunition due to its high density. This study investigates DU's effectiveness as ammunition material compared to tungsten-based alternatives. U.S. Army report on testing involved firing DU at a 150 mm steel plate, demonstrating DU's superior penetration capabilities, with an impulse pressure of 4.6 GPa, unlike tungsten, which tended to ricochet. Despite DU's effectiveness, its use is controversial due to its radioactive properties, though less potent than natural uranium. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has found no harmful radioactive activity in DU usage areas, suggesting minimal environmental impact. However, the chemical toxicity of DU poses significant health risks, especially when fragments are inhaled or ingested
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics in Merpati Putih Martial Art Practice to Develop Human’s Inner Energy
Full text linkMerpati Putih is one of Indonesian traditional martial art that had been practiced since the New Mataram Kingdom but still being exist at the present. It activates inner energy based on calmness. Inner energy is a living energy from human’s cell that can be developed by anaerobic-hypoxic or breathing practice regularly. This research aims to discuss about application of First Law of Thermodynamics in Merpati Putih regular practice empirically. The applied method was based on the researchers’ own experiences as member of Merpati Putih’s practice group (Kelompok Latihan/Kolat) combined with descriptive qualitative method by observing existing researches and also mathematic calculations use First Law of Thermodynamics formulas to identify value of potential energy that can be developed by Merpati Putih regular practice. Result of the research is 50 kilograms human who practice regularly would have potential energy that can break 238 aerated concrete blocks (Hebel)