Law Enforcement Review / Правоприменение
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Планирование публичных закупок как иммунитет бюджетного процесса
Get PDFThe subject of the article is the research of public procurement in the context of budget expenditures efficiency.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that public procurement planning is the basis of a strategic relationship with the budget process. Their symbiosis can minimize any negative manifestations of a financial, economic and socio-political nature, including the consequences of crisis situations such as a pandemic.The methodology. The authors analyze many Russian and western scientific articles and monographs from the point of view of the budget process and planning of public procurement.The main results, scope of application. Planning of public procurement should be considered not as a separate need of one specific customer or a separate group of customers, but as a set of public consumption of all possible and necessary resources. The opposite approach will inevitably lead to additional budget costs for the elimination of consequences (natural, technological, etc.), associated, first of all, with the lack of a proper and clear understanding of the essence of planning public procurement and public demand for goods, works, services). Proper and carefully balanced procurement planning for all public needs not only ensures the immunity of the budget process for the current and subsequent periods, but also constitutes the basis for the prospective rational use of renewable and non-renewable resources, both internal (national) and external (foreign). This article has significant scientific and practical value. The study focuses on the key problem of public procurement in Russia-the lack of interaction between procurement planning and the budget process, pointing to the identified shortcomings of legal regulation that do not allow to quickly adapt to situational changes from outside. It is proposed to consider the introduction of strategic procurement planning for 5-10 years, which will not only determine the basis for financing public procurement from the budget, but also predict the revenues of the relevant budget, more accurately and correctly prioritize funding needs.The findings of the study allowed the authors to formulate proposals and recommendations. Consideration of the planning of public procurement, taking into account the budgetary process, will make it possible to develop recommendations in terms of adjusting certain norms of Law No. 44-FZ, which would allow the most efficient use of budget funds, both planned in advance and urgent purchases.Conclusions. A global crisis reveals the most pressing problems of governance of any state. The crisis obliges the government of any country to promptly analyze and rebuild the regulatory framework for effective financial, economic, social and political management. De-spite numerous reforms the budget process in the Russian Federation has retained significant bureaucratic costs that do not allow for rapid delivery of budget funds to each customer. The urgent need for rapid reallocation of budget funds for additional and priority purchases has shown the imperfection of the legal regulation of public procurement planning, which should be radically restructured. Since public procurement planning as an integral part of budget expenditure is not actually related to its revenues, such planning should be carried out based on the customer's needs for goods, works, and services for a longer period, which will allow a more meaningful and responsible approach to the issue of effective budget spending and overall resource consumption. Digital technologies in public procurement planning allow you to quickly compare all items of the plan with those planned and completed earlier in order to avoid duplication (unjustified repetition) of a similar purchase. Planning of budget purchases is not only an effective expenditure of budget funds, but also an efficient (lean) consumption of resources, including non-renewable ones.Исследуется планирование закупок как основа стратегической взаимосвязи с бюджетным процессом, симбиоз которых способен минимизировать негативные проявления финансово-экономического характера, в том числе последствия таких кризисных ситуаций, как пандемия. Делаются выводы, что бюджетный процесс в России сохранил значительные бюрократические издержки, не позволяющие обеспечить оперативное доведение средств бюджета каждому заказчику; поскольку планирование публичных закупок как составная часть расходов бюджета по факту не взаимосвязана с его доходами, то такое планирование необходимо осуществлять исходя из потребностей заказчика в товарах, работах, услугах на более длительный период (5–10 лет)
К вопросу о правоприменении: влияние римского права на российский конституционализм
Get PDFThe subject. Modern law enforcement is considered in harmony with the spiritual and moral foundations of legal culture through the use of ideas and approaches of Roman law.The purpose. An attempt has been made to assess the influence of Roman Law on Russian constitutionalism and modern law enforcement on the basis of the spiritual and moral traditions of Russian legal culture.The methodology. Methods of dialectical logic, analysis and synthesis, comparative-historical, formal-legal methods were used. The main method is comparison of foundations of Roman law with the basic principles of Russian constitutionalism.The main results and scope of their application. The problem of influence of Roman law on Russian constitutionalism and, in general, on the basis of modern Russian law enforcement is raised. If universalism and individualism should be believed as the foundations of classical Roman law, then the basis of Russian law is community and social solidarity. In Russia collective property and joint work as well as ancestral structure in the form of a rural community reached the modern times, while in ancient Rome their disappearance was the basis of the formation of Roman law. National peculiarities of the Russian legal and political systems are determined by cultural-historical (civilizational) circumstances, especially by the natural and climatic factors. It was in the communal world of Russia that the idea of Christian equality has formed the basis of the model of life, while in Western Europe the community has followed the path of individualization of the individual and differentiation of elites and masses according to the criteria of social success. The absolute belief in law as a phenomenon of social planning and a tool for compromise between different parts of society, inherited from Roman law, formed the Romano-German and Anglo-Saxon worldview, but it did not take root in Russian legal culture. Modern Russian constitutionalism, while poorly considering the Roman-Byzantine origins of national Russian law, is wrong in its denial of the national-cultural and historical adaptation of European legal institutions and principles.Conclusions. One of the important results of the study is the conclusion that the social value of Roman law in Russian Constitutionalism includes the moral mission of Roman law and a high assessment of the normative value of the heritage of Roman law. The value depravity of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation can be eliminated, its defects can and should be corrected on the basis of the Roman law tradition, but this should be done only by adequately assessing the own experience of law enforcement, the thousand-year state- legal and spiritual development of the Russian civilization.Современное правоприменение рассматривается в гармонии с духовно-нравственными основами правовой культуры через использование идей и подходов римского права. Также преследуется цель выявить влияние римского публичного права на российский конституционализм. В исследовании использованы методы диалектической логики, сравнительно-исторический, формально-юридический и др. Утверждается, что российский конституционализм, слабо учитывая римско-византийские истоки национального русского права, ошибочен своим отрицанием национальной культурно-исторической традиции в адаптации европейских правовых институтов и принципов. Ныне исключительную роль играют духовно-нравственные и религиозные критерии дальнейшего развития государств. Определение роли римского права в российском конституционализме включает в себя высокую оценку нормативного значения институтов и принципов римского права и нравственную миссию римского права в процессе правоприменения
Начало масштабной политической реформы в России: новый поворот в 2020 г.
Get PDF The subject. The article is devoted to the analysis of the draft political and constitutional reform that was announced in the last Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly at January 15, 2020. The purpose of the article is to try to predict the positive and negative consequences of changing the legal status of the highest Russian authorities.The methodology of the study includes analysis and interpretation of Presidential Addresses to the Federal Assembly and Russian Constitution as well as dialectical approach and methods of political science.The main results and scope of their application. For a long time there was a clear request for changes in the government, and various expert platforms discussed issues related to changing the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which was adopted at a national referendum in December 1993.On January 15, 2020, Vladimir Putin addressed his 16th message to the Parliament. In accordance with the Constitution, the President of Russia annually addresses the Federal Assembly with a message on the situation in the country and on the main directions of domestic and foreign policy. The last address turned out to be a landmark and historical one, as it announced the main provisions of the upcoming large-scale political and constitutional reform in Russia. Heads of constituent entities, members of the State Duma and the Federation Council, Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Ministers, Federal Ministers, heads of Federal bodies, judges will no longer be able to have foreign citizenship or a foreign residence permit. He proposed even more stringent requirements for a candidate for the post of Pres-ident: no foreign citizenship or residence permit even in the past, as well as permanent residence in Russia for at least 25 years. The position of the State Council is being strength-ened and it is reflected in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as an institution of power in the country. The position of the Federal Assembly is strengthened by the fact that the Parliament is given the right to approve the candidacy of the Prime Minister, as well as all Deputy Prime Ministers and Federal Ministers. The status of local self-government and the role of governors in the regions is being raised. The main reason for the reform is the desire to reduce the powers of the President and transfer part of them to the Parliament, so that the next President is no longer endowed with virtually absolute power, and, in turn, can not initiate another reform without the ap-proval of all branches of government. The author of the article identifies the reasons for the political reform and gives forecasts for the future after its implementation. Conclusions. The author links these changes to the upcoming transfer of presidential power after 2024. The reform does not mean the transition of the Russian Federation to a parliamentary republic, since the head of state retains the status of a key figure in the political system, and it is he who has concentrated key functions. Fixing a number of social obligations in the Constitution in terms of salaries and pensions will not have a significant impact on the socio-economic situation. Анализируются политические нововведения, которые были озвучены в Послании Пре-зидента РФ 15 января 2020 г. Выделяются причины предстоящих реформ и дается прогноз по их реализации. Данные изменения связываются с предстоящим процессом пе-редачи власти после 2024 г. Объясняются позитивные и негативные последствия усиления позиций парламента в стране, наделения особыми полномочиями Государственного Совета как института власти. Анализируются изменения, которые планируется внести в Конституцию РФ
Единая система научной информации как стимул интеграции и развития науки
Get PDFThe subject of research is information systems that allow you to integrate scientific knowledge, including in the field of law enforcement.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis about the possibility of creating a unified system of scientific information as well as to determine the elements of such a system.The methodology of the study is a formal legal analysis of the normative legal acts and practice of functioning of scientific information systems.The main results and scope of their application. Science has accumulated a huge amount of information that needs to be systematized. The research infrastructure does not allow you to quickly find the necessary information. The consequence of this is the problem of multiple independent scientific discoveries, plagiarism. There is also no standard for scientific research, which is why works written using the scholastic method are often found mainly in the humanitarian sphere. There are various search platforms that combine databases of publications in scientific journals and patents. These platforms simplify the search for information, but very poorly systematize it. These systems are also aimed at ranking publications, journals, and researchers. There are electronic encyclopedias that systematize knowledge. However, these projects also have serious drawbacks, mainly related to their focus on the non-scientists: 1. Insufficient expert level in the presentation and evaluation of the material. 2. There is no status of a scientific publication, which makes it impossible to publish scientific works using this platform. 3. There is no task to integrate scientific knowledge.Conclusions. It is proposed to create a unified system of scientific information that will facilitate the search for the necessary data, make it possible to quickly get acquainted with advanced scientific developments, and increase the level of research, including through the introduction of the appropriate standard. This system can integrate the functions of an electronic scientific journal, an electronic library, an electronic textbook, as well as a search platform that provides the implementation of scientometric functions. The proposed system will be regularly and promptly updated as new scientific papers become available. Information in the system will be evaluated by experts for its ranking and use, including for related research. The system is primarily a source of publishing scientific information. The system will allow an objective approach to the selection of applications for financial support for research, including grants, ensuring transparency of this procedure.Анализируется проблема систематизации научной информации. Отмечается, что существующая инфраструктура научных исследований не позволяет оперативно находить необходимые сведения. В этой связи предлагается создать единую систему научной информации, что облегчит поиск нужных данных, сделает возможным оперативное ознакомление с передовыми научными разработками, повысит уровень исследований, в том числе за счет внедрения соответствующего стандарта. Данная система может интегрировать функции электронного научного журнала, электронной библиотеки, электронного учебника, а также поисковой платформы, обеспечивающей реализацию наукометрических функций
Повышенные налоговые ставки в налоговой системе Литовской Республики
Get PDFThe subject. The research covers analysis of legal regulation that sets the increased tax rate instrument and the comparison of this instrument with other similar legal instruments.The purpose of the article is to clarify the content of the increased tax rate as legal instrument of taxation, its place in the general tax system, as well as the assumptions and objectives of the application thereof. The authors dare to confirm or disprove hypothesis that increased tax rates can be considered as specific punitive measure applied to taxpayers.The methodology of the research includes the analysis of Constitution and legislation of Republic of Lithuania, system analysis, logical-analytical method, formal-legal interpretation of Lithuanian laws.The main results, scope of application. An increase in the tax rate means exceptional taxation conditions opposite to the application of tax reliefs. It should be noted that if the application of the tax reliefs is foreseen in practically all taxes applied in Lithuania, the increase of the tax rate is intended only in a few cases. Taxation system of Lithuania sets the possibility to apply increased tax rates for real estate, land, natural resources and environmental protection taxes if the respective conditions foreseen in legislation are met. This legal regulation forms the distinct legal instrument – the increased tax rate. The increased tax rates is the economic sanction that comes to effect for harmful or illegal behaviour. The consequences of these economic sanctions are very severe what makes this instrument being equal to legal responsibility. Furthermore, this research examines if the higher tax rate might be applied along with other forms of legal responsibilities, for example, fine under the tax law. When trying to answer the question whether it is correct to recognize the application of a higher tax rate as a legal liability measure, it is necessary to clarify the purposes of its application, the bases (assumptions) that differ in individual taxes. The legal presumption of the application of the calculation of real estate and land taxes at the increased rate is the compliance of the object of taxation with certain objective properties established by the legal acts, i.e. abandonment, non-use of the property or the use not for the intended purpose, which results in the inclusion of such property in special lists of objects subject to levy of increased tax rate. The increased tax rate on state-owned natural resources is applied when the extracted resources are undeclared, the declared quantity of extracted resources is lower than the quantity actually extracted or extraction of natural resources is performed without the permit. Therefore, the application of a higher tax rate on state natural resources or environmental pollution tax is a consequence of the improper performance of their obligations under the relevant tax laws, for the purpose of punishing for the breaches of tax laws. Meanwhile, none of the laws enshrining the imposition of an increased tax rate provides for any grounds for exempting the taxpayer from paying the increased tax rate.Conclusions. The higher tax rate is to be considered a specific punitive measure applied to taxpayers. This is confirmed by the logical analysis of the texts of tax laws. The application of the higher tax rate in all cases is determined by violations of legal acts (taxes or other) which allow this phenomenon to be seen as a specific form (instrument) of legal coercion (liability).Анализируется правовое регулирование повышенных налоговых ставок в Литве в сравнении с аналогичными экономико-правовыми инструментами. Утверждается, что повышенные налоговые ставки являются экономической санкцией, которая применяется в случае порицаемого или незаконного поведения налогоплательщика. Последствия применения повышенных ставок весьма серьезны, что делает этот инструмент равным юридической ответственности. Рассматривается возможность применения более высокой налоговой ставки наряду с юридической ответственностью, например налоговым штрафом
Способ организации собственности и социалистическое государство
Get PDFThe subject. The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between property and the state-building in socialist States.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the socialist practice of state-building, depending on the combination of interaction of the main ways of organizing property, has a different social nature of existence. Methodology. The work provides the author’s methodology for studying the structure of the state, depending on the combination of interaction of the main ways of organizing property. The main results of the research. There are some possible basic options for the existence of a socialist practice of state building. After the disappointing results of the Soviet experience, the quite logical question is: what will be the future of the socialist concept of state-building and does it even exist? Socialist practice of state-building, depending on the combination of the interaction of the main ways of organizing property, has a different social nature of existence. The Soviet model was based on the liquidation of the private way of organizing property and the monopoly dominance of the forms of the general (collective) way of organizing it. The Chinese model, in which the monopoly of the forms of the general (collective) way of organizing property, corresponds to the legislative assumption of a private way of organizing it. The European Social Democratic model, where the private way of organizing property as the main system-forming one, acts in combination with forms of general (collective) and mixed (corporate) ways of organizing it.If we take into account that each method of organizing property is determined by the need to perform a specific social function, then in each model of socialist construction, depending on the particular combination of methods of organizing property, it is clear which of the social functions is dominant in the practice of construction. For example, if the main system-forming way of property organization is private, then this is a function of social development; if general (collective), then the function of social security, and finally, if mixed (corporate), then the function of social compromise (convergence). Such determination, in our opinion, is sustainable. Conclusions. Socialist practice of state-building has a different social nature of existence. This nature can be described provisionally as the Soviet, the Chinese and the European Social Democratic models.Исследуется социалистическая практика государственного строительства, которая в зависимости от комбинации взаимодействия основных способов организации собственности имеет различную социальную природу существования. Делается вывод, что советская модель была основана на ликвидации частного способа организации собственности и монопольном доминировании форм общего (коллективного) способа её организации; в китайской модели монополия форм общего (коллективного) способа организации собственности корреспондируется с законодательным допущением частного способа её организации; в европейской социал-демократической модели частный способ организации собственности в качестве основного системообразующего действует в комбинации с формами общего (коллективного) и смешанного (корпоративного) способов её организации
Меры конституционно-правового принуждения в конституционном праве Бразилии
Get PDFThe subject. The article is devoted to different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil, their analyzing, depending on main goal of coercion.The purpose of the paper is to extend constitutional knowledge about measures of constitutional legal enforcement and to demonstrate generic character of constitutional legal enforcement theory for different countries.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and legal methods.The main results and scope of their application. The author describes different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil. Constitutions of foreign countries contain various measures of constitutional coercion as the main way to resolve constitutional conflicts.Among the measures of constitutional and legal coercion enshrined in the Brazilian Constitution are: holding the President accountable for abuse of power; temporary termination of the powers of the President of the Republic during the process of bringing him to justice; prohibition of the President and Vice-President of the Republic to leave the territory of the country for a certain period without the approval of the Parliament; recognition by the National Congress of the positions of the President and Vice-President as vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days of taking office;holding new elections when the positions of the President and Vice-President are declared vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days from the date of taking office.Conclusions. Depending on the constitutional system, the history of the state, measures of constitutional coercion may be different in content, but it remains possible to classify such measures depending on the main purpose of their application. The system of measures of constitutional legal enforcement, including measures of prevention, suppression, restoration, responsibility and security is applicable not only for the Russian constitutional law, but also for constitutional law of foreign countries, in particular, Brazil.Рассматриваются различные меры конституционно-правового принуждения, существующие в конституционном праве Бразилии. Утверждается, что действующая Конституция Бразилии представляет собой подробный и самобытный акт конституционного права, содержащий в себе различные меры по разрешению конституционно-правовых конфликтов, изучение которых расширит научные представления о системе мер конституционно-правового принуждения в целом
Избирательная кампания: понятие и темпоральные границы
Get PDFThe subject. Detection of the essence of electoral process, the election campaign and their influence on the temporal component of the electoral process is the subject of this publication.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the concept of "election campaign" should include activities for the preparation and conduct of elections, carried out in the period from the date of the decision on the appointment of elections to the day of official publication (publication) of the decision on the results of electionsThe methodology. General scientific methods were used when considering and analyzing the concepts of the electoral process, election companies, and stages of the electoral process. Normative-logical and comparative-legal methods were used in the process of analyzing the electoral legislation.The main results and scope of their application. The definition of the electoral process is considered by scientists not only as a system of relations, but also as a phenomenon, as an institution, as a form of implementation of constitutional principles, as a legal technology, as a technological infrastructure. Almost all authors, detecting the essence of the electoral process, cannot avoid the temporal aspect of this phenomenon. Political scientists and sociologists understand an election (election) campaign as a system of various campaigning events, with the help of which political parties and individual candidates seek the support of voters in elections. The election campaign in the broad sense is the period of time during which citizens have the opportunity to exercise most of their electoral rights. It is essential not only to legislate consolidation of the definition of “election campaign”, but also to define its temporal component, adequate to the goals and objectives of the implementation of the constitutional right to elect and to be elected.The current law defines the election campaign as activities for the preparation and conduct of elections from the date of publication of the announcement of elections until the day the election commission submits the election report.The start of the election campaign is given by the publication of the announcement of the election, but not the adoption of this decision. The campaign ends not with the determination of the winner, but after the election commission submits a report on budget spending, i. e. 3 months after the actual completion of the election. This duration of the campaign does not correspond to the objectives of the election and artificially lengthens the election campaign.The time limits of an election campaign are closely related to the stages of the electoral process, i.e., a set of electoral actions and procedures that are separate in time, aimed at forming a government body and electing an official. The author refers to the mandatory stages of the electoral process as determining the voting day and publishing the decision to call elections; nominating and registering candidates (lists of candidates); election campaigning; voting, determining the results of voting, determining the results of elections and publishing them. Deadlines mark the boundaries of the stages of the electoral process, affecting its institutional, subject and technological components.Conclusions. Nowadays, it is necessary to reduce the legislatively fixed period of the election campaign and, as a result, clarify the definition of “election campaign”, which is preferably defined as activities for the preparation and conduct of elections, carried out from the date of the decision of the authority or official on the election to be held until the day official publication of the decision of the election commission on the election results.Рассматривается понятие избирательного процесса и его темпоральный аспект, стадии электорального процесса. Анализируется законодательное закрепление дефиниции «избирательная кампания» и ее влияние на продолжительность выборов. Приводятся аргументы, критикующие действующее правовое регулирование, предлагается сокращение законодательно закрепленного периода избирательной кампании с уточнением ее понятия
Наградная политика: виды наград для муниципального уровня власти
Get PDFThe subject of the research is the establishment and application of official awards at the municipal level of government, including award legislation and the practice of its application.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis of an existence of an award policy and system of awards for the municipal level of government in Russia.The methodological basis of the research is the general scientific dialectical method of cognition (such as methods of analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization, induction, deduction and analogy), as well as the method of monitoring of legal acts, historical and legal method, system analysis. The main results of the research. A comprehensive analysis of existing regulations and description the general contours of the award policy for the municipal level of government were made. The following classification of awards applicable to municipal authorities can be distinguished. By type of award: honorary titles, medals, distinctions and incentives, as well as grants and prizes. Depending on the subject that establishes the award: state, municipal or public awards; moreover, you should distinguish between awards established by a public legal entity (award of the Russian Federation, of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a municipality) or a separate public authority. Depending on the subject receiving the award (the awarding subject): awards that are established both for the municipality as a whole, and for individual officials or other employees of local self-government bodies; a separate category consists of awards provided for the territorial bodies or their representatives. Currently, there is no single document outlining the system of awards of the Russian Federation.Conclusions. Monitoring of normative legal acts of local self-government bodies has shown that it is quite rare to find documents that regulate the award policy of a municipality. There is practically no award policy for local government bodies or their officials, as well as awards for contributions to the development of local self-government.Дается общая характеристика государственных, муниципальных и общественных наград, вручаемых за деятельность, связанную с местным самоуправлением. Приводятся результаты мониторинга нормативных правовых актов, федерального, регионального и муниципального уровня. Делается вывод, что наградная политика в отношении органов местного самоуправления или их должностных лиц отсутствует. Отсутствует система наград за вклад в развитие местного самоуправления. Деятельность государства в этой сфере носит фрагментарный характер
Административно-деликтный закон в конституционных перспективах кодификации
Get PDFThe subject of the research is the problems of constitutional law enforcement of administrative offences legislation, taking into account the prospects for its new codification.The purpose of the article is confirmation or confutation of the hypothesis that the effectiveness of the new Code of administrative offences depends on whether the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the principles of administrative responsibility will be taken into account when drafting it.The authors use methods of complex analysis, synthesis, as well as formal-legal method of interpretation of Constitution, legislation on administrative offences and judicial decisions of Russian Constitutional Court.The main results and scope of their application. The administrative torts law in Russia is expected to pass through the total review up to the grounds of its codification in close future. The article presents initial positions of that changes within basic frames produced by Russian Constitutional Court. Its case-law has already invaded into many spheres and details in respective sphere of legal rules and also prescribed a lot for their future. This case-law yet is necessarily made within its inherent range for it is ever constrained procedurally by content of actions and cases to be settled. However Russian administrative torts law is destined for reformation in new code-making in view of constitutional case-law and in order to do better with neighbor spheres of legal responsibility. Disputable matters of administrative liability, the company’s responsibility with psychical fiction on its fault (corporative thinking, wishing, desire, diligence), substantial and procedural equity etc. are described and discussed in the article as to the administrative law of torts on in its constitutional dimension.Conclusions. The Code of administrative offences of the Russian Federation does not fully meet the legal needs of society. Work on real improvement of this code will continue, therefore, legal science should be more strongly and persistently to implement in legislative practice constitutional ideas about improvement of codification and ensuring unity of legal space of the country. In particular, it is necessary to settle the debatable aspects of tort liability, the guilt of legal entities when it is addressed by fiction to the phenomena of the psyche (thinking, goals, will, caution), the constitutional and legal foundations of justice in the field of administrative penalties, procedural enforcement of rights and freedoms, etc.С учетом ожидаемого системного пересмотра законодательства об административных правонарушениях описывается исходная к этому обстановка, главным образом с правовых позиций Конституционного Суда Российской Федерации, которые изложены по предмету как небольшой свод правоположений с их юрисдикционными обоснованиями. Фиксируется, что эти позиции привели к заметным конституционно-правовым вмешательствам в административно-деликтное право и многое опреде-лили в нем на будущее в прескриптивных обращениях к законодательным властям. Исходя из ретроспективы и текущего состояния, предполагаются объем и структура предстоящей административно-деликтной кодификации, затрагиваются дискуссионные стороны деликтоспособности, вины юридических лиц, когда она обращена по фикции к явлениям психики (мышлению, целям, воле, осторожности), конституционно-правовые основы справедливости в области административных наказаний, процессуального обеспечения прав и свобод и другое по заявленной теме