Law Enforcement Review / Правоприменение
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Налогообложение трансграничных операций, совершаемых в электронной форме: развитие подходов к классификации доходов
Get PDFThe subject. The developing approaches towards the classification of various types of income received as a result of electronic transactions for the purposes of domestic tax legislation and double tax treaties at the level of international tax governance and at the level of Russian tax legislation and practice.The aim of this paper is to test the hypothesis that the legal approach and criteria developed in the course of work of global tax governance institutions (OECD and UN) towards income classification from cross-border transactions in electronic form can be used as a basis for legal approach towards this issue in Russia.The authors use the methods of comparative legal analysis and logical-analytical method. In particular authors perform the detailed review of the related provisions of OECD and UN.Model Tax Conventions, commentaries to them and global tax governance expert group's position and contrast it against the Russian legal practice relating to the subject.The main results, scope of application. Uncertainty in the income classification may arise for almost any type of digital transactions, since income received can fall under at least three different categories. Incorrect legal classification may result in double taxation, nontaxation and distortion of neutrality. There is still ambiguity in the development of international consensus approach towards the issue. There are developing approaches to the characterization of income in the comments to the OECD and UN Model Tax Conventions, however, they can hardly be called fully elaborated due to the specific nature of the digital transactions. The similar situation can be observed in Russian tax legislation where the issue of digital transactions creates a lot of uncertainty. The analysis of domestic court practice indicates the absence of the national approach to the classification of income due to the small number of court cases. On this basis, an attempt was made to form a theoretical and methodological model of classification of digital payments for the purpose of applying the corporate income tax, based on the provisions of domestic law and recommendations of OECD and the UN.Conclusions. The authors find that despite of the presence of some guidance towards characterization of income from digital transactions at the level of OECD and UN a stable legal framework is strongly needed in the domestic tax law. The approach towards classification proposed in this article can be used as a reference point for further academic and practical discussion.Статья посвящена исследованию проблемы классификации различных видов доходов, полученных в результате совершения операций в электронной форме, для целей внутреннего налогового законодательства и двусторонних налоговых соглашений. Для достижения указанной цели в статье анализируются теоретические подходы ОЭСР и ООН, отдельные национальные правовые подходы, а также алгоритм классификации доходов при оказании облачных услуг. Выводы в первой части исследования неоднозначны: с одной стороны, комментариями к Модельным конвенциям ОЭСР и ООН выработаны подходы к разграничению цифровых платежей в целях налога на прибыль, с другой стороны, данные подходы не устраняют полностью правовой неопределенности в силу специфической природы цифровых услуг. Во второй части исследования рассмотрен взгляд на проблему с перспективы российского правоприменения. Для этого авторами проанализирована отечественная судебная практика, из которой трудно сделать однозначный вывод о выработке национального подхода к классификации в силу незначительного количества судебных дел. Как результат, авторами предпринята попытка формирования теоретико-методологической модели классификации цифровых платежей в целях применения налога на прибыль, исходя из положений национального законодательства
Принцип пропорциональности (соразмерности) конституционно-правовой ответственности выборных должностных лиц: теория, зарубежный опыт и проблемы российского правоприменения.
Get PDFThe subject of the research is the principle of proportionality as an intersectoral principle of legal responsibility. It has a constitutional nature and guarantees fairness in resolving the cases of constitutional responsibility. This principle provides individualization of constitutional-legal sanction and its proportionality to the constitutional tort, circumstances, reasons, conditions and consequences of its commission. The purpose of the article is to confirm or dispute the hypothesis that the principle of proportionality should be taken into account both in the description of the constitutional torts of elected officials in the legislation, and in the application of the rules on constitutional responsibility Methodology. The method of legal comparison is the main method of the research. The authors carry out the comparative analysis of practice of the foreign constitutional courts, the European Court of Human Rights concerning the subject of research. Traditional methods of legal academic knowledge – the analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction and a formal legal interpretation – were used also. The main results of the research and the scope of their application. The authors research the theoretical foundations, foreign experience, problems of applying the principle of proportionality in the process of implementing the constitutional-legal responsibility of elected officials in order to formulate the proposals for improving the Russian legislation and the law enforcement practice. The principle of proportionality of constitutional responsibility should be reflected in the legislation and implemented in the law enforcement practice. The measures of constitutional liability to elected officials can be based not on any, but only on a serious, gross violation of the Constitution and laws, indicating the guilty conduct. Such constitutionally punishable conduct should cause damage to the protected constitutional values or pose a threat of such damage and therefore be incompatible with the further exercise of the public legal duties and powers. Conclusions. The composition of constitutional torts should be formulated with a certain degree of abstraction in such way that conditions are created for the enforcer to take into account the repetition, systematic, duration, severity or insignificance of the committed tort and the other factors that can individualize the constitutional responsibility. Judicial and the other enforcement bodies should enforce early termination of the powers of an official as an exceptional, extreme measure of constitutional responsibility based on the principle of proportionality. The nature and severity of the constitutional offence committed, the causes, conditions and consequences thereof, the degree of guilt of the offender, consequences of the sanction for the further exercise by the person of his constitutional rights and freedoms in the political and legal sphere and the other important circumstances must be considered in case of early termination of the powers of an official. The law enforcement body should assess each time whether such measure is proportionate to the constitutional offence committed, and whether it was strictly necessary to protect the constitutional values.В статье анализируется принцип пропорциональности (соразмерности), применяемый зарубежными конституционными судами и Европейским судом по правам человека при рассмотрении дел, связанных с досрочным прекращении полномочий выборных должностных лиц. Делая вывод о несоответствии демократическим стандартам российского законодательства и судебной практики в данной сфере, авторы формулируют предложения по их совершенствованию
Совершенствование системы внешнего муниципального финансового контроля в условиях реформирования публичной власти
Get PDFThe subject. The implementation of external municipal financial control cannot be called fully competent in Russia. Many practical problems are currently being addressed mainly through the transfer of powers to implement external financial control to a higher level. Amendment to Art. 131–133 of the Russian Federation's Constitution in terms of clarifying the powers of local self-government and incorporating it into public authority, predetermines subsequent amendments to the legislation on local self-government, which can be aimed, among other things, at improving the system of external municipal financial control. The aim of the article is to confirm or disprove the following hypothesis. The reform of public authority will lead to a change in the system of external municipal financial control. Therefore it is possible to propose ways to improve the activities of municipal auditing and accounting authorities on the basis of constitutional novels and the analysis of the existing problems of implementing external municipal financial control. The methodology. The authors apply general scientific methods of comparative, logical and statistical research. The study is based on the analysis of academic literature, statistical data about the practice of the auditing and accounting bodies of municipalities. Russian judicial practice is also analyzed. The main results, scope of application. The organization of a modern system of external municipal financial control shows that it actually works only at the level of urban districts and municipal regions, and that is not always effective. Municipal control and accounting bodies are not created in settlements and the authority to exercise external financial control is transferred either to the level of the municipal district or to the level of the region of the Russian Federation. Conclusion. The municipal auditing and accounting body should retain the authority to exercise control without transferring it to the level of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. However, at the same time, its role should be strengthened by increasing its status (for example, fixing at the federal level the criteria for the number of employees of the control and accounting body, financial support guarantees).В статье обозначен ряд проблем деятельности муниципальных контрольно-счетных органов и обозначены пути их решения. Отмечается неэффективность внешнего муниципального финансового контроля и бесперспективность попыток решать проблемы в этой сфере только за счет передачи полномочий по его осуществлению на вышестоящий уровень. Отмечается, что поправки к ст. 131–133 Конституции РФ в части уточнения полномочий местного самоуправления и включения его в состав органов публичной власти могут быть использованы для совершенствования системы внешнего муниципального финансового контроля. Делается вывод о том, что муниципальный контрольно-счетный орган должен сохранить за собой полномочия по осуществлению контроля без передачи их на уровень субъекта Российской Федерации. Однако в то же время роль такого органа должна быть усилена за счет повышения его статуса (закрепления на федеральном уровне критериев численности работников контрольно-счетного органа, гарантий финансовой поддержки)
Ответственность президента и прокуратуры за целостность и безопасность государства
Get PDFThe subject. The evolution of regulation of prosecutor’s activity in Russian Constitution as well as the role of Prosecutor's Office in provision of national security and integrity are being considered.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the preservation of the Prosecutor's Office made it possible to prevent the destruction of the Russian Federation and protect the country's security from significant threats.The methodology. The authors use a dialectical method as well as analysis and synthesis. An important role is given to formal legal interpretation of Russian Constitution and legal acts.The main results, scope of application. The question of who saved the Russian Prosecutor's Office from the attempt to liquidate it in the autumn of 1993 is being covered in detail. There was not even a mention of the Prosecutor's Office in the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation. The Prosecutor's Office was supposed to be replaced by the institution of authorized representatives of the President in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Chapter 7 of the Russian Constitution was called "Judicial Power" until 2014, and it lacked the word "prosecutor's office", which caused a lot of bewilderment in the scientific and educational literature and turned the content of Chapter 7 into a kind of mystery. The article reveals the role of Alexander I. Kazannik in preserving the Russian Prosecutor's Office. The authors of the article name the main threats to state security: duplication of the powers of the federal government and the lack of effective legal guarantees of their responsibility, asymmetry of Russian federalism. Asymmetry leads to uneven implementation of citizens' rights and freedoms and distrust of power. The criteria for assessing the scientific activities of universities established in 2013 also pose a threat to state security.Conclusions. President Vladimir Putin has preserved the integrity and sovereignty of Russia, enforced the principle of the supremacy of federal law and strengthens Russia's security with the help of the Prosecutor's Office. The authors propose measures to strengthen Russia's security: (1) introduce a competitive selection procedure for the post of Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation with the participation of civil society institutions, which would have the right to present candidates to the Federation Council; (2) adopt a federal law on the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation to avoid duplication of powers with the Russian Government and other authorities; (3) change the criteria for assessing the scientific activity of universities, established by the Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation.Рассматривается эволюция гл. 7 Конституции РФ и освещается вопрос о том, кто и как спас прокуратуру России от попытки ее ликвидации осенью 1993 г. Отмечается, что в проекте Конституции РФ не было даже упоминания о прокуратуре, которую предполагалось заменить институтом полномочных представителей Президента в субъектах Российской Федерации. Раскрывается роль А.И. Казанника в сохранении российской прокуратуры. Освещаются угрозы целостности и единству России и гарантии их минимизации. Отмечается, что прокуратура выступает важнейшим органом в обеспечении безопасности государства и его целостности. Вносятся предложения о закреплении в Конституции РФ принципов функционирования прокуратуры, о расширении полномочий Генерального прокурора РФ и прокуроров субъектов федерации
Конституционный статус человека и гражданина в условиях пандемии коронавирусной инфекции: векторы трансформации в России
Get PDFThe subject of research is the scientific understanding of the ways, manifestations and trends in the transformation of the constitutional status of an individual in the context of the spread of coronavirus infection.The purpose of the research is to confirm or disprove the scientific hypothesis that the COVID-19 pandemic impacts negatively on the content and implementation of the constitutional status of an individual in Russia.The methodology. General scientific methods, especially dialectical ones, made it possible to study the conditions and process of evolution of the constitutional status of an individual in the context of confronting coronavirus infection. With the help of a synergistic method the analysis of cross-sectoral communication of national constitutional law and international legal regulation is carried out. The systemic-structural method was used in the study of intrasystemic changes in the constitutional status of an individual. A study of normative legal sources was made using the formal legal method.The main results, scope of application. The constitutional status of an individual is undergoing a clear transformation in four directions, each of which has received a separate consideration in the work. Basically, the transformation concerned such an element of the constitutional status as "rights". For the most part, these changes have a negative character for an individual, that is, they worsen his constitutional and legal situation in comparison with the "pre-pandemic" period, but they will remain in one way or another until the sanitary and epidemiological situation normalizes. It is noteworthy that the same element of the constitutional status, including the same right, can experience several variants of transformation, but with a difference in time, content, territory of action or circle of persons. For example, the development of the right to freedom of movement on the territory of the Russian Federation is accompanied by both its restriction and suspension of implementation in general, and the right to entrepreneurial activity is accompanied by an additional opportunity for business representatives to receive compensation for forced losses. The pandemic has demonstrated the permissibility and even a certain expediency of transforming the constitutional status of a person and a citizen not only by federal laws (which follows from Part 3 of Article 55 of Russian Constitution), but also by-laws and regulations, not only at the federal, but also at the regional level. This possibility is due to references in federal legislation. It should be recognized that over the past year, for the first time, we have witnessed the active regulation of the constitutional status of a person and a citizen by the subordinate normative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which indicates their confident incorporation into the number of sources of its legal regulation.Conclusions. The vectors of transformation of constitutional status of an individual due to COVID-19 pandemic were: (a) the restriction of some basic rights, (b) the suspension of the implementation of a number of basic rights, (c) the substantive clarification and addition of certain rights and mechanisms for their implementation, (d) imposition of additional responsibilities.Исследуются изменения, которым подвергся конституционный статус личности в условиях противодействия распространению коронавирусной инфекции в Российской Федерации. Отмечено, что в наибольшей мере он претерпел негативную, хотя и вынужденную для человека и гражданина трансформацию в виде ограничения основных прав, приостановления реализации основных прав, возложения дополнительных обязанностей; в меньшей степени наблюдаются позитивные изменения, нашедшие выражение в содержательном уточнении и дополнении некоторых прав человека и гражданина, а также механизмов их реализации, при этом некоторые основные права получили трансформацию в нескольких направлениях, хотя и с разницей во времени, содержании, территории действия или круге лиц. Каждый вектор трансформации конституционного статуса подкреплен в статье разнообразными примерами из федерального и регионального законодательства
Легитимность и легитимация российской публичной власти
Get PDFThe subject. The article is devoted to the legal analysis of the legitimacy of the activities of public authorities and the process of their legitimation in the Russian Federation, as well as other problems of national democracy. The legal understanding of the concept of "people" as the only source of power and the bearer of sovereignty is considered, a distinction is made between these properties.The purpose of the article is to identify its essential features the category of legitimacy, identify problems related to the reflection of the political will of Russian citizens in the organization and activities of state authorities and local self-government. The purpose of the article is to substantiate also the differences in the characteristics of the people as the only source of power and the bearer of sovereignty, which has a significant impact on the processes of legitimation of public authorities in the Russian Federation.The research methodology consists of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, dialectics) and legal methods (formal-logical, comparative-legal, historical-legal, forecasting method).The main results and their area of application. The author considers legitimacy not only as the consent of the people with the normative legal acts adopted by public authorities, but also as universal approval and recognition of their organizational activities, expressed by citizens through the institutions of direct democracy. The legitimacy of public authority is an attribute of a constitutional state with a social orientation. The article notes a few features characteristic of the domestic process of legitimizing public authority. The procedure for the formation of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly, in which Russian citizens do not participate directly, starting from 1995 to the present. The cancellation and return of direct elections of heads of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the impossibility of electing the heads of municipalities directly by the population (in many cases). A complicated procedure for the implementation of active and passive electoral rights in the Russian Federation, expressed in the establishment of several formal require ments. Constant changes in electoral legislation before election campaigns are among these characteristics.Conclusions. The results of research are summarized and conclusions are drawn about the current state of legitimacy in the Russian Federation. A few measures are proposed to improve the process of legitimizing public authority. The author proposes to distinguish between the legal characteristics of the people as the bearer of sovereignty, understanding by it all Russian citizens and as the only source of power, which is formed by the voters.Исследуется легитимность как свойство публичной власти, анализируется процесс легитимации деятельности органов публичной власти в Российской Федерации, в связи с чем выделяется ряд ее характерных особенностей. Рассматривается юридическое понимание народа как источника власти и носителя суверенитета. Выделяются основные проблемы обеспечения легитимности деятельности органов государственной власти и местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации и предлагаются меры, направленные на их решение
Конституционно-правовой статус Государственного Совета Российской Федерации в зеркале современных конституционных преобразований
Get PDFThe subject of research is social relations concerning the constitutional transformation of the State Council of the Russian Federation into the format of a constitutional state body, it’s tasks and functions in the unified system of public power. The aim of the research is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the Russian State Council is a constitutional state body that ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of authorities in the unified system of public power.The methodological basis of the research includes historical, comparative legal, formal legal methods, legal modeling and forecasting. The research is based on existing and historical legal acts, materials of judicial practice, as well as on the works of leading national lawyers.The main results, scope of application. The authors substantiate concept of the constitutional status of the Russian State Council as a completely new constitutional state body, formed on the basis of modern national principles of state building, taking into account the existing constitutional practice. Main task of the State Council is exercising the constitutional powers of the Russian President to ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of public authorities, the definition of the main directions of national and foreign policy of the state. The article provides a critical analysis of the goals, tasks, functions of the Russian State Council, the decisions it makes, as a result of which a number of conflicts in the regulation of its constitutional-legal status are revealed. Some proposals to improve legislation and law enforcement practice aimed at solving of the discovered contradictions are made. Current constitutional of the State Council is a result of the constitutional amendments of 2020 in the Russian Constitution and innovations in the Federal Law on the State Council of the Russian Federation. The authors substantiate the idea that the consolidation of a new constitutional position of the State Council can be considered as a process of forming a completely new state body, designed to ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of bodies included in the unified public system. A comparative legal analysis of the constitutional legislation on State Councils in foreign countries showed that despite the same name the status and functions of these state institutions differ greatly in different countries, therefore any comparative study of them will be unreliable.Conclusions. The Russian State Council has competence, functions of a state power character, take decisions signed by the President of the Russian Federation and therefore have a generally binding character. So it has the characteristics of a public authority. The Russian State Council is a new constitutional and legal structure - a constitutional state body created in order to implement the constitutional powers of the Russian President to ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of other bodies (that are part of the unified system of public authority) and to determine the main directions of domestic and foreign policy of the state.Cформулирована авторская концепция конституционно-правового статуса Государственного Совета РФ как совершенно нового конституционного государственного органа, образованного на основе современных отечественных принципов государственного строительства с учетом сложившейся конституционной практики и в целях реализации конституционных полномочий Президента РФ по обеспечению согласованного функционирования и взаимодействия органов, входящих в единую систему публичной власти, определению основных направлений внутренней и внешней политики государства. Проведен критический анализ целей, задач, функций Государственного Совета РФ, принимаемых им решений, в результате которого выявлен ряд коллизий в регулировании его конституционно-правового статуса, высказаны предложения по совершенствованию законодательства и правоприменительной практики, направленные на устранение выявленных противоречий
Россия: собственность и государство. Из истории постсоветского правоприменения (Часть II)
Get PDFThe subject. The relevance of the article is stipulated by the gap in the study of property and the state as a consistent system. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that each way of organizing property such as private, mixed (corporate) and general (collective) potentially stimulates the existence of a certain state structure. The methodology. The author uses normative structuralism. This methodology is created by the author and is based on the idea that property as the main system-forming goal of the state’s existence predetermines principles of rationing its structure genetically. The main results of the research. Each way of organizing property in a particular social time period can acquire the quality of the main backbone in the organization structure of the state. Each way of organizing property provides proper social function: private way of organizing property provides function of social development; mixed (corporate) way provides function of social compromise (convergence); general (collective) way provides function of social security in the broadest sense. If private way of organizing property genetically programmed for the production and reproduction of social competition, mixed (corporate) and common (collective) ways are determined by the idea of its limitations and leveling. When the private way of organizing property becomes the main system-forming one it begins to fully stimulate the existence of a democratic structure of state organization. In turn, when mixed (corporate) and common (collective) ways of organizing property become the main system-forming ones, they stimulate the existence of a wide structural range of state functioning: from various regimes of democratic orientation to specific non-democratic regimes. Conclusions. The study of property as the main system-forming goal of the state existence through the normative structuralism concept allows us to conclude that that each way of organizing property stimulates the existence of a certain state structure. Актуальность статьи обусловлена существованием пробела в исследовании собственности и государства как единого системного отношения. Цель статьи – показать на примере постсоветского правоприменения, что каждый способ организации собственности – частный, смешанный (корпоративный), общий (коллективный) – потенциально стимулирует существование определенной структуры государства. Используется авторская методология исследования государства – нормативный структурализм. Обосновывается теоретическая концепция авторского исследования собственности как основной системообразующей цели существования государства, которая позволяет расширить спектр инструментальных средств изучения российской государственности
«Учреждение для управления Сибирских губерний» 1822 г. – первый опыт кодификации М.М. Сперанского
Get PDFThe subject. The article examines the reform of local government in Siberia carried out by the outstanding Russian statesman and reformer M.M. Speransky in the first quarter of the 19th century. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the “Statute on Siberian provincial administration” of 1822 formed the organizational structure of state administration in Siberia for almost a century as well as basis for future codifications of Russian legislation that would carry out by M. Speransky. The methodological basis of the research is combination of objectivity, historicism and alternativeness, which presuppose an unbiased approach in the analysis of the historical problems and a critical attitude towards the sources. The main results, scope of application. The “Statute on Siberian provincial administration” of 1822 was the first systematization of local legislation in the history of Russia. The Statute became the first practical experience in the preparation of a code of laws for M.M. Speransky and his collaborators. The Statute was ahead of the subsequent imperial codification and incorporation of legislation carried out under his leadership. The Speransky’s reform in Siberia in 1822 determined the foundations of the administrative-territorial structure of the Trans-Ural region of the country, which corresponded to the needs of the time. The Statute of 1822 also legitimized the volost public administration of the Siberian state peasants, which was organized in the last quarter of the 18th century. This system of administration put the peasant self-government under more strict control by the district police authorities. Particular attention in the article is paid to the structure, nature and organizational and legal issues of the activities of local government in Siberia. Conclusions. The increased interest in the establishment and development of Siberian regional governance is associated not only with the desire of researchers to look deeper into the past, but also with practical needs. Today it is necessary to research the events and facts of the Siberian past in a new way so as not to repeat old myths and delusions and to prevent the emergence of new ones.В статье на основании дореволюционного законодательства рассматривается реформа местного управления в Сибири, осуществленная выдающимся российским государственным деятелем и реформатором М.М. Сперанским в первой четверти XIX в. В качестве теоретической основы статьи выступили объективность, историзм и альтернативность, которые предполагают непредвзятый подход при осуществлении анализа исследуемых проблем и критическое отношение к изучаемым источникам. Автор приходит к выводу, что «Учреждение для управления сибирских губерний и областей» 1822 г. стало для М.М. Сперанского и его сотрудников первым практическим опытом подготовки свода законов, который опередил впоследствии проведенную под его руководством общеимперскую кодификацию и инкорпорацию законодательства. «Учреждение» 1822 г. стало, кроме того, первой в истории страны систематизацией регионального законодательства. Реформа Сперанского в Сибири 1822 г. определила основы административно-территориального устройства зауральского региона страны, которые соответствовали потребностям времени. Особое внимание в статье уделено структуре, природе и организационным и правовым вопросам деятельности местного управления в Сибири
Криминологическая классификация роботов: риск-ориентированный подход
Get PDFThe subject of the research is key criminal risks in robotics. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that key criminal risks of using robots may be identified and classified. The author dares to describe the key aspects of the application of risk-based approach in the assessment of robotic activities, identify the key risks of using robots, give a criminological classification. The methodology includes a formal logical method, systematic approach, formal legal interpretation of legal acts and academic literature, SWOT analysis. The main results of the study. The author applies the main provisions of criminal riskology when assessing encroachments involving robots. Key risks and challenges when using robots are identified. The severity of the consequences of harm caused by using robots (from minor to critical risk) is assessed and a matrix of the probability of its occurrence is provided. The author's criminological classification of robots is based on the risk-based approach and is substantiated on two grounds. The first one is the category of public danger and the second is the potential severity of the consequences of harm caused by robots. The causal complex that can lead to criminal risks in robotics is identified. The grounds of such risks are divided into those related to the mechanical subsystem of robots, digital subsystem of robots and power supply subsystem of robots. Conclusions. The risk-based approach is the most progressive and effective basis for regulating the criminal relations in robotics. The author demonstrates the existence of real risks to the peace and security of mankind, life and health of people, objects of wildlife, nonliving material objects from the use of robots. It is necessary to recognize robotics as source of increased potential criminal danger and to adopt appropriate regulation as soon as possible. The necessity and expediency of applying a risk-based approach to robotics is theoretically substantiated, and the characteristics of robots that are important in assessing the criminal potential of their exploitation are evaluated. The conclusions and recom mendations of this paper may become a basis for the implementation of the risk-based approach in legal regulation of robotics. The risk matrix presented in the article can be used to establish a framework for regulatory impact on robotics, assess the consequences of potential harm and minimize it.Раскрываются ключевые аспекты применения риск-ориентированного подхода к робототехнике, в частности предлагается ориентироваться на основные положения криминальной рискологии при оценке посягательств с участием роботов. Обозначены ключевые риски и вызовы при использовании роботов. Дана авторская классификация рисков по тяжести последствий при причинении вреда и по вероятности причинения вреда роботами; приведена матрица степени причинения вреда роботами по категории рисков. На основе риск-ориентированного подхода приведена и обоснована криминологическая классификация роботов, а также выявлен причинный комплекс, который может привести к возникновению рисков