Law Enforcement Review / Правоприменение
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Свобода слова и право на доступ к информации в условиях формирования системы международной информационной безопасности
Get PDFThe subject. The article is devoted to the analysis of the freedom of speech and access to information in the context of the emerging system of international information security.The purpose of the article is to try to predict the positive and negative consequences of changing international relations in the digital age, to determine the role of freedom of speech and access to information in the context of confrontation between Russia and the United States.The research presented in this article was carried out by combining different disciplinary approaches, including comparative law, comparative politics and international relations, political theory and sociology. Moreover, study includes methods of dialectical logic, analysis and synthesis, as well as formal legal analysis of international legal acts of the UN.The main results and scope of their application. The rights of freedom of speech and access to information is undoubtedly one of the main in the global digital communication context.Degree of implementation of human and citizen rights to freedom of expression and access to information are indicators of political processes, the pace of building a civil society and legal state in current country. These rights are the foundation of modern democracy.The authors carry out a systematic analysis of the categories “freedom of speech” and “the right to access information”, identify the features of implementation of these rights in cyberspace, analyze international practice of legal regulation of these rights and assess the place and role of these rights in the emerging system of international information security. A legal analysis of international legal acts shows that the positions of the United States and the Russian Federation in the field of international information security are gradually converging, and the convergence is going in the direction of the Russian position Conclusions. The limits on the exercise of freedom of speech and access to information do not correspond to the level of development of public relations, because there are no effective legal tools to prevent defamation in the mass media, which in turn can lead to conflict between countries. It is concluded that there is a need for active international cooperation and consistent unification of the legislation of various countries, taking into account that freedom of speech and access to information in cyberspace should have the same level of protection as in the physical world. Исследуется влияние информационно-коммуникационных технологий на современное общество, права и свободы человека и гражданина в киберпространстве с учетом концепций России и США в области формирования системы международной информационной безопасности. Предлагается рассмотреть двойной характер информационно-коммуникационных технологий, возможность их использования в качестве оружия, а также возможные угрозы международному сообществу. Сравнение позиций указанных стран показывает принципиальные расхождения в вопросах свободы слова и доступа к информации, причиной которых являются разные трактовки ключевых понятий, разные оценки возможности нанесения ущерба с помощью информации, а также последствий применения норм международного права к конфликтам с применением информационно-коммуникационных технологий. Сделан вывод о необходимости активного международного сотрудничества и последовательной унификации законодательства различных стран с учетом того, что свобода слова и доступ к информации в киберпространстве должны обладать тем же уровнем защиты, что и в физическом мире
Судебная реформа как инструмент повышения эффективности правовой защищенности личности
Get PDFThe subject. The authors analyze the process and results of 30 years of reforming judicial activity in contemporary Russia, formulate and substantiate the conceptual foundations of promising transformations and specific proposals for continuing the reform, increasing the efficiency of the judicial system and protecting human rights, freedoms and legitimate in-terests.The purpose is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the Russian judicial reform needs to be adjusted in order to remain the most important factor in building the rule of law and civil society.The research methodology includes the methods of analysis and synthesis, historical, com-parative legal and formal legal methods.The main results, scope of application. The court is one of the most democratic and civilized tools for resolving social conflicts and protecting human interests. Judicial reform is a con-ceptually formed, cardinal and progressive transformation carried out in the historical pe-riod in order to organize the optimal model of the judicial system and achieve maximum efficiency of its functioning to protect the rights and freedoms of the individual, the inter-ests of society and the state. The Russian court was transformed, became the real judiciary power and took its place in the state mechanism during the reform period. The judicial sys-tem was built on new principles, procedural legislation was updated, a number of other measures were taken to improve the status of the court and its role in society. It is necessary to generalize the existing practice and regulate all problematic aspects of the formation of the judicial corps at the legislative level. We need to make this process clear and transpar-ent. Justice as a social and legal value and a significant international goal of sustainable development should be implemented in Russian domestic policy and strategic projects. The strategy and tactics of digital transformation of judicial activity, more active introduction of modern tools in it, while ensuring human rights and freedoms in this process, are particu-larly in demand in the context of the coronavirus pandemic,The conclusion is made that judicial reform is the most important factor in building the rule of law and civil society. However, it has not been completed and its potential for social influence has not been exhausted. Therefore, conceptual foundations and specific proposals for further transformations, increasing the efficiency of the judicial system in order to protect human rights, freedoms and legitimate interests have been formulated and substantiated.Проводится анализ процесса и результатов 30-летнего реформирования судебной деятельности всовременной России. Отмечается, что за период реформы произошла трансформация отечественного суда, который стал подлинной судебной властью и занял свое место в государственном механизме, на новых принципах выстроена судебная система, обновлено процессуальное законодательство, принят ряд других мер по повышению статуса суда и его роли в обществе. Делается вывод, что судебная реформа является важнейшим фактором построения правового государства и гражданского общества, однако она не завершена и ее потенциал социального влияния не исчерпан. Поэтому формулируются и обосноваваются концептуальные основы и конкретные предложения дальнейших преобразований, повышения эффективности судебной системы в целях защиты прав, свобод и законных интересов человека
Конституционализация и расширение юридического содержания понятия социального партнерства в Российской Федерации
Get PDFThe subject of research is the concept of social dialogue in labor and relations directly related to them that was enshrined by Russian Constitution for the first time in Russian history in 2020.The purpose of article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the constitutionalization of social dialogue, the unprecedented expansion of the legal content of the concept to a much wider range of social relations (that are no longer associated exclusively with the social and labor sphere) requires a new definition of the social significance of social dialogue, its connection with other social processes and institutions.The methodology of research is formal legal and logical interpretation of Russian Constitution and labor legislation, analysis of the academic publications concerning labor law.The main results, scope of application. The constitutionalization of social dialogue requires to identify it’s interrelation with other social processes and institutions - economic, political and social solidarity, social responsibility of business, civil society, the social state. The author tries to trace the transformation of the conceptual apparatus, content and regulatory framework of social dialogue and develops recommendations for improving its legal regulation.Based on the analysis of the practice of applying articles of the amended Russian Constitution, it is proposed to amend Art. 23 of Russian Labor Code. At the same time, the content of the elements of this system of social dialogue in the field of labor relations will be disclosed in articles of the second and thirteenth sections of Russian Labor Code. It is proposed to amend the normative acts adopted in accordance with the Russian Labor Code containing the appropriate terminology. Normative acts of social dialogue (sectoral tariff agreements and collective agreements), the effect of which is limited in time, can be updated simultaneously with the planned measures for the development and conclusion of relevant acts for the future period.Conclusions. Ensuring the implementation of the principles of social dialogue is entrusted by the Constitution to the Government of the Russian Federation. The content of these principles is disclosed in the norms of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. With the entry into force of amendments to the Constitution, these scientifically grounded and legislatively enshrined principles do not need a radical revision based only on the very fact of the appearance of the corresponding constitutional provision. At the same time, the work on their analysis and filling with new legal meaning based on the rule-making and current law enforcement practice is not excluded and can be useful.Конституционализация социального партнерства, беспрецедентное расширение юридического содержания данного понятия требует по-новому определить общественное значение социального партнерства, его связь с другими социальными процессами и институтами, проследить трансформацию понятийного аппарата, содержания и нормативно-правовой базы. Автором обосновывается необходимость изменения ст. 23 Трудового кодекса РФ, при этом содержание элементов системы социального партнерства в сфере трудовых и непосредственно связанных с ними отношений будет раскрываться статьями второго и тринадцатого разделов Трудового кодекса РФ. Отмечено, что нормативные акты социального партнерства могут быть обновлены одновременно с плановыми мероприятиями по разработке и заключению соответствующих актов на предстоящий период
Рецензия на монографию С.Н. Бабурина «Интеграционный конституционализм» (М.: Норма: ИНФРА-М, 2020. 264 с.)
Get PDFThe article assesses the monograph by Sergey Baburin. The monograph is devoted to formation in the process of international integration supranational law, taking into account peculiarities of the synthesis of international and constitutional law. This problem is one of the most actual in the context of the constitutional reform in the Russian Federation. Taking into account certain discussion points, it is necessary to come to a conclusion about the high relevance of Sergey Baburin's scientific research. The monograph is based on serious analysis of the legal, sociological, historical and teleological features of integration processes and their root causes. Such research fully meets the requirements of modern legal scientific thought.Анализируется монографического исследование С.Н. Бабурина, посвященное одной из актуальных, в том числе в контексте свершившейся в Российской Федерации конституционной реформы, проблем науки конституционного права - формированию в процессе межгосударственной интеграции наднационального права с учетом особенностей синтеза международного и конституционного права. С учетом отдельных дискуссионных положений необходимо прийти к выводу о высокой актуальности научной работы, основательном и глубоком авторском подходе к юридическому, социологическому, историческому и телеологическому анализу интеграционных процессов и их первопричин, что в полной мере соответствует запросам современной юридической научной мысли
Обеспечение защиты исторической правды как новый принцип в конституционном праве современной России
Get PDFThe subject of the article is the content of the constitutional amendment of 2020 on the need to ensure the protection of historical truth.The purpose of the research is confirmation or confutation of the hypothesis that protection of historical truth should not be provided by measures of constitutional and legal regulation, since this would conflict with other constitutional principles.The methodology of research includes analysis of academic researches concerning the essence of historical truth, interpretation of Russian Constitution.The main results, scope of application. The author proves that "historical truth" in the constitutional and legal sense is the goal of an objectively and conscientiously minded researcher, guaranteed in a free democratic society by the constitutional right to freedom of thought, scientific creativity and expression. Goal-setting in cognition is a matter of mental activity that is difficult for the democratic control of the state and law. From a normative point of view the moral aspect exists here only (the search for historical truth is a virtue, its distortion is a vice). Constitutional democracy is based on the will and needs of today's generation of people. The past, of course, has a certain significance, but it cannot be considered decisive. An excessive preoccupation with traditions and the historical past is fraught with stagnation, stagnation or even degradation of the state mechanism. Constitutional regulation of historical truth leads to unnecessary sacralization of the history of the state, which is profoundly alien to the true legal essence of the constitutional system of a modern democratic society and the objectivity of historical and legal science. State-legal influence in this area is difficult and entails risks of legally binding ideology, which is prohibited by the first chapter of the "Fundamentals of the constitutional order" of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (part 2 of article 13) and the current acts of the Russian Constitutional Court.Conclusions. The legal obligation to "ensure the protection of historical truth" deserves a critical assessment, since it is difficult to combine with the constitutional rights to freedom of scientific creativity, freedom of thought and speech, the principle of ideological diversity and the democratic nature of the Russian state. The right of citizens to their own position on historical issues and search for their "historical truth" followed from the constitutional regulation before the constitutional amendments of 2020 and continues to operate today due to the immutability of chapters 1, 2 and 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.Исследуется содержание конституционной поправки от 2020 г. о необходимости обеспечения защиты исторической правды. Автор доказывает, что «историческая правда» в конституционно-правовом значении - это цель объективно и добросовестно настроенного исследователя, гарантируемая в свободном демократическом обществе конституционным правом на свободу мысли, научного творчества и выражения мнения. Отмечается, что целеполагание в познании - вопрос мыслительной деятельности, с трудом поддающийся демократическому контролю государства и права; с нормативной точки зрения здесь, в лучшем случае, просматривается нравственный аспект (поиск исторической правды есть добродетель, ее искажение - порок). Государственно-правовое воздействие в этой сфере затруднительно и влечет за собой риски появления юридически обязательной идеологии, что запрещено главой первой «Основы конституционного строя» Конституции РФ (ч. 2 ст. 13) и действующими актами Конституционного Суда РФ
Энтропия собственности в западной и российской правовой доктрине и практике
Get PDFThe subject of the study is a phenomenon of an “entropy” of property, its interpretation, socio-economic conditionality, genesis of its development in European and Russian doctrine, reflection of a construct of “separated” property in the legislation. “Entropy” of property is a situation when both entities are owners, but in different areas of relations: the first person is the owner in relation to third parties, and the second-in relation to the first The goal of this scientific research is to find out reasons of the existence of phenomenon of “entropy of property” in European and Russian legal doctrines, to identify common and specific features of this phenomenon. Methodology. The authors use the general scientific method, including dialectics, comparative analysis, formal logic, historical method. A number of specific methods pertaining to the legal science were used as well: the formal dogmatic method was applied for analysis of ownership within the institute of property rights; the logical legal method was applied to study general tendencies of development of the institute of property rights; the legal comparative method was used to study European and Russian legislation on ownership and other property rights. The main scientific results. The Western legal doctrine of “entropy of property” has quite a long history of development, unlike the Russian. Specific features of the Russian doctrine are result of its historical, political and cultural characteristics. The phenomenon of “entropy of property” has both positive and negative consequences, which requires pluralistic approach to its assessment. “Reunification” of ownership rights on the land plot and other objects located on it, is a result of socio-economic and legal factors and deserves positive assessment. Property rights as elements of titular possession are not based only on law, but may be created by contract as well. Conclusions. The European and Russian legal doctrines on the “entropy of property” have both common and specific features. The common features are: existence of “absolute” ownership, limited property rights, trends of reunification of “separated” property etc. The specific features are: absence of “trust” in the Russian legal system; excessive fragmentation of right of ownership as a large “bundle” of rights; absence of situations when one person may simultaneously hold statuses of owner and holder of a limited property right in the Russian legislation.Рассматриваются концептуальное содержание категории «энтропия собственности», ее генезис от «функциональной» собственности к собственности «абсолютной» в западной и российской доктрине, влияние на формирование современной конструкции права собственности и других вещных прав, их типизацию. Анализируются теоретические тенденции к выработке подходов к обеспечению защиты вещных прав; попытки рецепции в российском правопорядке англосаксонской модели «траста»; проблемы «воссоединения» «расщепленной» собственности в правопорядках европейских стран, а также России – в контексте современного реформирования института вещных прав
Конституционный статус федеральных территорий в России: теоретические основы законодательного регулирования
Get PDFThe subject of the study is the constitutional concept of federal territories in Russia. The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that constitutional status of federal territories in Russia consists of system of elements and identify such elements. The authors use the method of formal legal interpretation of Russian Constitution, the methods of comparative constitutional law, complex analysis, systemic interpretation of Russian laws and drafts of laws. The main results of research, scope of application. When making an amendment to part 1 of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the content of this innovation was not disclosed. Therefore the federal law on federal territories will be of decisive importance. The authors define the constitutional characteristics of the federal territories based on the literal content of the constitutional norm and the conclusion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The federal territory is an element of the state territory that is not a subject of the federal structure and has a status different from the status of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. There are specific features of the organization of public power in federal territory. The authors’ vision of the content of each of the elements of the federal territories is presented. It is noted that the defining element of the status of federal territories will be the purpose of their creation. The authors propose a conceptual division of federal territories in Russia into two types: inhabited and uninhabited. It is stated that at the moment, the status elements can be clearly defined only in relation to uninhabited federal territories. The formation of the concept of inhabited federal territories will depend on definition of the purpose of their creation. Conclusions. It is proposed to consider the elements of the status of federal territories in Russia, based on the elements of the status of the subject of the Russian Federation, and in comparison with them. Such elements are: territory, population, subjects of jurisdiction, responsibilities, state power organization, property and budget, system of taxes and fees, names and symbols, population’s role in the state affairs management.Исходя из буквального содержания конституционной нормы и заключения Конституционного Суда РФ, определяются конституционные характеристики федеральных территорий. Предлагается рассматривать статус федеральных территорий исходя из элементов статуса субъекта Российской Федерации: территории, населения, предметов ведения, организации государственной власти, имущества и бюджета, системы налогов и сборов, наименования и символов, участия населения в управлении делами государства. Предлагается их деление на два вида: населенные и ненаселенные. Отмечается, что новая редакция ч. 1 ст. 67 Конституции РФ не раскрывает содержание федеральных территорий, в связи с чем определяющее значение для определения их правового статуса будут иметь цели создания федеральных территорий и положения соответствующего федерального закона
Квалифицированные инвесторы: правовой статус и проблемы налогообложения
Get PDFThe subject of the research is the legal norms contained in legislation and other legal acts that regulate the grounds for the emergence and the mechanism for implementing the status of an accredited investor, requirements for individuals, as well as certain aspects of taxation of accredited investors. The experience of legal regulation of income from investment activities, used in foreign legislation, is also analyzed in the context of the topic.The purpose of the article is to confirm the need to revise the requirements for accredited investors, to clarify the legislative provisions of the personal income tax. The reason for this study was legislative changes that caused an ambiguous reaction among the entire legal community in Russia.The methodology. General scientific methods were applied in the framework of a comparative, logical and statistical study and analysis of law enforcement and judicial practice in the field of taxation of an accredited investors.The main results. The following issues were investigated. What was the reason for the introduction of the status of an accredited investor in Russian legislation? It was the need firstly to protect the rights of investors, and secondly to regulate and protect the stock market from unconsciously high-risk transactions. What requirements are specified in the law for obtaining this status, what requirements exist in foreign legislation and why does domestic legislation need to be revised? We can divide the requirements for obtaining the status into three general groups: experience, knowledge and risk. Investor is obliged to meet two criteria by European legislation, when only one criterion by Russian legislation. The problem of taxation of qualified investors was raised in the context of the progressive income tax rate. Taxation of qualified investors needs a thorough legislative review in terms of tax deductions.Conclusions. The ideas for the introduction of the status of an accredited investor, of a progressive personal income tax rate were implemented in Russian legislation from the legislation of foreign countries. Such Russian legal rules needs significant revision. The legislative term "accredited investor" should be introduced in legislation system. It is necessary to clarify the criteria for obtaining a status, as well as to consolidate the necessity for accredited investors to comply with two conditions instead of one. Such an initiative would allow investors themselves to approach investing more consciously and would remove risks from brokers. Tax legislation should be amended in part of tax deductions for persons whose main activity is investment, since the current state of affairs discriminates them against individuals in their rights. The revision of the fixed requirements as well as the clarification of the tax legislation will attract investors (both Russian and foreign) to the Russian stock market, while the economy will receive positive growth, intermediaries-brokers and issuing firms will be provided with protection from unconscious risks.На основе применения общенаучных методов в рамках сравнительного, логического и статистического исследования, а также посредством изучения правоприменительной и судебной практики делается попытка анализа эволюции института квалифицированных инвесторов. Рассматриваются предпосылки возникновения и сущностные характеристики института квалифицированных инвесторов, выявляются достоинства и недостатки правового регулирования получения и реализации статуса квалифицированного инвестора физическими лицами, анализируются отдельные аспекты налогообложения физических лиц, имеющих статус квалифицированных инвесторов. Указывается, что наибольшее опасение вызывает противоречивость в вопросе о соотношении налогооблагаемого дохода и цены имущества для получения статуса квалифицированного инвестора. Делается вывод, что статус квалифицированного инвестора дает некоторые преимущества его обладателю, вместе с тем необходима корректировка норм Федерального закона «О рынке ценных бумаг», соотносящаяся с актуальным этапом развития цифровой экономики в России
Исполнение наказания в виде лишения права на управление транспортным средством
Get PDFThe subject. The article considers the legal basis for the execution of decisions on administrative penalties in the form of disqualification from driving, as well as the prospects for the development of new legislation in the field of road traffic. The article examines the social relations that develop in the process of implementing the jurisdictional powers of the Russian State Traffic Inspectorate in ensuring road safety, preventing and suppressing offenses related to encroachment on motor vehicles, transported goods, the life and health of drivers and pedestrians.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that there are defects in Russian legislative regulation that prevent the effective execution of decisions on the disqualification from driving. They are not eliminated in the draft of the new Russian Code of Administrative Offences.The methodology of research is the provisions of the general theory of law, the modern science of administrative law and the theory of public administration. The authors used a systematic approach and formal legal analysis. The legislation of the Russian Federation and the practice of its enforcement were studied also.The main results. In accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 2 of the Russian Federal Law "On the Police", the execution of administrative penalties is one of the main activities of the police. The effectiveness of the entire proceedings in cases of administrative offenses largely depends on the execution of the adopted resolutions. The leading role in the execution of decisions on administrative penalties, in particular, related to the disqualification from driving, belongs to the internal affairs bodies. It is important to note that the execution of administrative penalties in practice is associated with certain difficulties.Conclusions. The execution of decisions on the imposition of disqualification from driving as an administrative penalty causes difficulties due to defects in legislative regulation, which are not fully resolved in the draft of the new Russian Code of Administrative Offences.Рассмотрены правовые основы исполнения постановлений об административных наказаниях в виде лишения водителя специального права, а также перспективы развития законодательства в этой сфере. Отмечено, что исполнение постановлений о назначении административного наказания в виде лишения права управления транспортным средством вызывает сложности в силу дефектов законодательного регулирования, которые не решены в полной мере и в проекте нового Кодекса Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях
Президент Российской Федерации и местное самоуправление: эволюция взаимоотношений
Get PDFThe subject. An attempt is made to analyze the evolution of the relationship between the Russian Presidents and local self-government in modern Russia over the past 30 years.The methodology of the research is based on the application of the historical method and the method of comparative legal analysis of normative legal acts of the Russian Federation of different years.The purpose of the article is to confirm or dispute hypothesis that the President's relations with local self-government developed non-linearly and contradictory on the different stages.The main results, scope of application. The paper examines the dynamics of the relationship between the Russian Presidents and local self-government, determines the five stages of the development of such relations and their characteristic features, as well as the prospects for these relations after the adoption of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020.Stage 1. The absence of specific regulatory legal provisions on the participation of the President in local self-government issues and the actual practice of their interaction (July 1991 – October 1993).Stage 2. Arbitrary or authoritarian President’s participation in local self-government issues (October 1993 – August 1995). This stage is connected with the period of the constitutional crisis of 1993 and is characterized, first of all, by two decrees of the Russian President directly changing the provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation on Local Self-Government of 1991.Stage 3. Bringing the powers of the President in the field of local self-government in accordance with the Russian Constitution of 1993, the approval by the President of the main directions of state policy in the field of local self – government development in the Russian Federation, the creation of the Council for Local Self-Government under the President of the Russian Federation (August 1995 – August 2000).Stage 4. Strengthening the role of the President in the field of local self-government. The beginning of this stage is connected with the coming to power of the new Russian President (August 2000 – July 2020). So far, this is the longest stage in our chronology. This stage is characterized by additional regulation by the President of certain point issues in the field of organization and implementation of local self-government, directly provided for by federal law. Stage 5. The integration of local self-government bodies into a single system of public power and the receipt by the Russian President of hidden, virtually unlimited powers in the field of local self-government (from July 2020 to the present). The starting point of this stage was the adoption of amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020.Conclusions. The interaction between the Russian President and local self-government developed in a zigzag pattern: from the complete absence of contacts to the direct intervention of the Russian President in the legal regulation of relations in the field of local self– government, violating and actually canceling the legislative regulation of these relations in 1993-1995. From bringing these relations into line with the Russian Constitution of 1993, which proclaimed the organizational independence of local self-government, to strengthening the role of the Russian President and regulating certain issues in the field of organization and implementation of local self-government. The expansion of the powers of the Russian President in connection with the amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020 actually means an aside from the organizational independence of local self-government and the integration of local self-government bodies into a single system of public authorities. In this regard, the question arises: do the above amendments mean an actual return to the second stage of the development of relations between the Russian President and local selfgovernment in the period of 1993-1995, when the use of "hidden (implied)" powers of the President was allowed, and, consequently, theoretically unlimited participation of the Russian President in local self-government issues?На основе применения исторического метода и метода сравнительно-правового анализа нормативных правовых актов Российской Федерации разных лет сделана попытка исследования эволюции взаимоотношений Президента РФ и местного самоуправления в современной России за последние 30 лет. Определены пять этапов развития взаимоотношений Президента РФ и местного самоуправления, их характерные черты, а также перспективы после принятия поправок к Конституции РФ 2020 г. Сделаны выводы о том, что взаимодействие Президента РФ и местного самоуправления развивалось зигзагообразно. Расширение полномочий Президента РФ в связи с поправками к Конституции РФ 2020 г. фактически означает отход от организационной самостоятельности местного самоуправления и встраивание органов местного самоуправления в единую систему публичной власти