International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU)
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Jurisprudential and Legal Pathology of in Absentia Trial Rules and Providing Appropriate Solutions
Get PDFThe in-absentia ruling has been an important legal issue since the rise of Islam. The strict and unconditional requirement for the presence of both parties in legal proceedings would undoubtedly lead to the infringement of many rights. Especially in modern times, with the growth of life and the complexity of urban relationships, one party in a dispute may violate the rights of others, which undoubtedly contradicts religious and legal principles. After several decades of applying the original civil procedure laws regarding in absentia rulings, the Iranian legislator initially adopted two criteria: actual notification to the defendant and the ability to appeal the in absentia ruling. However, in 2000, these criteria were deemed invalid, and actual notification was considered sufficient to classify a ruling as issued in the defendant's presence. In Imamiyyah jurisprudence, despite permitting in absentia proceedings, the primary factor in distinguishing whether a ruling is in absentia or issued in the presence of the parties remains a topic of debate. This article, using a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the challenges of in absentia proceedings due to their importance and the existing uncertainties surrounding the matter. The study argues that in an in absentia trial, the case is examined without the defendant's presence, leading to the issuance of an in absentia ruling. The issuance of such rulings has been a controversial issue in legal proceedings. To address the existing gaps, legalizing in absentia trials could be a feasible solution. However, granting unlimited and unrestricted permission for such trials does not solve human legal issues; rather, in its unrestricted form, it could worsen many problems. Therefore, it is necessary to establish clear limitations to prevent the opportunistic misuse of this legal exception
Analysis of Scientific Literacy in Science Learning: A Systematic Literature Review
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to analyze the trend of scientific literacy research in science learning. The research method used is PRISMA with Bibliometric analysis using the VOS Viewer application. Articles analyzed through the Scopus database by searching using the keywords "scientific literacy" AND "science learning". The object of this study is 882 articles from internationally reputable Scopus journals published over the past 6 years (2019-2024). The articles are selected based on the year of publication, document type, language, source type, open access and are selected by adjusting the title, abstract, scientific field, research objectives, and research samples, research methods and countries where the research is conducted. The results of the study indicate that scientific literacy research is widely conducted in Indonesia in science learning for junior high school and high school students. The type of research that is widely used in conducting research related to scientific literacy is qualitative research
Effectiveness of Program-Based Budget Absorption and Budget Growth Rate at National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT) for the 2019-2023 Fiscal Year
Get PDFThe purpose of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of program-based budget absorption and the budget growth rate of the Nacional Institute of Since and Technology (INCT) in Timor-Leste and to assist the planning and finance section of the Nacional Institute of Since and Technology as a basis for information in decision making. be a consideration for future INCT budget allocations and this research also provides empirical contributions to financial management theory and will be a reference for future investigations. This study uses the data collection techniques documentation were collected the data through the financial reports of the Nacional Institute of Since and Technology (INCT for 2019-2023. The data was processed with the descriptive method were the effectiveness of program-based budget absorption is measured using the Mardiasomo (2007:129) and budget growth rate is measured using Halim formula (2012). The results indicate that the effectiveness of program-based budget absorption at the National Institute of Science and Technology in 2019 was rated as "Quite Effective." This rating remained the same for 2020 and 2021. However, in 2022 and 2023, the effectiveness improved to "Effective," with an average effectiveness level of approximately 89.98%, classified as "Quite Effective." Regarding the budget growth rate, there was a decrease of -0.19% in 2020, followed by an increase of 0.98% in 2021. In 2022, the growth rate decreased again by -0.14%, but in 2023, it increased slightly by 0.13%. The research results show that there are achievements with good performance indicators, but there are still obstacles. There are spending programs that are partially realized and several other programs that are also not realized because the budget allocation is insufficient and the realization is not optimal so they do not reach the expected targets
Employee Transfer Practices in Indonesia: An Integrative Review and Framework for the Employee Transfer Process
Get PDFThis study synthesizes empirical findings and statutory provisions to develop a coherent understanding of employee transfer practices in Indonesian organizations and to examine their relevance to organizational adaptability. An integrative literature review of eighteen empirical and conceptual studies published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted, supported by thematic synthesis to identify dominant patterns, inconsistencies, and conceptual gaps in the implementation of employee transfer. The findings indicate that employee transfer contributes to improved performance, capability development, and smoother adjustment when it is supported by competency-based placement, transparent procedures, and effective leadership communication. Despite these recurring patterns, the majority of existing studies examine employee transfer through fragmented variables such as performance, motivation, fairness, or leadership, and rarely conceptualize transfer as a strategic mechanism for enhancing organizational adaptability. This study addresses this gap by positioning employee transfer as a multidimensional governance process shaped by legal, organizational, and behavioural factors, and proposes an integrative Employee Transfer Framework that links input conditions, transfer process mechanisms, and strategic outcomes to support aligned decision-making, organizational flexibility, and sustainable workforce performance
The Place of Security in the Islamic Utopia from the Perspective of the Holy Quran
Get PDFSince the beginning of creation in the universe, humans have faced a conundrum called security. Because environmental factors were the most important danger that threatened human life. However, security, like other values and social concepts, depends on existing conditions and realities, which is a dynamic and fluid concept that has been changing and evolving throughout human social life, from simple to complex, according to the social structure and function of human life. It has shown itself from individual security to social, national, regional, and international security. In the Quranic culture, security has a broad, balanced and profound concept and includes all aspects of individual and social life and political, economic, social and cultural spheres in both internal and external dimensions. It emphasizes a model of security that is linked to the authority, dignity, coherence, unity and communication of the Islamic society in the international arena and the internal and external strength of the society. It considers the condition of national security in the dimension of external security and the internal strength of the Islamic nation. It considers any concern, worry and insecurity in one dimension to be effective in other dimensions and considers any strength and power in one area to be the source of power and authority in other areas. The Holy Quran considers food and economic security and security against external threats and various internal and external conspiracies to be one of the great blessings of God. In line with the realization of these principles, it emphasizes the creation of public confidence and peace, worship and spirituality
Development of a E-Modul Penyajian Data to Enhance Students Mathematical Conceptual Understanding and Reduce Mathematics Anxiety
Get PDFPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan E-Modul Penyajian Data Kelas VII yang berfokus pada pemahaman konsep matematika dan kecemasan matematika siswa. Kualitas e-Modul yang dikembangkan mengacu pada kriteria Nieveen, yaitu validitas, kepraktisan, dan efektivitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian pengembangan dengan model 4D (Define, Design, Development, dan Disseminate). Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 30 siswa Kelas VIIC di sebuah sekolah di Kabupaten Sleman. Instrumen yang digunakan meliputi lembar validasi, lembar penilaian guru dan siswa, lembar observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran, soal tes pemahaman konsep matematika, dan kuesioner kecemasan matematika. E-Modul dinilai valid jika penilaian validator minimal mencapai kategori “baik”. E-Modul dinilai praktis jika penilaian guru, penilaian siswa, dan observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran juga minimal berada dalam kategori “baik”. E-Modul dinyatakan efektif jika terdapat peningkatan pemahaman konsep matematika siswa dan penurunan kecemasan matematika siswa. Hasil penelitian pengembangan ini menghasilkan E-Modul Penyajian Data Kelas VII yang berfokus pada pemahaman konsep matematika dan kecemasan matematika siswa yang valid, praktis, dan efektif. Penilaian validator memenuhi kategori validitas, yaitu “baik”. Penilaian guru dan siswa masing-masing memenuhi kategori praktikalitas, yaitu “sangat baik” dan “baik”, dan lembar observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran juga memenuhi kategori praktikalitas “sangat baik”. Kedua hasil uji tersebut juga menunjukkan bahwa E-Modul Penyajian Data efektif ditinjau dari pemahaman konsep matematika dan kecemasan matematika siswa. Berdasarkan hasil uji-t berpasangan, peningkatan rata-rata kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematika dan penurunan rata-rata terdapat tingkat kecemasan matematika siswa
Analysis of Numeracy Ability, Content, Context, and Cognitive Level in Terms of Mathematical Belief
Get PDFThe implementation of AKM is in line with Indonesia's goal of realizing quality education as stated in the 2030 SDGs by emphasizing numeracy. One factor that influences students' numeracy ability is mathematical belief. However, there has been no detailed mapping that discusses the level of numeracy ability and the achievement of numeracy components based on their mathematical belief. This study aims to describe the level of numeracy ability and the achievement of each component in numeracy and determine its relationship with mathematical belief. This study is a survey study. The research population is all students of class VIII of public junior high schools in Sleman Regency. The sample in this study was determined using a stratified proportional random sampling technique. The research sample of 224 students came from 10 schools, categorized into three strata, namely stratum A of 48 students from 2 schools, stratum B of 90 students from 4 schools, and stratum C of 86 students from 4 schools. The instrument used is a test instrument in the form of a numeracy ability test compiled based on the AKM numeracy components. The non-test instrument is a mathematical belief questionnaire. Data were analyzed descriptively and using statistical methods. The results show that the numeracy ability of eighth-grade students at public junior high schools in Sleman Regency is generally at the capable level. When viewed across each numeracy component, the highest achievement is in algebraic content, personal context, and the cognitive level of knowing. Meanwhile, the distribution of students' mathematical beliefs is almost evenly distributed across each category. Based on the correlation test, there is a significant positive relationship with a moderate correlation between students' numeracy abilities and their mathematical beliefs
A Comparative-Analytical Approach to Political and Judicial Review of the Constitution in France and the United States: From the Constitutional Council to the Supreme Court
Get PDFThis article aims to provide a comparative examination of two prominent models of constitutional review—political review in France and judicial review in the United States—by analyzing the structures, theoretical foundations, and social implications of these two systems. The research methodology employed is a comparative, descriptive-critical analysis that, drawing on primary sources and contemporary legal developments, clarifies the differences and commonalities between the two models. The findings reveal that political review in France stems from the tradition of parliamentary supremacy and a concern over “judicial government,” whereas in the United States, ex post judicial review is considered a tool for controlling majority power and protecting fundamental rights. The article also demonstrates that France has moved toward greater flexibility by combining both ex ante and ex post review (since 2010), while the U.S. emphasizes judicial interpretation within the context of concrete cases. Finally, through a functional comparison of institutional status, voting procedures, and social impact of rulings, the article analyzes the strengths and limitations of each system and offers recommendations for designing effective constitutional review mechanisms
A Comparative Study of Heroic Silence in “Dash Akol” and Daisy Miller
Get PDFThis comparative study analyzes the “Heroic Silence” issue in Sadegh Hedayat ‘s “Dash Akol” and Daisy Miller written by Henry James. As two significant figures in Modern Literature and Psychological Realism, Sadeq Hedayat and Henry James seem to have shared a similar inspiration despite their belonging to notably dissimilar cultures and territories. When it comes to inspecting their short stories and novels, there appears a common issue or concern embedded there even when examining their writings as American/European versus Persian from which “Dash Akol” and Daisy Miller as two notable instances of apparently dissimilar but fundamentally similar in deploying the theme of “heroic silence” do appear. Several interdisciplinary researches have been done on these works; cinematic adaptations have also been produced based upon these two works
The Necessity of Guaranteeing Public Rights and Freedoms in Afghanistan
Get PDFThe guarantee of public rights and freedoms for individuals has been a significant issue in all political systems and is considered one of the primary duties and obligations of governments. Respecting these rights and liberties is regarded as essential in every society, and legislation is formulated accordingly. In Afghanistan, attention to this crucial matter is also necessary, and it is imperative to develop and enact legislative documents to ensure the protection of individuals' rights and freedoms in society. Additionally, there is a need for legal and judicial mechanisms as enforcement tools for implementing related documents. By doing so, all members of society will undoubtedly benefit from these rights and freedoms without infringing upon the liberties of others. This article aims to explore the various dimensions of this important issue, considering the necessity of relevant legislative documents and existing implementation mechanisms in the country, and to provide recommendations in this regard. It is hoped that the points raised in this discussion will be taken into consideration by the country's governing legal system