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産業革命・資本主義化・労働者階級の形成：社会学的背景としての「19 世紀史観」再考
Get PDF本稿の目的は，19 世紀の歴史を振り返りつつ，社会学が自明の前提としているものを再考することにある．現代の社会学は，工業化や資本主義化を自明な所与として考えている．しかし歴史学の研究によれば，産業革命は，我々が考えるほどには激動期でなかったことが知られている．工業化や資本主義の発展も，歴史的な必然ではなく，偶然的要素が大きく関わってきた．こうした歴史を踏まえるなら，社会学の分析対象たる現代社会も，自明な所与や必然的な歴史の帰結でないことが明らかになる．19 世紀に形成され始めた社会集団についても同様で，階級等の社会集団は，産業の発展の中で自然発生的に生まれたものではなく，様々な弾圧や紆余曲折の下，民衆の絶え間ない活動の帰結として，形成・維持されてきたのである．現代では個人化の問題が深刻化し，新しい社会関係の構築が求められているが，これは社会集団や社会関係が人間の努力によって形成されたことを看過し，それを自然的なもののように自明視してきたことに原因があるのではないか．こう考えるならば，この問題の解決には，19 世紀という時代において，当時の新しい社会状況下で，それに対応した新しい社会関係を構築した人々の努力から学ぶことが多いはずである．以上のような視点から，本稿では，19 世紀の歴史を検討することで，社会学の「自明の前提」を再考し，現代の問題に対処する為の教訓を引き出したい．This paper questions some presuppositions in sociology from a historical viewpoint by surveying developments in the 19th century through which the conditions of modern society were generated. Today’s sociologists tend to regard the growth of capitalism and industrialization in the 19th century as historical givens. However, research has shown that the period of the industrial revolution was not a time of great upheaval, as is often assumed. According to Hobsbawm, the rise of capitalism was not an inevitable or natural course of history, but a consequence of specific contingent historical events. This leads us to re-examine the genesis of modern society, the main focus of sociological inquiry.The same is true for social groups, another basic concept of sociology. While sociologists now often assume that social groups appeared spontaneously in the 19th century, in fact, people made great efforts to organize themselves at a time when their governments tried to oppress the working class, mutual aid societies, and other popular associations.The conscious effort of these people seems to have been largely forgotten in today’s sociology, which may explain, in part, why the problem of individualization seems so intractable to us. Without the human activities that have created and sustained various social ties, social groups might not have existed.If we are to overcome the problem of individualization, or other major concerns of contemporary society, we should draw a lesson from history. By focusing on the efforts with which people of the 19th century struggled to renew their social relationships against the shifting background of the time, we may derive insights with which to address our own problems
Reinterpreting Reasonable Pluralism: How Can Rawlsian Political Liberalism Overcome the Dilemma of Cultural Inclusion?
Get PDFLiberalism is an ideal model of cultural inclusion. For all its attractiveness, attention remains drawn to social injustice, especially in the so-called private sphere. John Rawls’s theory of political liberalism has been a central target of feminist criticism over the past several decades, the most prominent critic being Susan Mollar Okin. Rawls’s “political turn” and explicit ambition to include non-liberal cultures in his vision apparently exacerbate such implicit problems of liberalism. Rawls does not necessarily provide enough material to defend himself against these criticisms. This said, I argue that Rawlsian political liberalism can be made more viable by reinterpreting his important concept of reasonable pluralism. We should situate ourselves firmly in its scheme of individual agency so as to act on our social environment, supported by our political ties with others as citizens. If we give individuals a more central role, to create and sustain reasonable pluralism, it can become a valuable tool with which to overcome the dilemma of liberal inclusion.
ティンリン語、ネク語(ニューカレドニア)の叙述所有構造
Get PDFThis paper discusses the structures of predicative possession in Tinrin and Neku, focusing particularly on the syntactic and semantic properties of the Tinrin verb fwi and its corresponding verbs in Neku. Fwi can occur both as an intransitive or a transitive verb, with some rather peculiar stative and active uses, while there is no such ubiquitous verb in Neku. In examining morphemes involved in related constructions in both languages, we can see a likely path of semantic development, a relationship between different constructions involving predicative possession and a process for forming more typical alienable possession.The expression of predicative possession in both languages is based on existential sentences with a NP (possessor) in a prepositional phrase, which is topicalized in the sentence-initial position as in the following Neku sentence. A pronominal anaphora to the topicalized possessor is substituted in the position where the possessor NP was originally.djan è (tò) ui pè?ari ghi èJean 3sg stay exist elder_brother of 3sg‘Jean has an elder brother (lit. Jean, there is an elder brother of him).’While any kind of NPs possibly possessed can occur in this construction, a construction using the possessive verb tòpè has been found in Neku, which may be a later development, and is used only for ‘alienable possession’. Interestingly, some NPs are attested to occur in both existential sentences and tòpè sentences, reflecting a semantic difference in the degree of inalienability