Tokyo Woman's Christian University Repository / 東京女子大学学術情報リポジトリ
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PTA活動における負担の公平性 : 母親たちが共有する規範
Get PDFThis article focuses on mothers who have been appointed as PTA officials, and it attempts to answer the following three questions. First, what is the psychological status of mothers who have participated in PTA activities? Second, how important is it for mothers to undertake and perform the activities in a fair manner? Third, what are the psychological and social factors that influence their perceptions of fairness and their responsibilities? For the purpose of this study, the responses of 266 mothers who had participated as PTA officials were analyzed; they were required to complete an online questionnaire. The results showed that there is no difference between working mothers and mothers who were housewives in terms of their reasons for becoming PTA officials and their satisfaction levels with PTA activities. However, the results indicate that mothers who were housewives would like their working counterparts to be more involved in PTA activities. Working mothers, on the contrary, report experiencing more pressure compared with their non-working counterparts. The study also revealed that mothers, especially housewives, associate standards of fairness to taking part in PTA activities, except for their own physical problems. The results revealed that sympathy, time to spare, or breadth of mind does not always allow others’ escaping from the responsibilities of PTA activities.本稿では、PTA役員のうちほとんどの母親が経験する一般役員に焦点を当て、PTA活動における母親たちの心理的経験、すなわち役員就任理由、就任時のプレッシャー、役員経験に対する満足感を明らかにし、さらに母親たちが役員負担の公平性という規範を重視する程度と規範遵守に影響する心理的・社会的要因を検討する。本研究では、PTA役員経験のある都内在住の小学生の母親400名（職業の有無により200名ずつ割りつけた）を対象に行ったWeb調査の回答のうち、一般役員のみ経験したことのある266名分のデータを分析した。役員就任理由と満足感は就労の有無による違いはないが、ワーキングマザーの方が専業主婦よりも役員就任時に感じるプレッシャーが強く、専業主婦はワーキングマザーに自分たちと同じようにPTA活動に携わることを望んでいることが明らかにされた。また、事情があれば役員を免除してもよいと考える母親はほとんどおらず、特にその傾向は専業主婦において強かった。役員免除が認められやすいのは、誰もが共感できる母親自身の健康上の問題であり、他者への配慮に結びつく共感性や時間的・心のゆとりは役員免除に対する寛容な態度を必ずしも促進するわけではないことも示された。以上より、母親たちはPTA役員の負担は公平であるべきという規範を共有していることが示唆された
明治・大正・昭和初期のブロンテ姉妹の受容 : 東京女子大学図書館所蔵の文献を中心に
Get PDFThis paper illuminates the process of how people in Japan became familiar with the works of the Brontës from the late 19th to the early 20th century. It is said that in 1886, about 40 years after the first novel by the Brontës was published in England, they were referred to for the first time in an article in the Japanese magazine The Women’s Magazine. How were the Brontës introduced in Japan? How did Japanese critics receive their works? To answer these questions, articles about the Brontës in those days at the Tokyo Woman’s Christian University Library were studied. The results were mainly as follows. The reception of the Brontës was initiated with the introduction of Jane Eyre, which was highly evaluated. It was remarkable how it was assessed similarly in England. This contributed to attracting readers’ attention to the biographical anecdotes about the sisters. In 1899, Charlotte Brontë was associated with Ichiyo Higuchi, a Japanese woman novelist, in the way they lived rather than their works. Although it was just a brief remark, for instance, both lived in poverty and were supposed to be the breadwinner of their family, it could be said that this prompted more cross-cultural criticisms thereafter. This shows that the Brontës universally attracted people’s attention in the literary world. On the whole, there were few references to novels other than Jane Eyre in the studies of this time; “The Dialect of the Brontës” by Itsuki Hosoe was published in 1929 and mostly dealt with pronunciation in Wuthering Heights, which seemed all the more prominent.本稿は、19世紀後半から20世紀前半にかけて、ブロンテ姉妹が日本に受け入れられた過程を明らかにするものである。ブロンテ姉妹が日本に紹介されたのは、1886年『女學雑誌』誌上と言われている。彼女たちの最初の小説が出版されてからおよそ40年の時を経ていた。ブロンテ姉妹はどのように紹介され、また評されていたのか。今回、ブロンテ姉妹の明治時代から大正時代における受容を概観し、その傾向を探った。調査は主に、東京女子大学所蔵の文献に基づいている。結果的に、次の三点が明らかとなった。ブロンテ姉妹の受容は『ジェイン・エア』の紹介から始まり、初期から高評価を得ていた。このことは、イギリスで出版されたときに本作が受けた評価と一致している。そして、読者の注目は次第に彼女たちの伝記的逸話へと波及していく。1899年、シャーロットは樋口一葉と並んで評される。このときは、一葉とブロンテの類似について、その作品においてというよりは苦難の境遇にあるとし、深い分析には及んでいない。しかし、この言及がその後のイギリスと日本の両文壇を関連づける批評の契機となったといっても過言ではない。全体を通して、今回、『ジェイン・エア』以外の作品についての詳細な分析はほとんど見受けられなかったが、1929年に『英語青年』に連載された細江逸記による“The Dialect of the Brontës”は、『嵐が丘』における方言や発音を分析しており、ひときわ目を引くものである
松岡佑子訳「ハリー・ポッターと賢者の石」研究: イギリスの子どもの日常に関わる表現を手がかりに
Get PDFHarry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997), written by J. K. Rowling, is one of the most popular works of children’s literature. While it is a fantasy story, there are also some real aspects of British children’s lifestyles. The present article examines how some aspects of British children’s lives are represented in the Japanese translation by Yuko Matsuoka.First, in order to compare the original and its Japanese translation, some translated sentences containing the elements of British culture were selected. When choosing these sentences, additions and omissions in the translation were focused on. Next, these samples were classified into (1) school life, (2) daily life, or (3)connotation. Additions seem to explain and emphasize things peculiar to Britain. However, they are not always sufficient to explain and emphasize the significance of British culture in the original story, and some omissions appear to be unnecessary. In addition, it was found that the images evoked by characters’ names in the original language are sometimes difficult to retain in translation.The examination shows that Matsuoka was conscious of the importance of the cultural background of the story, helping Japanese readers to understand British culture, and thereby preventing certain significances peculiar to Britain from being lost in translation. Still, it is difficult to reflect the author’s intention in translation
中学校入学前の英語学習がそれ以降の動機づけや英語能力に与える影響
Get PDFThis study investigated differences in motivation for learning English and abilities in English between those who learned English in childhood and those who did not. In addition, whether motivation for learning English and abilities in English differ according their majors in university was examined in detail.The research used a questionnaire composed of 41 questions. The contents of the survey were time of starting to learn English, English motivation, English abilities, and experience taking certification examinations in junior high school, high school, and university. The questionnaire data from 101 Tokyo Woman’s Christian University students was analyzed.Results showed that students who have high motivation for learning English also have high abilities in English. Furthermore, early English learners have high motivation to learn English both at present and in the future. In addition, both motivation and English abilities of students in the Career English Program and English literature majors became higher now than in junior high school days, whereas those of Japanese literature students fell. Based on these findings, it could be said that learners who are interested in English due to starting to learn English at an early stage have high English motivation and high ability even after junior high school.In conclusion, this study shows the importance of learning English at an early stage. In the future, to ensure the validity of learning English at an early stage, a more detailed survey about effective English learning and teaching strategies for enhancing interest in English should be conducted with a larger participant sample