APAV - Academy of Sciences, Letters, Arts and Technology (E-Journals)
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Thinking over the Goldbach conjecture solution from a probabilistic point of view
No full textThis paper aims to provide a set of considerations that allow us to see a possible solution to the problematic issue of Goldbach's "strong" conjecture, which amounts to asserting that any even natural number greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers that are not necessarily distinct. Specifically, we will show mathematically that a hypothetical scenario in which no even composite number exists as a sum of two primes is impossible. This will be done by adopting a probabilistic method much simpler than the arithmetical attempts already present in literature
On the Prospects for a Unified Theory of Physics: A Belated Response to Stephen Hawking
No full textAs theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking speculated on the prospects for a complete, unified theory in his 1988 book, A Brief History of Time, he appeared to embrace both scientific realism and instrumentalism. Since these two views in the philosophy of science are inconsistent, over the course of the next twenty-two years, Hawking modified his views until he arrived at his model-dependent realism, but he never resolved the inconsistency completely. In this paper I explain the inconsistency, respond to Hawking’s criticism of philosophers of science and examine the key problems for a unified theory of physics.Keywords: instrumentalism, scientific realism, model-dependent realism, unification of physics
La Macchina Narrativa della Fiction Italiana: Memoria, Storia e Sapere Implicito ne La meglio gioventù, L’amica geniale, 1992 ed Esterno notte (The Narrative Machine of Italian Fiction: Memory, History, and Tacit Knowledge in “La meglio gioventù”, “L’amica geniale”, “1992” and “Esterno notte”)
Full text linkSuntoSin dalle sue origini la televisione italiana ha rappresentato un medium fondamentale per la costruzione di narrazioni collettive e di un sapere diffuso, contribuendo alla formazione dell’identità culturale nazionale. Lo studio sottolinea l’importanza fondamentale di un’analisi storica della televisione italiana per comprendere appieno le dinamiche narrative che caratterizzano la fiction contemporanea. Attraverso questa lente storica, si evidenzia come la fiction non sia semplicemente un prodotto di intrattenimento, ma un dispositivo culturale complesso che contribuisce attivamente alla formazione del senso pubblico. La capacità delle fiction analizzate — da La meglio gioventù (Rai 1, 2003) a L’amica geniale (Rai 1, 2018) da 1992 (Sky, 2015) a Esterno notte (Rai 1, 2022) — di tradurre eventi storici, tensioni sociali e trasformazioni culturali in narrazioni coinvolgenti e accessibili dimostra il loro ruolo cruciale nella costruzione di una memoria collettiva condivisa.Parole chiave: fiction italiana; storia della televisione; serialità; narrazioni; memoria; cronaca; AbstractSince its inception, Italian television has functioned as a pivotal medium in the construction of collective narratives and the dissemination of culturally embedded knowledge, actively contributing to the shaping of national identity. This study underscores the critical importance of a historically grounded analysis of Italian television as a means to fully apprehend the narrative mechanisms that characterize contemporary serialized fiction. Viewed through this historical framework, television fiction emerges not merely as a vehicle of entertainment, but as a complex cultural apparatus engaged in the ongoing production of public discourse and shared meaning.The selected case studies — La meglio gioventù (Rai 1, 2003), L’amica geniale (Rai 1, 2018), 1992 (Sky, 2015), and Esterno notte (Rai 1, 2022) — exemplify the capacity of contemporary Italian fiction to narrativize historical events, socio-political tensions, and cultural transformations through accessible yet multilayered storytelling. These productions do not merely reflect Italian history but actively participate in the reconfiguration of its public memory, offering narrative frameworks through which audiences engage with the past and negotiate present identities. As such, fiction becomes a privileged site for the elaboration of a shared symbolic repertoire and the circulation of historically resonant imaginaries.Keywords: Italian fiction; television history; seriality; narratives; memory; current event
Generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy -normed spaces via -extensions
No full textThe aim of this paper is to study the generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces to intuitionistic fuzzy -normed spaces. In this framework, we discuss intuitionistic fuzzy -continuity and intuitionistic fuzzy -boundedness. Furthermore, we introduce the intuitionistic fuzzy --normed space, which generalizes the intuitionistic fuzzy -normed space. Several results and properties in this new set-up are also presented and analyzed
The Digital Cage. A Sociological Analysis of Algorithmic Bureaucracy as a Total System
No full textThis paper conducts a critical sociological analysis of digital bureaucracy, interrogating the dominant narrative that posits it as an efficient and democratic solution to the problems of traditional bureaucracy. Through a synthesis of classical theory (Weber, Foucault) and contemporary critique (Deleuze, Benasayag, Han, Eubanks), this paper argues that the “digital cage” tends to embody a form of power that is often more totalizing and potentially more insidious than the Weberian “iron cage”, especially in its current applications. The analysis unfolds along three interconnected lines of inquiry: 1) the eclipse of the human mediator and the consequent elimination of discretionary power and negotiation; 2) the transition from a disciplinary-panoptic model of control to a pervasive system of modular control, embedded within the very code of digital platforms; 3) the illusion of universal access, which masks the creation of new and deeper forms of social inequality and exclusion. The paper concludes that the digital cage, by combining the total visibility of the subject with the total opacity of the power mechanism, and by requiring the user’s active complicity, achieves a more sophisticated and resilient form of control, with profound implications for the future of citizenship and democracy
Exploring the Role of Consciousness in the Origin of the Universe and Life: A Hypothesis of a Sentient Creator
Full text linkThis article aims to highlight how consciousness may be interconnected with topics related to the existence of God, physics, and cosmology. Despite the importance of this relationship, academia has studied consciousness in relation to each of these themes separately, neglecting to consider all four within a unified analysis. The notion of a conscious God is defined as a sentient creative consciousness that may have generated a holographic universe, a universe from nothing, a multiverse, or a cyclic universe as to create life and intelligent beings. The discussion addresses how this conception of God can be confirmed or refuted through various means, such as the presence of potential mathematical codes in the spacetime of the universe, the information contained within the universe and planet Earth, the development of artificial intelligence, and contact with extraterrestrial civilizations. This article demonstrates that science and philosophy can work together to solve the great mysteries of the cosmos that humanity has pondered for centuries
Robustness of Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Designs under Imperfect Compliance
No full textThis paper studies the robustness of fuzzy regression discontinuity designs under imperfect compliance with clinical assignment rules. When treatment assignment based on a biomarker threshold is probabilistic, the cutoff indicator can be interpreted as an instrumental variable identifying a Local Average Treatment Effect.A Monte Carlo simulation calibrated to a cardiovascular risk setting is used to evaluate the local two stage least squares fuzzy regression discontinuity estimator under controlled violations of its identifying assumptions. We consider departures from continuity of potential outcomes at the cutoff, reductions in first stage strength, and violations of monotonicity.The results show that, under approximate continuity and sufficiently strong first stages, the estimator recovers the target local effect with limited bias and near nominal coverage. Weak first stages mainly reduce precision, whereas violations of continuity lead to severe bias even when the instrument is strong. Monotonicity violations increase variability and reduce coverage.Overall, the findings highlight that fuzzy regression discontinuity designs provide reliable local causal inference only under carefully assessed assumptions
Sociologia critica e sociologia del lavoro: figlie di una stessa matrice a partire dagli anni ‘70 (Critical Sociology and Sociology of Work: Daughters of the Same Matrix Since the 1970s)
No full textSuntoIl seguente lavoro intende esplorare il legame tra sociologia critica e sociologia del lavoro, due discipline che, pur sviluppatesi lungo traiettorie autonome, condividono una base teorica comune a partire dagli anni ’70. In questo periodo segnato da profondi cambiamenti socio-economici e politici, entrambe hanno posto al centro dell’analisi le disuguaglianze, il potere e la trasformazione del lavoro. Oggi, queste discipline offrono strumenti fondamentali per comprendere le sfide del lavoro in un contesto sempre più globale e frammentato. Di fronte a tali cambiamenti da un lato tornano ad emergere con forza alcuni temi classici come la giustizia sociale, l’inclusione e la richiesta di rappresentanza da parte delle categorie di lavoratori; dall’altra emergono temi inediti che meritano un’attenta considerazione e che sono legati ad esempio ai temi della sostenibilità, della digitalizzazione e delle nuove forme di attivismo.Keywords: sociologia critica; sociologia del lavoro; disuguaglianze sociali, rappresentanza sindacale.AbstractThe following work intends to explore the link between critical sociology and sociology of work, two disciplines that, although developing along autonomous trajectories, have shared a common theoretical basis since the 1970s. In this period marked by profound socio-economic and political changes, both have placed inequalities, power and the transformation of work at the centre of their analysis. Today, these disciplines offer fundamental tools to meet the challenges of work in an increasingly global and fragmented context. Faced with such changes, on the one hand, some classic themes such as social justice, inclusion and the demand for representation by categories of workers are forcefully re-emerging. On the other hand, new themes emerge that deserve careful consideration and that are linked for example to the themes of sustainability, digitalisation and new forms of activism.Keywords: critical sociology; sociology of work; social inequalities; Worker activis
From Experiment to Simulation: The Cartesian Error of Experience from Galileo to Turing
No full textThis paper reexamines the Turing Test by placing it within the broader history of experimentation. Challenging views that link Turing to a continuous scientific tradition from Galileo, it argues that the Imitation Game marks a key epistemological break. Whereas Galileo used experiment to connect observation with mathematical order, and Descartes internalized experience as formal representation, Turing transformed experiment into simulation—producing meaning through logic alone. This shift reveals AI not as a recent innovation, but as the outcome of a rationalist tradition that displaces experience with computation. The paper critiques this legacy and calls for restoring experience as central to knowledge
Intersex and Healthcare: A Narrative Review of Social Sciences Perspectives
Full text linkIntersex individuals—those whose physical sex characteristics do not align with conventional male or female categories—encounter considerable challenges within healthcare systems, which often medicalize their bodies through invasive treatments aimed at “normalizing” their traits. This narrative review synthesizes key contributions from medical sociology, medical anthropology, and gender studies to examine the social processes that define, regulate, and often marginalize intersex identities in clinical contexts. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as medicalization, biopower, stigma theory, intersectionality, and structural violence, the paper situates intersex healthcare within broader systems of normativity and control. It critiques the historical and contemporary role of healthcare institutions in reinforcing binary understandings of sex and gender, often at the cost of individual autonomy and psychosocial well-being. Comparative analyses with transgender healthcare reveal both shared and divergent mechanisms of institutional gatekeeping, underscoring the need for a justice-oriented, intersectional approach to care. This work ultimately advocates for systemic change in both healthcare delivery and policy, informed by sociological insight and intersex-led activism, emphasizing dignity, self-determination, and epistemic inclusion