Scientific Journals of Bogor Agricultural University
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Characterization of SNEDDS Formulated with Single Bulb Garlic and its Anti-Inflammatory Effect on 3T3-L1
Get PDFInflammation is an early symptom of a disease that reduces the level of health. Single-bulb garlic (Allium sativum L.) is used medicinally as a plant with a broad pharmacological effect, especially anti-inflammatory activity. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have offered opportunities to improve drug delivery. The current study aimed to characterize SNEDDS-single bulb garlic extract (SBGE) and determine its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent in 3T3-L1 cells. SNEDDS was formulated from tween-80, glycerol, canola oil, and SBGE. The formula characterization is done using droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, physical stability test, and antioxidant assay. The cytotoxicity test of SNEDDS-SBGE was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was examined using 3T3-L1 cell methylglyoxal (MG) induction, and the expression of cytokines was measured using immunocytochemistry (ICC). The SNEDDS-SBGE had a nanoemulsion size of 42.30±1.39 nm, 0.6±0.03 for the polydispersion index, and -22.63±0.75 mV for the zeta potential. SNEDDS-SBGE was physically stable and had a high antioxidant level (47.579±8.017 %). SNEDDS-SBGE exhibited no toxic effect on 3T3-L1 cells. The administration of 62.5 µg/ml and 125 µg/ml SNEDDS-SBGE could inhibit (p<0.05) the expression of IL-1β after methylglyoxal induction. Thus, SNEDDS-SBGE may have potential anti-inflammatory properties
Toxicity and antibacterial activity of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove using different solvent extraction : Toksisitas dan aktivitas antibakteri mangrove Rhizophora apiculata dengan pelarut ekstraksi yang berbeda
No full textRhizophora apiculata merupakan jenis mangrove yang banyak digunakan sebagai obat tradisional. Potensi ini dihasilkan oleh kandungan metabolit sekunder yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan, usia, dan beragam faktor lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pelarut terbaik ekstrak R. apiculate berdasarkan parameter toksisitas dan antibakteri. R. apiculata yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari daerah Kuala Langsa dan Pulau Telaga Tujuh (Aceh Timur), dengan ukuran diameter pohon yang berbeda (2,4; 4,8; 5; 13; 23,3; & 26 cm). Ekstraksi dengan pelarut metanol 99,8% (MeOH) dan etanol 99,9% (EtOH) dilakukan dengan maserasi (3x24 jam), ekstraksi dengan pelarut akuades dilakukan dengan perebusan (15 menit pada suhu 85-90°C). Ekstraksi menggunakan perbandingan 10:1 (v/w) dengan 2 g serbuk simplisia dan 20 mL pelarut. Uji toksisitas dilakukan dengan metode brine shrimp lethality assay dan uji antibakteri menggunakan metode disk diffusion assay. Uji toksisitas menunjukkan ekstrak etanol memiliki nilai toksisitas tertinggi dengan nilai LC50 sebesar 26,879 μg/mL. Ekstrak akuades menghasilkan zona hambat tertinggi dengan nilai 11,37±0,85 mm pada bakteri Escherichia coli dan 17,67±1,19 mm pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil ANOVA dua arah menunjukkan pelarut berpengaruh nyata terhadap zona hambat bakteri (p<0,05), sementara diameter pohon tidak berpengaruh nyata (p<0,05). Ekstrak pelarut etanol menghasilkan nilai toksisitas tertinggi, sedangkan ekstrak pelarut akuades menghasilkan zona hambat terbesar.Rhizophora apiculata is a type of mangrove widely used as a traditional medicine. This potential is produced by the content of secondary metabolites that environmental conditions, age, and other factors can influence. This study aims to determine the best solvent for R. apiculata extract based on toxicity and antibacterial parameters. R. apiculata used in this study came from the Kuala Langsa area and Telaga Tujuh Island (East Aceh), with different tree diameters (2.4, 4.8, 5, 13, 23.3, & 26 cm). The samples were macerated three times for 24 hours using 99.8% methanol (MeOH) and 99.9% ethanol (EtOH) solvents. The samples were boiled for 15 minutes at a temperature of 85–90°C using aquades as the solvent. Extraction using a ratio of 10:1 (v/w) with 2 g of simplicia powder and 20 mL of solvent. The toxicity test was conducted using the brine shrimp lethality assay method and the antibacterial test using the disk diffusion assay method. Toxicity tests showed that the ethanol extract had the highest toxicity value with an LC50 value of 26.879 μg/mL. Aquadest extract produced the highest inhibition zone with a value of 11.37±0.85 mm in Escherichia coli and 17.67±1.19 mm in Staphylococcus aureus. The results of two-way ANOVA showed that the solvent had a significant effect on the bacterial inhibition zone (p<0.05), while tree diameter had no significant effect (p<0.05). Ethanol solvent extract produced the highest toxicity value, while aquadest solvent extract produced the largest inhibition zone
Ekstraksi dan karakterisasi enzim tripsin dari jeroan ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos) hasil purifikasi parsial: Extraction and characterization of trippsin enzyme from milkfish (Chanos chanos) partial purification result
No full textJeroan ikan terkenal dengan konsentrasi enzim pencernaan yang tinggi, terutama proteinase misalnya tripsin. Karakteristik tripsin ikan dipengaruhi oleh jenis dan habitatnya. Jeroan ikan bandeng merupakan bagian dari saluran pencernaan ikan dan memiliki pH netral sehingga berpotensi menjadi sumber enzim khususnya tripsin. Jeroan ikan dapat menjadi alternatif pengganti enzim tripsin komersial yang berasal dari daging babi dan sapi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan karakteristik enzim tripsin dari jeroan bandeng dengan fraksi amonium sulfat. Proses penelitian diawali dengan ekstraksi enzim tripsin dari jeroan ikan bandeng, dilanjutkan dengan fraksinasi dengan amonium sulfat (0-80%). Suhu, pH, pengaruh ion logam, pengaruh NaCl terhadap aktivitas enzim, dan kinetika reaksi. Aktivitas enzim diukur menggunakan substrat N-α-benzoyl DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar tripsin memiliki aktivitas sebesar 0,117 U/mL. Aktivitas enzim tripsin tertinggi pada fraksi amonium sulfat 20-30%, yaitu sebesar 0,295 U/mL. Enzim bekerja paling baik pada suhu 50°C dan pH 6. Aktivitas enzim tripsin pada ion NaCl, MnCl2, ZnCl2, CuCl2, dan CaCl2 mengalami penghambatan pada setiap jenis ion logam yang berbeda dan bersifat sebagai inhibitor. Aktivitas tripsin pada NaCl 5-30% meningkat pada rasio 10%, yaitu sebesar 0,249 U/mL. Nilai Vmax enzim ini adalah 0,285 mmol/s, dan nilai Km-nya adalah 0,374 mM.Fish offal is known for its high content of digestive enzymes, especially proteinases such as trypsin. The characteristics of fish trypsin are influenced by the species and habitat. Milkfish offal is part of the fish digestive tract and has a neutral pH, so it is a potential source of enzymes, especially trypsin. Fish offal can be an alternative to commercial trypsin enzymes derived from pork and beef. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of trypsin enzyme from milkfish offal with ammonium sulfate fraction. The research process began with the extraction of trypsin enzyme from milkfish offal, followed by fractionation with ammonium sulfate (0-80%). Temperature, pH, the effect of metal ions, the effect of NaCl on enzyme activity, and reaction kinetics were all used to determine the best fraction. Enzyme activity was measured using the substrate N-α-benzoyl DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA). The results showed that the crude trypsin extract had an activity of 0.117 U/mL. The highest trypsin enzyme activity was in the 20-30% ammonium sulfate fraction, which was 0.295 U/mL. The enzyme worked best at a temperature of 50°C and pH 6. The metal ions ZnCl₂, MnCl₂, CuCl₂, NaCl, and CaCl₂ inhibited the trypsin enzyme activity. Trypsin activity in 5–30% NaCl increased to a ratio of 10%, which was 0.249 U/mL. The Vmax value of this enzyme was 0.285 mmol/s, and the Km value was 0.374 mM
Added Value Analysis and Affecting Factors in Coconut Sugar Processing
No full textThe general goal of processing coconut sugar obtained from coconut sap is to maximize its added value. Purbalingga Regency is a major producer of coconut sugar in Central Java. Molded coconut sugar is the most commonly produced variety of coconut sugar. The purpose of this study is to determine the added value of the coconut brown sugar processing industry, as well as the elements that influence it. The Hayami method of added value analysis was applied, as well as multiple linear regression analysis. The research employed up to 36 coconut brown sugar craftspeople and took place between February and March 2021. The results showed that processing coconut sap adds Rp. 689.81 per kilogram, with an added value ratio of 34.86 percent. The value added category falls into the medium group. Production capacity, raw materials, output price, raw material costs, and other input prices all have a substantial impact on the added value of converting coconut sap to sugar.
Keywords: coconut sap, added value, coconut sugar, Hayam
Diversification Strategy for Sugar Palm Products in Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province
No full textThe sugar palm is one of the most important commodities in the Rejang Lebong Regency. Sugar palms have not been widely processed into value-added products because the community solely produces brown sugar. The goal of this study is to identify potential challenges and propose product diversification strategies that will boost the value added and sustainability of sugar palm firms in the Rejang Lebong Regency. This study was carried out in the Rejang Lebong Regency during August to October 2023. Data were gathered through observations, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. A fishbone diagram was used to identify potential and map product diversification challenges, while palm product diversification plans were developed using a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) matrix. The research results indicated that the diversification of sugar palm products is hindered by limited human resources in using technological innovations, restricted use of agricultural machinery, insufficient business partnerships, and local government programs that are not yet integrated into the development of product diversification. The strategy for sugar palm product diversification can be implemented by developing market alliances and improving processing technologies for MSMEs, with government program assistance and access to funding. This technique is expected to improve the quality and pricing of sugar palm products at the farmer level.
Keywords: added value, aren palm, Arenga pinnata Merr, diversification strateg
Effect of Water Spinach Spacing and Planting Time on Chili Growth in Chili-Water Spinach Intercropping
No full textChili is one of the horticulture crops with the highest commercial value. Farmers can cultivate chili in intercropping systems with water spinach plants as a land-saving alternative. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal chili planting distance and water spinach planting timing for increasing chili plant growth in chili-water spinach intercropping cultivation. A factorial randomized group design was adopted in this study. The first consideration was the spacing between the chili plants, which measure 50´70 cm and 50´50 cm, respectively. The second aspect was to plant water spinach at the same time as chili, one week after planting (1 WAP) chili, and 2 WAP chili. The findings indicate that optimum spacing and planting time for water spinach can improve the growth of chili plants. When chili plants were spaced 50´70 cm apart, their height and number of leaves increased dramatically. When compared to other treatments, the planting time of water spinach 1-2 WAP chili resulted in significantly higher plant height and number of leaves. All growth variables examined were significantly influenced by the interaction of 50´70 cm and water spinach planting time 2 weeks after chili planting.
Keywords: chili, intercropping, planting distance, planting time, water spinac
Competency and Performance of Seaweed Farmers in Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi
No full textIndonesia\u27s marine area is around 70%, so seaweed is extensively cultivated in Indonesian waters. Although seaweed cultivation is thought to be simple, farmers confront numerous challenges. Poor farmer competence leads to low production quality, low product selling price, no negotiating position, inability to maintain production capacity, and lack of competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to assess seaweed farmers\u27 production performance and competency. This study was undertaken in Bantaeng Regency, one of South Sulawesi Province\u27s seaweed production centers. The Slovin algorithm was used to determine the number of respondents, which was 125 farmers. The method was Simple Random sampling. Descriptive analysis was used to describe seaweed farmers\u27 performance and competence, whereas Kendall W Correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between farmer attributes and seaweed farming competence. The results revealed an average dried seaweed yield of 3,390 kg per hectare. Seaweed farmers have a high level of technical competence in operating their farms, with a total score of 13,262, however managerial competence is poor, with a total score of 5,334. The association between farmer characteristics and agricultural competence demonstrates that age has a very strong relationship, as do education, farming experience, family dependents, and land area. To increase seaweed production and income, the government must develop an integrated extension program that improves farmers\u27 technical and managerial skills.
Keywords: farmer performance, managerial competence, seaweed, seaweed production, technical competenc
Understanding Non-Wage Workers Behavior Towards BPJS Employment Programs: A Boundedly Rational Planned Behavior Analysis
Get PDFBackground: The ongoing gap in social security protection for informal workers (BPU) presents a significant challenge for BPJS Employment, necessitating a deeper understanding of factors influencing participation in social security programs.Purpose: This study aims to analyze the characteristics of BPU workers and their participation in BPJS Employment programs through an expanded Boundedly Rational Planned Behavior theory.Design/methodology/approach: Conducted in Jakarta, the research employed a convenience sampling method with 130 respondents. Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS software.Findings/Results: The study found that attitudes and subjective norms did not significantly influence rational planning, although some trends were observed. Similarly, perceived behavioral control had no significant effect on rational planning, consistent with previous research suggesting that perceptions of control are more relevant in less complex decision-making contexts. However, knowledge was identified as a significant predictor of rational planning, underscoring its crucial role in fostering engagement. While rational planning did not directly affect participation, positive attitudes were found to significantly influence participation levels. In contrast, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control did not significantly impact participation. Although perceived behavioral control showed a marginal effect on participation, this effect did not reach statistical significance, suggesting that individuals\u27 perceptions of their ability to control participation outcomes may have a limited influence in this context. Knowledge was also a critical factor in encouraging participation, emphasizing the importance of awareness in promoting active involvement.Conclusion: The findings highlight that the attitudes of informal workers significantly drive participation in the BPJS Employment program, while knowledge plays a crucial role in enhancing rational planning and engagement. Although subjective norms and perceived behavioral control have a minimal direct impact, the marginal effect of perceived behavioral control suggests that boosting individuals\u27 confidence in managing their participation could enhance involvement. Overall, addressing knowledge gaps and fostering positive attitudes are essential for increasing participation rates among informal workers and providing insights for targeted interventions to promote social security protection for this vulnerable group.Originality/value (State of the art): This research contributes to the understanding of participation dynamics in social security programs for informal workers, advocating for targeted educational campaigns to enhance knowledge, foster positive attitudes towards BPJS, and address barriers to participation.
Keywords: employment programs, informal workers, theory of planned behavior, BPJS
 
A Multicriteria Policy Analysis: Policy Framework for Sustainable Groundwater Management in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Get PDFThis study aimed to provide a policy framework for groundwater management in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara. The method used in this research was a multicriteria policy analysis method with a qualitative approach. Data were collected using a focus group discussion method. The study participants were 14 stakeholders, including the Director of Planning and Supervision of Watershed Management Nusa Tenggara II River Basin Management Center, Head of the Watershed and Protected Forest Management Center Benain Noelmina, Development Planning Agency, Regional Research and Development of East Nusa Tenggara, Southeast Province, Chair of the River Basin Forum of East Nusa Tenggara Province, Kupang City Development Acceleration Team, Commission III Regional Legislative Council of Kupang City, Non-governmental Organizations, Environmental Practitioners, Provincial Level Environmental Observer Groups, Kupang City and Regency, Legal Practitioners, and Academics. In the focus group discussion, the respondents were free to express their opinions on sustainable groundwater management policies in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara. The results show that the groundwater information system is the best in an integratedscenario with a superior program for establishing special zones to identify watershed conservation areas
Environmental Impact of Limestone Mining Using A Life Cycle Assessment Method
Get PDFThe extraction of limestone for cement production can adversely affect the environment. An inquiry is underway to examine the environmental ramifications of limestone mining to formulate strategies to mitigate these effects. This study aims to assess the ecological impact indicators of the limestone mining process by utilizing the LCA method based on CML-IAbaseline data from the openLCA software. The results indicate that crushing is a significant area of focus, contributing the most extensive value. The ratio of Ammonium Nitrate to diesel oil in adherence to guidelines is 94.5 to 5.5%. Particular emphasis is placed on assessing raw materials, especially during the loading and hauling stages. In conclusion, the research findings reveal environmental impact indicators with standardized values, such as Abiotic Depletion, Abiotic Depletion of Fossil Fuels, Acidification, Eutrophication of Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity, Global Warming 100a, Human Toxicity, Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity, Ozone Layer Depletion, Photochemical Oxidation, and Terrestrial Ecotoxicity.