Scientific Journals of Bogor Agricultural University
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Vegetation Structure and Potential Key Species for Bali Myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) Introduction in Tengkudak Village, Bali, Indonesia
Full text linkSpecies introduction is a key conservation strategy for the Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi), a high-priority species in Indonesia. Successful introduction requires thorough habitat assessment. This study analyzed vegetation structure and identified potential key species in Tengkudak Village, Tabanan Regency, Bali–one of the designated introduction sites. A plot-based sampling method was used in 10 sampling areas, with 20 plots (20 m × 20 m) for tree and sapling analysis and 100 plots (2 m × 2 m) for ground vegetation assessment. Vegetation parameters such as density, frequency, dominance, and importance value index were analyzed, along with community indices, including Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson’s dominance, and Pielou’s evenness. The upperstorey was dominated by plantation species and riparian vegetation, while the understorey consisted mainly of agricultural weeds, grasses, and ferns. The community index analysis indicated high species diversity and a stable community structure. Most plant species provide essential resources for the Bali myna, including food, shelter, perching, and nesting sites. Fifteen species were identified as potential plant keys, including Baccaurea racemosa, Bischofia javanica, Carica papaya, Cocos nucifera, Dysoxyllum densiflorum, Elaeocarpus sphaericus, Ficus spp., Lansium domesticum, Magnolia champaca, Persea americana, Sandoricum koetjape, and Theobroma cacao
Potential Distribution of Tropical Native Gayam Forest Tree (Inocarpus fagifer Forst.) to Cope with the Drought Hazards in Yogyakarta Landscape
Full text linkYogyakarta\u27s landscape is known for having experienced drought hazard. At the same time, there is a native tropical tree that has the ability to store the water and cope with the emerging drought. In this regard, this study is aiming to evaluate the potential distribution of the tropical native gayam forest tree (Inocarpus fagifer Forst.) to cope with the drought in the Yogyakarta landscape. Samplings of I. fagifer covered four districts (Sleman, Kulonprogo, Bantul, and Gunung Kidul) and one city (Yogyakarta City) and implemented from January to March 2025. The potential distribution was estimated using MaxEnt. The drought was estimated using remote sensing. The resulting model gained an AUC of 0.804, confirming that I. fagifer can adapt to low rainfall and has the potential to inhabit areas with drought. Bantul, Sleman, and Kulonprogo were districts where the I. fagifer potential distribution areas exceeded almost five to seven times the drought areas. This information can be used as a baseline and recommendation from village to district levels to start to mainstream and disseminate the planting of tropical native trees as a nature-based solution to cope with the drought hazards across Yogyakarta\u27s landscape
Analyze of production performance of vaname shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei culture and water quality on earthen pond and HDPE-lined pond
Full text linkLitopenaeus vannamei is a leading aquaculture commodity with high economic value. Efforts to enhance the production of L. vannamei shrimp can be achieved by selecting the type of pond. Culture ponds are crucial in controlling water quality and managing culture waste. Based on these conditions, selecting the appropriate type of pond is essential to improve the production performance of L. vannamei shrimp. This study aimed to analyze the effects of earthen ponds and high density polyethylene (HDPE)-lined ponds on production performance and water quality factors, identify key water quality parameters influencing shrimp yield, and conduct an economic analysis. This study was conducted with two types of ponds, earthen ponds and HDPE-lined ponds. Water quality factors were analyzed weekly using a composite sampling method. Meanwhile, shrimp weight sampling was conducted weekly after 35 days of culture using 30 shrimp for each pond. The results showed that shrimp production performance in HDPE-lined ponds was significantly higher than in earthen ponds. This enhanced production performance was attributed to the more optimal water quality parameters in HDPE-lined ponds, particularly the lower abundance of Cyanophyta. Furthermore, the soil quality in earthen ponds also reduces shrimp survival rates, leading to decreased pond productivity. Although the production costs for HDPE-lined ponds were 17.54% higher than earthen ponds, this investment increases farmers\u27 total revenue by 57.20%. HDPE ponds produce high production performance and healthier water quality, thereby increasing farmers\u27 income and proving economically viable.
Keywords: economic, growth, pond type, soil
Abstrak
Litopenaeus vannamei merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan perikanan budidaya yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Upaya untuk meningkatkan produksi udang L. vannamei dapat dilakukan dengan memilih jenis tambak. Tambak budidaya sangat penting dalam mengontrol kualitas air dan mengelola limbah budidaya. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut, pemilihan jenis tambak yang tepat sangat penting untuk meningkatkan performa produksi udang L. vannamei. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh tambak tanah dan tambak berlapis high density polyethylene (HDPE) terhadap kinerja produksi dan faktor kualitas air, mengidentifikasi parameter kualitas air utama yang mempengaruhi hasil panen udang, dan melakukan analisis ekonomi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dua jenis tambak, yaitu tambak tanah dan tambak berlapis HDPE. Faktor kualitas air dianalisis setiap minggu dengan menggunakan metode pengambilan sampel komposit. Sementara itu, pengambilan sampel berat udang dilakukan setiap minggu setelah 35 hari budidaya dengan menggunakan 30 ekor udang untuk setiap tambak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja produksi udang ditambak HDPE lebih tinggi dibandingkan tambak tanah. Tingginya kinerja produksi udang ini dikarenakan tambak HDPE memiliki parameter kualitas air yang lebih optimal dibandingkan dengan tambak tanah, terutama pada kelimpahan Cyanophyta yang lebih rendah. Selain itu, kualitas tanah di tambak tanah juga menurunkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup udang sehingga mengakibatkan rendahnya produktivitas tambak tanah. Meskipun biaya produksi untuk tambak yang dilapisi HDPE 17.54% lebih tinggi dibandingkan tambak tanah, namun biaya investasi ini dapat meningkatkan total pendapatan petambak sebesar 57.20%. Tambak HDPE menghasilkan kinerja produksi yang tinggi dan kualitas air yang lebih optimal, sehingga meningkatkan pendapatan petani dan terbukti layak secara ekonomi.
Kata kunci: ekonomi, pertumbuhan, tanah, tipe tamba
A SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SCALLOP (Amusium pleuronectes): ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES
No full textThe sustainability of scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) populations in South Sulawesi faces critical challenges due to habitat degradation and overexploitation. This study assesses ecological, social, and economic dimensions of scallop fisheries across five coastal regions: Pangkep, Takalar, Barru, Sinjai, and Selayar. A total of 750 scallops were sampled, and data on shell size, habitat quality, and socio-economic reliance were collected. The findings reveal a strong correlation (r = 0.82, p < 0.05) between habitat quality and scallop size, with optimal conditions in Sinjai yielding the largest scallops (mean shell length = 11 cm). Economic analysis shows that scallops contribute up to 25% of household income in certain regions, but unsustainable harvesting practices persist due to limited community awareness. This research highlights the need for ecosystem-based management, including habitat restoration, harvesting regulations, and community engagement programs. By integrating ecological and socio-economic insights, the study provides actionable recommendations for balancing conservation and livelihoods, offering a model for sustainable marine resource management.Keberlanjutan populasi kerang (Amusium pleuronectes) di Sulawesi Selatan menghadapi tantangan kritis akibat degradasi habitat dan eksploitasi berlebihan. Studi ini mengkaji dimensi ekologi, sosial, dan ekonomi perikanan kerang di lima wilayah pesisir: Pangkep, Takalar, Barru, Sinjai, dan Selayar. Sebanyak 750 kerang diambil sampelnya, dan data mengenai ukuran cangkang, kualitas habitat, dan ketergantungan sosial-ekonomi dikumpulkan. Temuan ini menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang kuat (r = 0,82, p <0,05) antara kualitas habitat dan ukuran kerang, dengan kondisi optimal di Sinjai yang menghasilkan kerang terbesar (rata-rata panjang cangkang = 11 cm). Analisis ekonomi menunjukkan bahwa kerang menyumbang hingga 25% pendapatan rumah tangga di wilayah tertentu, namun praktik pemanenan yang tidak berkelanjutan masih terus terjadi karena terbatasnya kesadaran masyarakat. Penelitian ini menyoroti perlunya pengelolaan berbasis ekosistem, termasuk restorasi habitat, peraturan pemanenan, dan program keterlibatan masyarakat. Dengan mengintegrasikan wawasan ekologi dan sosio-ekonomi, studi ini memberikan rekomendasi yang dapat ditindaklanjuti untuk menyeimbangkan konservasi dan penghidupan, serta menawarkan model pengelolaan sumber daya laut yang berkelanjutan
PRODUCTIVITY OF PURSE SEINE FISHING GEAR AT PPP LABUAN, PANDEGLANG REGENCY: English
No full textThis research intends to assess the productivity rate of the Purse Seine fishing method at the Coastal Fishing Port (PPP) Labuan in Pandeglang Regency and to develop sustainable management approaches. A quantitative descriptive approach was used to evaluate productivity through indicators like Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) and Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Data were obtained through observations in the field, interviews with fishermen, and recording of catches in February 2024 by the marine and fisheries office in Labuan. The results showed a decrease in CPUE from 219.11 kg/trip. The CPUE results show that Purse Seine productivity in Labuan can be said to be good, but if it continues to be left unchecked it will result in a significant decrease in certain species such as tuna and squid obtained from data released from the Labuan marine and fisheries office. Therefore, there must be steps to prevent fluctuations in the Labuan fishing sector by applying an ecosystem-based approach (EAFM) to maintain the sustainability of the marine ecosystem in the Sunda Strait.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis produktivitas alat tangkap Purse Seine di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai (PPP) Labuan, Kabupaten Pandeglang, dan merumuskan strategi untuk pengelolaan berkelanjutan. Metode kuantitatif-deskriptif diterapkan untuk menilai produktivitas dengan menggunakan indikator Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) serta Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Data didapatkan melalui observasi di lapangan, wawancara dengan nelayan, dan pencatatan hasil tangkapan pada bulan Februari 2024 oleh dinas kelautan dan perikanan di Labuan. Hasil menunjukkan penurunan CPUE dari 219,11 kg/perjalanan. Hasil CPUE tersebut menunjukan jika produktivitas Purse Seine di Labuan dapat dikatakan baik, namun jika terus dibiarkan dan tanpa pengawasan maka akan mengakibatkan penurunan spesies tertentu secara signifikan seperti tongkol dan cumi-cumi yang didapat dari data yang dikeluarkan dari dinas kelautan dan perikanan Labuan. Dengan begitu maka harus ada langkah untuk mencegah terjadinya fluktuasi di sektor penangkapan Labuan dengan penerapan pendekatan berbasis ekosistem (EAFM) untuk menjaga keberlanjutan ekosistem laut di Selat Sunda
Preparation of avian influenza H5N1 and Newcastle disease antigens for hemagglutination inhibition assay applications
Full text linkBackground Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) are major poultry diseases in Indonesia, where monitoring of vaccination efficacy commonly relies on the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The HI assay requires viral antigens, which are generally obtained commercially from PUSVETMA. However, independent antigen preparation would be beneficial for private laboratories.
Objective This study aimed to prepare and validate in-house AI and ND antigens as HI assay reagents.
Methods Viruses were propagated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE), inactivated using buffered neutral formalin (BNF), precipitated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000), and preserved with glycerol. Validation was conducted by parallel HI testing of 24 chicken sera for AI and 22 chicken sera for ND using both in-house and PUSVETMA’s antigens. Antibody titers were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), with sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and kappa (κ) tests performed for agreement.
Results ANOVA revealed no significant differences in geometric mean titers between in-house and PUSVETMA’s antigens (P<0.05). Both the AI and ND in-house antigens demonstrated Se and Sp values of 100% and κ values of 1, indicating perfect agreement.
Conclusion These findings confirm that in-house AI and ND antigens are comparable to their commercial counterparts and can serve as reliable and cost-effective reagents for HI testing in private laboratories
Evaluasi Level Pemupukan Urea pada Penanaman Hijauan Daun Sambung Nyawa di Tanah Latosol: Evaluation of Urea Fertilization Levels in Planting Sambung Nyawa Leaf Greens on Latosol Soil
Full text linkGynura procumbens has the potential to serve as forage for ruminant livestock. This study aimed to evaluate the growth parameters and biomass of G. procumbens cultivated on latosol soil under varying levels of urea fertilization. The experimental design employed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) based on land slope gradients (3%, 4%, 5%, and 7%) with four levels of urea application. The treatments included: P0 as control (compost (8 ton ha-1) + NPK 15-15-15 (200 kg ha-1), P1 = P0 plus 100 kg ha-1 urea (4.6 g plant-1), P2 = P0 plus 200 kg ha-1 urea (9.2 g plant-1), and P3 = P0 plus 300 kg/ha urea (13.9 g plant-1). Observed parameters included plant height, number of stems and leaves, fresh and dry biomass, and nutrient content. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test for significant differences. Results indicated that increasing urea levels reduced the number of branches and leaves, as well as the fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems. Urea application did not significantly affect plant height, shoot and leaf area, shoot fresh weight, or leaf nutrient content. The study concluded that G. procumbens does not require additional urea fertilizer when grown on latosol soil
The effectiveness of Solanum ferox and Zingiber zerumbet extracts on the survival of Penaeus monodon in different salinity levels of the cultivation media
Full text linkDecreasing the salinity of the water in the cultivation shrimp disease outbreaks, sluggish development, and mortality. Rainfall, water pollution, and climate change lower salinity. Thus, efforts to enhance tiger shrimp that can survive high salinity changes must be anticipated. This study will examine the effect of adding Solanum ferox and Zingiber zerumbet extracts to diet to improve tiger shrimp adaption at 10, 15, and 20‰ salinities. Penaeus monodon (0.017 ± 0.005 g) were randomly dispersed into nine boxes (1×0.5×0.8 m3) with 200 shrimp per container and three replicates per group. The shrimp were fed 1:1 extract, S. ferox (400 ppm), and Z. zerumbet (200 ppm) for 40 days. The study found that adding 5 mL of extract to the feed significantly increases shrimp body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate at different salinities (P<0.05). The difference in salinity remained 100% in all treatments on the 40th day of culture (P>0.05). At salinities of 10 and 15‰, the total bacteria and Vibrio bacteria in culture media and shrimp were lower than at 20‰ (P<0.05). Administration of the extract enhances P. monodon adaption at difference salinities. Research suggests that adding 5 mL of a S. ferox and Z. zerumbet extract to shrimp feed improves growth, survival, and reduces bacteria and Vibrio in media and shrimp bodies at salinities of 10-20‰.
Keywords: tiger shrimp, adaptation, salinities, S. ferox, Z. zerumbet
Abstrak
Penurunan salinitas air media budidaya memicu terjadinya penyakit, perkembangan yang lambat, dan kematian pada udang budidaya. Curah hujan, polusi air, dan perubahan iklim menurunkan salinitas. Oleh karena itu, upaya untuk memperkuat ketahanan udang windu yang dapat hidup dari perubahan salinitas tinggi perlu diantisipasi. Studi ini akan menguji pengaruh penambahan ekstrak Solanum ferox dan Zingiber zerumbet ke dalam pakan untuk meningkatkan adaptasi udang windu pada salinitas 10, 15, dan 20‰. Penaeus monodon (0.017 ± 0.005 g) didistribusikan secara acak ke dalam sembilan kotak container (1×0,5×0.8 m3) dengan 200 udang per wadah dan tiga ulangan per kelompok. Udang diberi makan ekstrak gabungan S. ferox (400 ppm), dan Z. zerumbet (200 ppm) perbandingan 1:1, selama 40 hari. Studi ini menghasilkan data, bahwa penambahan 5 mL ekstrak ke pakan secara signifikan meningkatkan berat badan udang, pertambahan berat badan, dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik udang yang dipelihara pada salinitas yang berbeda (P<0.05). Perbedaan salinitas tetap menghasilkan kelangsungan hidup 100% pada semua perlakuan pada hari ke-40 budidaya (P>0.05). Pada salinitas 10 dan 15‰, jumlah bakteri total dan bakteri Vibrio dalam media kultur dan tubuh udang lebih rendah dibandingkan pada salinitas 20‰ (P<0.05). Pemberian ekstrak meningkatkan adaptasi P. monodon pada berbagai salinitas. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan 5 mL ekstrak gabungan S. ferox dan Z. zerumbet ke pakan udang meningkatkan pertumbuhan, kelangsungan hidup, dan mengurangi total bakteri serta bakteri Vibrio dalam media dan tubuh udang yang dipelihara pada salinitas 10-20‰.
Kata kunci: udang windu, adaptasi, salinitas, S. ferox, Z. zerumbe
Replacing silkworms Tubifex sp. with fermented paste feed enriched with curcumin on Asian redtail catfish Hemibagrus nemurus larvae growth
Full text linkTo maintain growth and survival, Asian redtail catfish postlarvae require silkworms as live food. However, due to their extreme sensitivity to natural conditions, silkworms will be exceedingly scarce during the rainy season. This study aimed to evaluate fermented commercial feed enriched with curcuminas replacement of silkworms for the growth and survival of redtail catfish postlarvae. This study employed a complete design experiment consisting of six treatments: P1 (non-fermented commercial feed), P2 (no curcumin-enriched fermented commercial feed), P3 (curcumin-enriched fermented commercial feed at 0.35 g/kg), P4 (curcumin-enriched fermented commercial feed at 0.70 g/kg), P5 (curcumin-enriched fermented commercial feed at 1.05 g/kg), and P6 (silkworms). Each treatment was replicated four times. The Asian red tail catfish postlarvae, measuring 0.63 ± 0.05 mm in length, were cultivated at a density of 5 fish/L. Fish were raised for a period of thirty days. Growth in total weight, total length, specific weight rate, specific length rate, and survival rate of postlarvae were the parameters measured. The growth evaluation results indicate that substituting silkworm feed with fermented feed supplemented with curcumin at a concentration of 1.05 g/kg resulted in growth of 6.66% (length) and 14.29% (weight) lower than the silkworm treatment (P<0.01). Despite this decline, it represents the most effective outcome in this study, highlighting the potential of fermented feed where enrichment with curcumin as an alternative to silkworms for Asian redtail catfish larvae nutrition. In conclusion, curcumin-enriched fermented feed can promote the growth of Asian redtail catfish postlarvae.
Keywords: curcumin, fermented feed, growth, silkworm
Abstrak
Untuk mempertahankan pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup, postlarva ikan baung membutuhkan cacing sutra sebagai makanan hidup. Namun, cacing sutera sangat sensitivitas terhadap kondisi alam, cacing sutra akan sangat langka selama musim penghujan. Untuk mengganti cacing sutra, penelitian ini mengevaluasi pakan alternatif (pakan komersial terfermentasi yang diperkaya dengan kurkumin). Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen dengan acak lengkap satu faktor yang terdiri dari enam perlakuan: yaitu P1 (Pakan komersial non-fermentasi), P2 (pakan komersial fermentasi yang diperkaya kurkumin), P3 (pakan komersial fermentasi yang diperkaya kurkumin pada 0,35 g/kg), P4 (pakan komersial fermentasi yang diperkaya kurkumin pada 0,70 g/kg), P5 (pakan komersial fermentasi yang diperkaya kurkumin pada 1,05 g/kg), dan F (cacing sutra). Setiap perlakuan diulang empat kali. Postlarva ikan baung, berukuran panjang 0,63 ± 0,05 mm, dibudidayakan pada kepadatan 5 ekor/L. Ikan dipelihara selama tiga puluh hari. Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah pertumbuhan berat total, panjang total, rata-rata pertumbuhan bobot, dan panjang spesifik serta kelulushidupan. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi pertumbuhan menunjukkan pergantian pakan cacing sutera dengan pakan fermentasi yang diperkaya kurkumin 1,05 g/kg pakan menghasilkan pertumbuhan 6,66 % (panjang) dan 14,29% (berat) lebih rendah dari perlakuan cacing sutra (P<0,01), dan ini melrupakan hasil terbaik dari penelitian ini dalam upaya mencari pengganti pakan alternatif cacing sutera untuk postlarva ikan baung. Sebagai kesimpulan, pakan pasta terfermentasi yang diperkaya kurkumin dapat meningkatkan perkembangan postlarva ikan baung.
Kata kunci: cacing sutera, kurkumin, pakan terfermentasi, pertumbuha
Evaluation of dietary vitamin C supplementation on growth performance and oxidative responses of pacific whiteleg shrimp Juvenile Littopenaeus vannamei Boone
Full text linkVitamin C cannot be synthesized by shrimp and must be obtained from dietary sources; however, its supply through feed is often insufficient. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance and oxidative response of juvenile whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) supplemented with dietary vitamin C. Juvenile shrimp at the PL-25 stage, acclimated to a salinity of 20 ppt, were stocked into 16 rearing containers, each filled with 40 L of seawater from a total 250 L fiberglass tank. Each container contained 20 juveniles with an initial average body weight of 0.001 g per individual. The rearing period lasted 60 days, during which shrimp were fed three times daily. The feeding rate (FR) was initially set at 11% of body weight for the first 30 days and then reduced to 7% thereafter. The experimental design followed a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and four replicates: A (0 mg/kg), B (150 mg/kg), C (300 mg/kg), and D (450 mg/kg) of dietary vitamin C supplementation. The results showed that supplementation of vitamin C at 300 mg/kg diet produced the best growth performance (RGR, PER, FCR) and survival rate, which were positively correlated with SOD enzyme activity. The oxidative response parameters (HSI and MDA) showed the lowest values in this optimal treatment. The highest growth performance was obtained from the treatment with 300 mg vitamin C/kg diet, achieving a relative growth rate of 4,358.6%, the lowest MDA concentration of 3.58 ± 0.37 nmol/L, and the highest SOD activity of 88.35 ± 2.22 U/mL enzyme.
Keywords: growth, oxidative responses, shrimp, vitamin C
Abstrak
Vitamin C tidak dapat disintesis oleh udang, zat ini dapat diperoleh dari pakan namun pasokannya masih belum mencukupi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menguji kinerja pertumbuhan dan respon oksidatif juvenil udang vaname dengan suplementasi vitamin C dalam pakan. Juvenil udang vaname PL 25, yang telah diadaptasikan di salinitas 20 ppt ditebar pada 16 wadah pemeliharaan yang diisi dengan air laut volume 40 L dari volume total bak fiber 250 L dengan jumlah total juvenil 20 ekor dan rata-rata berat awal juvenile 0,001 g/ekor; waktu pemeliharaan udang;selama 60 hari dengan pemberian pakan tiga kali perhari dan jumlah pakan ditentukan dengan FR 11% dan setelah pemeliharaan 30 hari FR diturunkan menjadi 7%. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat taraf perlakuan dan empat ulangan dengan komposisi perlakuan; A (dosis 0 mg/kg), B (dosis 150 mg/kg). C (dosis 300 mg/kg) D (dosis 450 mg/kg). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi vitamin C dosis 300 mg/kg pakan menghasilkan kinerja pertumbuhan (LPR, REP, RKP) dan TKH terbaik dan berkorelasi dengan aktivitas enzim SOD. Hasil uji respons oksidatif (IHS dan MDA) menunjukan hasil terendah pada perlakuan terbaik di penelitian ini. Kinerja pertumbuhan optimal diperoleh dari trreatment 300 mg vitamin C/kg sebesar 4.358.6% dengan nilai MDA terendah 3,58 ± 0,37 nmol/L dan aktivitas SOD tertinggi 88,35 ± 2,22 Unit/mL enzim.
Kata kunci: pertumbuhan, respons oksidatif, udang vaname, vitamin