Scientific Journals of Bogor Agricultural University
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The Potential of Fucoxanthin from Sargassum polycystum: Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Photoprotective Properties
Full text linkSargassum is a genus of seaweed that is known to contain fucoxanthin. The increasing incidence of health issues related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), free radicals, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation has prompted the exploration of natural compounds as alternative sources of pharmaceutical agents. Fucoxanthin possesses the ability to protect cells from oxidative damage and offers a wide range of health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of fucoxanthin derived from Sargassum polycystum as an antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and photoprotective (sunscreen) agent. The research methods included the extraction and isolation of fucoxanthin using Open Column Chromatography (OCC), phytochemical screening, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), antibacterial and antifungal assays, antioxidant activity assessment using the DPPH method, and determination of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF). The results showed that the extract of Sargassum polycystum contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins. The fucoxanthin fraction was successfully isolated, characterized by a distinct absorption peak at 447.5 nm and a retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93. The fucoxanthin fraction showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. and Candida albicans. The antioxidant activity of the fucoxanthin fraction was categorized as strong, with an IC50 value of 67 ppm. Its photoprotective ability was classified as maximal, with a Sun Protection Factor value of 13.71. The fucoxanthin fraction derived from Sargassum polycystum exhibits promising potential as an antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and photoprotective agent, and may serve as a valuable natural resource in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications
Impacts of Adaptive Fire Management on Forest Structure and Regeneration: A Case Study from Ban Pak Thab Community Forest, Uttaradit Province, Thailand
Full text linkThere is an urgent need for innovative approaches to forest management given the increasing incidence and intensity of wildfire due to climate change. The impact of interacting prescribed burning, fuel reduction and natural fires on tree structure in Ban Pak Thap community forest; Thailand Twelve, 40 × 40 m, experimental plots were studied for the ecological effects of four different management practices. The findings demonstrate that, not only do prescribed burning and fuel treatments significantly improve forest regeneration by decreasing inter-tree competition, enhancing nutrient recycling and encouraging superior sapling growth but also they also help to conserve species diversity as well as biomass accumulation. However, natural burning led to extensive reductions in tree density, species richness and total biomass. Extensive statistical analysis showed high relationships of the management practices tested on several ecological variables, and this demonstrated well the varying effects of these interventions. This result emphasizes the (compared to non-managed burns) advantageous effect of managed fire on other hand important information for sustainable development of management strategies concerning tropical forest ecosystems. This study highlights the potential benefit of adaptive management in reducing negative impacts of climate change on forest health and resilience.
Soil CO₂ Emissions in Jakarta Urban Forests: The Role of Canopy Cover Versus Environmental Factors
Full text linkIncreasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions encourages global warming and climate change. Soil can store CO2 emissions, which are absorbed by vegetation. Studies on the dynamics of soil CO2 gas emission fluxes with differences in the percentage of vegetation canopy cover in the urban forest ecosystem of the Jakarta Region have never been frequently carried out. This research aims to analyze and compare the dynamics of soil CO2 gas emission fluxes in the urban forest ecosystem of the Jakarta Region with different percentages of vegetation canopy cover and analyze the relationship between air temperature, soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil acidity (pH) with carbon gas emission fluxes soil dioxide. The research method used is the greenhouse gas capture method, which uses a chamber to measure environmental factors and data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation. The results showed no significant difference between the percentage of vegetation canopy cover in the urban forest ecosystem and the soil CO2 gas emissions flux. Environmental factors related to the flux of CO2 emissions from soil in the urban forest ecosystem of the Jakarta Region are soil moisture and soil pH. Further research is recommended to measure other environmental factors, such as nutrients and soil organic carbon, to obtain more comprehensive research results on the dynamics of soil CO2 gas emission fluxes
The Sumatran Tiger\u27s Corridor in Agam, West Sumatra: An Initial Analysis of the Metrics Indices Landscape
Full text linkIncreased habitat pressure is indicated by high levels of human-tiger conflict (HTC). For Sumatran tigers to survive, structural corridor management is essential to managing the tiger metapopulation. Since 2016, Agam Regency has seen a sharp rise in HTC. This exploratory study aimed to understand variations in the corridor\u27s forest cover and to evaluate the relationship between landscape metric indicators and fluctuations in HTC density. Agam\u27s corridor is separated into 31 grids (3x3km). HTC information was gathered from earlier studies and web searches for incidents from 2000 to 2024. Tropical Forest Monitoring\u27s landcover dataset was obtained through the use of a Google Earth Engine script. The LecoS plug-in is used to calculate landscape metric indices. For non-normally distributed data, the Spearman correlation statistic (95% CI) is employed. Before the HTC series in 2016, there was a twofold increase in deforestation, from 0.56% to 1.1% between 2010 and 2015. Nine landscape metrics, including forest area, forest proportion, NP, PD, GPA, LPI, PCI, and splitting index, exhibited a significant correlation with HTC density (p-value < 0.05). Around the corridor, high HTC density was associated with PD >10 patches km-2, LPI <44%, forest fraction <50.76%, and more disaggregated patches (PCI<9.79%). Since it may not be feasible to reduce HTC to zero incidents in the vicinity of human-dominated tiger habitats, expectations should be moderated, as lower HTC density occurs in wider landscape metric ranges. Improving PCI by aggregating patches and reducing NP while maintaining the remaining forest can potentially reduce HTC incidents and increase corridor function in tiger metapopulation management. The challenges are enormous, as 94% the corridor is in a non-protected area.
Portable NIR Spectroscopy for Cocoa Bean Re-fermentation Analysis: A Rapid and Reliable Technique
Full text linkPortable near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers may examine samples directly on-site, speeding up data gathering. However, the NIR spectrometer has a limited wavelength, ranging from 740 to 1,070 nm, whereas previous studies used a longer wavelength. The research aims to determine the fermentation index, pH, and moisture content of fermented dry cocoa beans using a portable Near-Infrared (NIR) spectrometer. The NIR spectra were preprocessed using several methods, including the Savitzky-Golay first and second derivatives (SG1 and SG2), Linear Baseline Correction (LBC), Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC), comparative Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) modeling, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). To simulate different fermentation levels, unfermented cacao beans underwent pretreatment fermentation for durations of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The prediction outcomes of ANN models, when applied to dried fermented cocoa beans with data preprocessing, offered better results in comparison to PLSR models, with strong correlation, lowest RMSEC, and highest residual predictive value. The most effective method for predicting fermentation index was ANN combined with LBC preprocessing, while optimal pH models were applied using the SG2 method. The effective moisture content models were developed using MSC preprocessing. The analytical approach of portable NIR spectroscopy produced rapid and accurate results to determine the quality of ground-dried cacao bean fermentation.Portable near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers may examine samples directly on-site, speeding up data gathering. However, the NIR spectrometer has a limited wavelength, ranging from 740 to 1,070 nm, whereas previous studies used a longer wavelength. The research aims to determine the fermentation index, pH, and moisture content of fermented dry cocoa beans using a portable Near-Infrared (NIR) spectrometer. The NIR spectra were preprocessed using several methods, including the Savitzky-Golay first and second derivatives (SG 1 and SG2), Linear Baseline Correction (LBC), Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC), comparative Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) modeling, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). To simulate different fermentation levels, unfermented cacao beans underwent pretreatment fermentation for durations of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The prediction outcomes of ANN models, when applied to dried fermented cocoa beans with data preprocessing, offered better results in comparison to PLSR models, with strong correlation, lowest RMSEC, and highest residual predictive value. The most effective method for predicting fermentation index was ANN combined with LBC preprocessing, while optimal pH models were applied using the SG2 method. The effective moisture content models were developed using MSC preprocessing. The analytical approach of portable NIR spectroscopy produced rapid and accurate results to determine the quality of ground-dried cacao bean fermentation
Introduction of the OsGERLP Gene into Potato cv. IPB CP3 to Develop Aluminum Stress-Tolerant Potato Lines
Full text linkThe OsGERLP gene is an aluminum (Al) stress tolerance gene. Potato cv. IPB CP3 is a horticultural crop that has not been proven to be tolerant to Al; therefore, enhancing its tolerance through genetic transformation is necessary. This research aims to obtain transgenic potatoes cv. IPB CP3 contains the OsGERLP gene and is tolerant to Al stress. Experimental methods include transforming potatoes with the OsGERLP gene via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, transgene integration testing, in vitro assays of transgenic plants under low pH and Al stress, and analysis of transgene expression. The results showed that the transformation efficiency achieved was relatively high at 47.03%, with a regeneration efficiency of 42.19%. The transgenic clones had longer roots and more roots than the non-transgenic ones under aluminum stress. The transgenic clones GERLP2, GERLP3, and GERLP4 exhibited the greatest root growth enhancement under stress conditions and the highest OsGERLP gene expression levels. These clones have the potential to be developed into Al-tolerant potato varieties. Future research is required to evaluate aluminum stress tolerance, tuber yield performance, and transgene stability across the three clones under greenhouse and field conditions of the three clones
Protein Profile and Decolorization Potential of Copper-Resistant Klebsiella pneumonia CKJ 500 2.1.2 in Response to Textile Dyes and Copper
Full text linkHeavy metals and synthetic dyes are major environmental pollutants, particularly in industrial effluents. The development of effective and safe bioremediation strategies to mitigate their ecological impact is therefore critical. In this study, the copper-resistant bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae CKJ 500 2.1.2 was investigated for its capacity to decolorize textile dyes—specifically malachite green—and its associated enzymatic activities were characterized. Bacterial resistance was assessed using Luria–Bertani agar containing varying concentrations of copper and dyes. Decolorization efficiency was evaluated spectrophotometrically, protein expression was analyzed using SDS-PAGE, and dye degradation products were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The strain exhibited high tolerance to both copper and dyes, achieving 99.4% decolorization of malachite green and 81% for Congo red. The presence of copper inhibited the decolorization of most dyes, except malachite green and methylene blue. SDS-PAGE analysis identified three key enzymes: laccase (~60 kDa), manganese peroxidase (~39 kDa), and azoreductase (~22 kDa). GC-MS revealed both toxic and non-toxic degradation intermediates, indicating partial detoxification. These findings highlight the potential of K. pneumoniae CKJ 500 2.1.2 for bioremediation of dye-contaminated effluents. However, further research is required to elucidate the complete enzymatic pathways involved and to ensure environmentally safe dye degradation
SIMULASI PERTUMBUHAN TERUMBU KARANG (Porites lutea) DENGAN METODE LOGIKA FUZZY DI PULAU TUNDA PROVINSI BANTEN
No full textTerumbu karang adalah ekosistem purba, megah, dan tinggi produktivitas serta keanekaragamannya (Thomas dan Raymond, 2008). Terumbu karang bertumbuh setiap tahun dengan ukuran yang berbeda-beda tergantung pada kondisi lingkungan sekitar (Arman et al., 2013). Penelitian mengenai pertumbuhan terumbu karang sudah banyak dilakukan, namun prediksi pertumbuhan karang menjadi topik yang menarik dan belum banyak diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model pertumbuhan terumbu karang berdasarkan lingkar tahunan dengan metode logika fuzzy. Suhu permukaan laut (SPL) adalah salah satu faktor kunci yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan terumbu karang (Westmacott et al., 2000; Sterr, 2001; Koontanakulvong, 2008; Thomas dan Raymond, 2008; Arman et al., 2013; Lalang, 2015). Analisis Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) menemukan lima fenomena, ditandai oleh kenaikan SPL yang cukup signifikan. Lima fenomena tersebut terjadi pada tahun 1966-1967 (+IOD), 1969-1970 (-IOD), 1973-1974 (-IOD), 1983-1984 (-IOD), serta tahun 1987-1988 (+IOD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lingkar tahunan Porites lutea di stasiun sisi utara Pulau Tunda polanya mengikuti fluktuasi SPL. Stasiun di selatan Pulau Tunda yang berhadapan langsung dengan Pulau Jawa, polanya tidak mengikuti pola SPL. Stasiun di utara berbatasan langsung dengan perairan terbuka dan tidak terlindung dari pulau-pulau di sekitar. Simulasi pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa terumbu karang akan mampu beradaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim. Pada tahun 2085, terumbu karang bertumbuh dari -0,75 cm dan bergerak naik menjadi 0,1 cm di tahun 2100. Berdasarkan proyeksi SPL pada rentang tahun 1900-2100, anomaly SPL akan terus naik hingga mencapai 0,45 °C.Corals grow annually at varying rates, influenced by environmental conditions. As key indicators of marine ecosystem health, studying coral growth is essential for predicting the impacts of environmental change. While previous research has explored coral growth extensively, most studies focus on existing conditions and the descriptive influence of environmental parameters. In fact, coral growth time-series data offer potential for deeper analysis, particularly in identifying dominant periodicities and enabling long-term projections. This study aims to develop an annual coral growth model using fuzzy logic approach. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is identified as a significant factor influencing the growth of Porites lutea in Tunda Island. Variations in sea surface temperature during IOD events notably affect coral growth, with positive IOD phases (IOD+) generally enhancing it. Analysis shows that the annual growth rings of Porites lutea in the northern station of Tunda Island, which borders open waters respond more slowly to SST fluctuations compared to the southern station, which is more sheltered. Fuzzy simulation results suggest that corals may be able to adapt to climate change. By the year 2085, coral growth is projected to recover from -0.75 cm to 0.1 cm by 2100. Based on SST projections from 1900 to 2100, SST anomalies are expected to continue increasing, reaching +0.45 °C
Analysis of Water Suitability for Ecotourism Development on Several Beaches in Morella Village, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Province
Full text linkMaluku is an archipelago whose territory is coastal and marine which is suitable for tourism. The tourism value and attractiveness of coastal areas should be developed through marine tourism. This study aims to analyze current speed, water depth, pH, DO, temperature, salinity, sigma-t, chlorophyll-a, and turbidity-m as physical, chemical, and biological indicators in the Lubang Buaya and Moki Beach ecotourism areas. Water sampling was carried out using Kemmerer bottles at different depths, namely at the surface and at a depth of 20 meters.Water samples are used to analyze chemical elements both horizontally and vertically. Sample analysis was carried out at the Oceanology Laboratory and Basic Biology Laboratory of Pattimura University.The test parameters in this study were water depth, temperature, salinity, sigma-t, chlorophyll-a, turbidity-m using conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD), current speed using a current meter, pH using a pH meter, and dissolved oxygen (DO) using a DO meter. The waters of Lubang Buaya Beach and Moki Beach, Morella Village, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Province have water conditions, namely pH, temperature, salinity, sigma-t, chlorophyll-a, turbidity-m, and brightness with appropriate categories, while DO with an inappropriate category based on water assessment standards. The assessment results show the waters\u27 suitability for ecotourism development at a surface depth of 0 meters and a bottom depth of 3 to 25 meters. The minimum current speed of 0.003 m/s and the maximum current speed of 0.36 m/s are suitable for boating, banana boating and jet skiing activities.Maluku is known as an archipelago and most of its territory is coastal and marine. Coastal areas play an important role in economic activities, such as tourism. The attractive and touristic value of coastal areas must be managed and developed for sustainable welfare through marine tourism. The Lubang Buaya Beach tourist attraction located in Morella Village, Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency has several advantages including an easily accessible location, the beauty of the blue-black sea water, various coral reefs with various colors and shapes (both soft and hard), and various colorful fish that adorn the sea of Lubang Buaya Beach. In addition, one of the areas that has the potential to become an ecotourism destination in Maluku is Moki Beach located in Morella Village, the beach is very supportive for marine tourism locations because it has an exotic beach and a sea that contains a lot of biodiversity. In an aquatic environment, the levels of essential nutrients generally fluctuate greatly because they are influenced by various complex factors such as intake by biological processes, adsorption, release and sedimentation by suspended particles, input from land (allogenic elements) and the influence of the hydrodynamic conditions of the waters themselves. Analysis of the chemical characteristics of essential nutrients in the waters of Lubang Buaya Beach and Moki Beach will provide an overview of the suitability of the waters for ecotourism development. Indirectly related to the productivity and carrying capacity of the waters concerned, which are tourist areas in Maluku Province
Long-Term Monitoring of Mangrove Resilience in the Sundarbans after Cyclone Sidr and Aila using Landsat-Derived Vegetation Indices
Full text linkThe present work aims at assessing vegetation patterns and of the recovery process over the long term (2006 to 2025) in the Sundarbans mangroves based on the NDVI and SAVI. Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI surface reflectance images were processed in Google Earth Engine to derive seasonal composites for the dry season (December–February). A supervised classification method was used to delineate five land-cover classes, namely water bodies, bare soil, sparse, intermediate, and dense vegetation. Accuracy assessment was carried out by visual interpretation of the sample points by using Google Earth Pro where overall accuracy was in the 88–93% over the entire study period. In 2006, dense vegetation was the most dominant (~68%) and sparse and intermediate other categories had low frequency and water bodies covered 21% of plots. For post-Sidr in 2008, nearly all plants showed more severe damage (76-79%). Post-Aila (2010) data suggested continuous intermediate (46%) and sparse (25%) vegetation cover but with negligible closed canopy. During 2015, the dense vegetation recovered to 60%, and dynamic changes among dense, intermediate, and sparse vegetation areas emerged, and the area of dense vegetation was up to 67% in 2025 indicating that the long-term restoration exhibits space heterogeneity. NDVI was effective for monitoring the overall trend of large scale canopy, while SAVI was able to capture very small scale regeneration and understory growth. The findings show the impressive resilience of the Sundarbans and the significance of such key ecological processes as canopy recovery and succession, and the need for more adaptive management to improve mangrove resilience in cyclone-prone coastal areas