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Pilgrimage and its Effects on San Paolo fuori le mura during the Middle Ages
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to examine the history of San Paolo fuori le mura (Saint Paul\u27s Outside the Walls), the basilica in Rome dedicated to St. Paul, and to demonstrate the overall impact that pilgrimage had on the development of the church and its interior ornamentation. Several factors played a key role in this basilica\u27s significance as a pilgrimage destination throughout the Middle Ages. I will argue that the various methods employed by the papacy to promote its own supremacy from the time of Constantine were used purposely to attract pilgrims to the city. Political and economic gains were the incentives for the church\u27s attempts to make Rome into a pilgrimage center
The Fight Against the Present Darkness: The Mennonite Reaction to the Vietnam War
Get PDFAt the close of the letter to the Ephesians, the quarreling Christian churches of Asia were encouraged with the following, concluding remarks,Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the strength of his might. Put on the whole armor of God, that you may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. For we are not contending against flesh and blood, but against the principalities, against the powers, against the world rulers of this present darkness, against the spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places.251 Like the recipients of this letter who faced internal divide within their community, the American Mennonites living in the mid-twentieth century were faced with an outbreak of religious schisms within the Anabaptist community due to the war being waged by the United States in Vietnam. However, like the early Christians of Asia, these Mennonites were called to "fight" against the "present darkness" of the Vietnam War through peaceful, Christ-like means. Historically speaking, the Mennonites had intentionally separated themselves from the "secular" world in order to maintain their religious purity. However, throughout the early to mid-twentieth century, war and social unrest forced American Mennonites to leave their quiet communities and become increasingly involved in promoting social justice in the secular sphere
"No Alcohol, Please. It\u27s a Family Affair!": Building Community Support for a Bluegrass Festival Through Family Friendliness
Get PDFThe luthier, or maker of stringed instruments, Stuart Mossman, one of the organizers of the first Walnut Valley Festival in Winfield, Kansas, spoke to the local Rotary Club about his plans during a meeting in September 1972. The Winfield Courier summarized his presentation: Those attending will be people who like country and bluegrass music. Many are over fifty years of age and will bring their families along. Mossman pointed out the entire festival will provide good, clean family entertainment. The message was reinforced after the fact by Winfield Police Chief A.V. Gus Froemming, who praised the event in the newspaper, calling it a very professional atmosphere. The Courier said possibly those who may have had qualms about the weekend had confused a bluegrass festival with a rock and roll festival. However, the police chief remarked that this would be a fine place to take the whole family.\u27
The Big Ditch: The Wichita-Valley Center Flood Control Project
Get PDFThe Wichita-Valley Center Flood Control Project, commonly referred to as the "Big Ditch," protects Wichita from flooding by the Arkansas River, the Little Arkansas River, and Chisholm Creek. The name "Big Ditch" was originally derisive and started with farmers opposed to the project. The farmers, some of whom were losing their land to the federal project, saw the floodway as an example of federal Big Brother-style interference with local affairs. Years passed and the opposition faded, but the name outlived the controversy. The Big Ditch is eighteen miles long and has fifty miles of connecting channels, one hundred miles of levees, and one hundred fifty control structures, making it one of the largest water diversion projects in the United States. The Army Corp of Engineers constructed the floodway between 1950 and 1959 at the cost of 33 million. While the Wichita-Valley Center Flood Control Project originally faced opposition, the results have proven that the money spent on the project was justified.
Churchill and Secret Service by David Stafford. (Woodstock & New York: Overlook Press, 1998. Pp. xiii, 386.)
Get PDFWinston Churchill--the journalist, soldier, politician, statesman, and war leader-- has been the subject of much scholarship. Why then another book which explores his public life? This book explores another of Churchill\u27s personas, one of espionage advocate, a persona more private and secretive and, therefore, less familiar. For more than sixty years, Churchill was actively involved in the gathering, promotion, and use of secret intelligence, beginning with his own youthful spying for Britain during the Spanish-American War. Little has been written about this aspect of Churchill\u27s life, even by Churchill himself, who has written voluminously on other aspects of his life
The Rise of Nixon
Get PDFRichard Milhous Nixon is one of the most central political figures in American history. Therefore, an analysis of how he rose to national prominence, and so quickly at that, is a worthwhile discussion. For example, Nixon entered the United States House of Representatives in 1946 by defeating the popular Democratic incumbent, Jerry Voorhis. Without previous political experience, Nixon was thrown into Congress where he was promptly placed on the infamous House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). There he gained national fame in the case of Alger Hiss, an accused communist spy. He followed this with a stunning victory in the 1950 senatorial race against Helen Gahagan Douglas. Soon after, Nixon was nominated as the vice presidential candidate in 1952. At the young age of forty, and just six years after his first political campaign, Nixon entered the White House as Dwight D. Eisenhower\u27s vice president. Nixon\u27s meteoric rise to power begs the question of just how exactly he accomplished this feat. The answer to this question is quite simple: Nixon used the issue of communist subversion to further his political career. In fact, the perceived communist threat of the post-World War II era was the chief catalyst in Nixon\u27s rise to the forefront of American politics. His career gained momentum alongside the Red Scare of this era with his public battles against accused communist sympathizers
What\u27s All the Drama About?: The Development of Tragedy in Ancient Greece
Get PDFThe art of storytelling is only a step away from the art of performance. Yet it took centuries to develop into the form we easily recognize today. Theatre, a gift of ancient Greece, pulled threads from many facets of Greek society - religion, festival, poetry, and competition. And yet, as much as historians know about the Greek theatre, they are still theorizing about its origins and how it suddenly developed and flourished within the confines of the 5th century B.C. Fascination concerning the origin of the theatre developed as quickly as the 4th century B.C. and remains a topic of speculation even today
The Suspension of Habeas Corpus During the Civil War: Anomaly or Dangerous Precedent?
Get PDFWith the American government currently fighting a "new kind of war," debate concerning the curtailing of civil liberties while the war is being fought is not without historical precedent. Examples include the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War and the arrests of anti-war radicals such as Socialist leader Eugene Debs during the First World War. In those examples, the Supreme Court acquiesced with the policies implemented by the other two branches of the government. During the Civil War, however, the high court ruled against the Lincoln Administration\u27s most egregious violation of civil liberties: the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. Regardless of the Supreme Court\u27s opposition, and the opposition of a large number of private citizens, the writ\u27s suspension remained in effect throughout the war\u27s course. The suspension of the writ during the Civil War proves that during a time of war, the Judiciary\u27s powers are subjugated, particularly, to those of the Executive branch, but also to those of the Legislative body, as well. As scholar Joseph Gambone writes, "During wartime, military leaders have to make fast and drastic decisions; the American judicial system operates too slowly to be effective under such circumstances."
Up Against the Wall: Transition of the Students for a Democratic Society from Youth Protest Movement to Violence
Get PDFThe end of World War II changed the face of the world and American society in very profound ways. The United States grew from an isolationist country, economically downtrodden by the Great Depression, into a Superpower with far reaching political, military and economic means. Following the war, the United States enjoyed a period of growing affluence as the world began to rebuild itself from an earlier decade of devastating military conflict. Fear of communism weighed heavily on the cultural mind, often leading to the oppression of ideas and limits on freedom of speech. Soviet-style Communism also rose in stature in the world following World War II. The United States and Western Europe fought a war of ideas primarily through political means, which created armed conflict in isolated cases. Globally, the United States fought the Communist threat in limited military conflicts that often resulted in a high number of American military deaths and apprehension among the American public as to their necessity. The children of the World War II generation did not share the blind loyalty and faith in government of their parents. This led to student movements in the 1960s that challenged the conformity of the previous generation. It spilled into several arenas of thought that included the Civil Rights Movement to end racial injustice, anti-government speech and resistance to military involvement around the world. The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was one of the largest youth organizations to arise out of the New Left Movement. Starting out as a simple protest organization, the SDS quickly developed into a militant group that found itself in trouble with not only various university administrations but also with the law
Letter from the Editor
No full textAFTER A DECADE OF SERVING AS THE FACULTY EDITOR OF THE FAIRMOUNT FOLIO I HAVE HAD THE DISTINCT PLEASURE OF WORKING WITH OVER 45 EXCELLENT STUDENTS, AS AUTHORS AND EDITORS. IT HAS NOT BEEN EASY FOR THEM TO GET THEIR WORK PUBLISHED. THE SUBMITTED PAPERS WERE WRITTEN AS PART OF GRADUATE SEMINARS, AN UNDERGRADUATE WRITING COURSE AND A NUMBER OF UPPER DIVISION COURSES. AS PART OF THE PROCESS THE PAPERS WERE JUDGED BY A FACULTY EDITORIAL BOARD, JUST AS MANY SCHOLARLY HISTORY JOURNALS CHOOSE WHICH PAPERS TO PUBLISH. OUR EDITORIAL BOARDS WERE COMPOSED USUALLY OF THREE FACULTY MEMBERS AND A STUDENT. THE PROCESS IS STRENUOUS RESULTING IN A VERY COMPETITIVE PROCESS.OFTEN, AS IN THIS VOLUME SOME ARTICLES HAVE A BANNER INDICATING THEY HAVE WON AWARDS. THE FINAL TWO ARTICLES IN THIS ISSUE ARE HERE AS A RESULT OF HAVING BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE HISTORY FACULTY FOR CONSIDERATION FOR A NUMBER OF PAPER AWARDS GIVEN BY THE DEPARTMENT. WHILE THESE PAPERS HAVE NOT GONE THROUGH THE FAIRMOUNT FOLIO BOARD, OR EDITING, THEY FACED SERIOUS COMPETITION TO EARN THEIR AWARDS. OFTEN. AS IN THE CASE OF MARK SCHOCK\u27S ARTICLE, AFTER HIS PAPER HAD ALREADY BEEN ACCEPTED, HE SUBMITTED IT TO THE AWARD COMMITTEE AND WON.THIS YEAR AS PART OF A REALIZATION OF THE INCREASING COMPLEXITY OF OUR TECHNICAL PROCESS I HAVE EDITED THE VOLUME ALONE. IN 1996 VOLUME ONE OF THE FAIRMOUNT FOLIO WAS TYPESET, AND INVOLVED A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF RUNNNING TO KINKOS. OVER THIS DECADE COMPUTERS, NEW MICROSOFT PROGRAMS, AND THE WEB HAVE BECOME INCREASINGLY SOPHISTICATED, YET THEY LEFT BEHIND A MYRIAD OF PROGRAMS REFLECTING MINOR ADJUSTMENTS TO THEIR SYSTEMS. IN THIS VOLUME I HAVE ATTEMPTED TO DEVELOP POLICIES AND CHOOSE A NEW STRUCTURE WHICH WILL STREAMLINE THE ARDUOUS TASK OF PULLING TOGETHER FROM SIX TO TWELVE PAPERS PREPARED WITH MINUTELY DIFFERENT SOFTWARE. NEEDLESS TO SAY, DESPITE ALL ATTEMPTS SOME TECHNICAL GLICH\u27S WILL REMAIN. OF COURSE, ANY MISTAKES OF THIS SORT ARE MINE.ENJOY AN EXCEPTIONALLY RICH VOLUME OF WORK.DR HELEN HUNDLEYFACULTY EDITO