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Elektronikleşen çevrede mimarlık
Get PDFCinema produces a virtual setting and presents an alternative reality. Internet is an alternative reality. Theoretically, in hyperspace we can experience an alternative relative through all of our senses. Media produces alternative images of reality. TV or the computer screen uses electrons to present things. The omnipresent screen with the same specifications becomes the frame of expression. The frame of the architectural production is a piece of land on the surface of the earth. The word space is a concept which encompasses everything. Space can be seen as a mechanism which can contain everything. The surface of the earth is a reality to which the alternative realities are bound but he surface of the earth is not limited. Once architectural productions are built are no longer alternative realities, they are the reality. To present or to represent something for architecture is not an aim, but an outcome. However, this hypothesis doesn?t change the fact that building is an indicator. Architectural productions cannot be expressed with words alone, since they are composed with lines. Because within the electronicized environment, design and production process is achieved through computers and robots, to produce the varying curvilinear line is equivalent to producing a straight line. With this varying curvilinear line it is possible to produce an infinite number of forms. As a species, that not only thinks and understands the earth, but also changes it, our relations with the earth are a complex system. The elements that compose a complex system can be literally constructed or conceptually structured, but it can also be transformed into a form. If we don?t conceptualize, what is the form of the surface of the earth as an object? The form of the surface of the earth is the varying relief of the surface which is the most common meaning of the word topography. Extendable varying curvilinear line is a line that can represent any topographical section line. Every architectural production produces a flat surface. In architectural production context, a flat sur-face must be attached to an inclined surface. People walk over the flat surfaces but see the walls. The key object of the architectural space is an interstitial walkable surface that connects at least two different levels or two surfaces. A continuous surface, curvilinear in section, serves both as the surface we walk on and the surface we perceive orthogonally through our senses. The fact that the building which will designed will be on the surface of the earth could become the point of departure for the beginning of the architectural design. A site surface that has a building to be demolished on it or a flat site that contains a basement floor, can be reconfigured using the rubble, can be reformed producing a combination of hills, ditches and plateaus. It can be retransformed into one of its original forms. The curvilinear line that takes place at the intersection of two lines, in other words any topographical section line, the reconfigured sites within the city land can be used as a surface that interconnects the architectural productions. TV or the computer screen is a frame with a flat surface. The function of the screen is to present something. To present something two dimensions or movement within two dimensions is sufficient. It is possible to present something on an imaginary screen to consisting of a topographical surface (a combination of concave, convex and flat surfaces). In this situation, this form of the surface that belongs to the screen will become the part of the presentation. An inclined surface is the part of the indicator. Architecture is the relationship between the surface of the earth and the human being. The environment of the building that is designed for the surface of the earth is the surface of the earth. Where the human being's foot lays is where the humane reality lays. This assumption is not a thought structure, is reflecting over a varying curvilinear line and a flat line. The curvilinear line that represents the surface of the earth, in other words topographical section line is an icon, but the h subject can only understand this simple structure only when he needs to. The word topography's most common meaning is surface relief; its most in depth meaning is identifying the place. The bump found and used as a seat by the farmer, can be a new thinking field for the architectural productions. Keywords: Topography, frame, interval, internet, media, straight line, varying curvilinear line.İnternet alternatif bir gerçekliktir. Teorik olarak hipermekanda alternatif bir gerçekliği bütün duyularımız ile deneyimleyebiliriz. Medya gerçek olanın imgesini çoklaştırmaktadır. Tv veya bilgisayar ekranı, bir şeyler anlatmak veya bir bildirim yapmak için elektronları kullanmaktadır. Her yerde aynı özellik ile insanın karşısına çıkan ekran bildirimin çerçevesi olmaktadır. Mimari ürünün çerçevesi ise yeryüzü üzerinde belli bir alan olmaktadır. Mekân sözcüğü her şeyi içeren bir kavramdır. Mekân, her şeyi içine alabilecek kapasitesi olan bir mekanizma olarak görülebilir. Yeryüzü, alternatif gerçekliklerin de bağlandığı gerçeklikti, ama yeryüzü sınırsız değildir. Yerküre ile “düşünen ve yalnızca onu anlayan değil, onu değiştiren bir tür” olarak ilişkilerimiz karmaşık bir yapıdır. Karmaşık bir sistemi oluşturan öğeler, metinsel veya kavramsal bir yapı olabilir ama karmaşık bir yapı basit bir çizgi ile de temsil edilebilir. Kavramsallaştırma yapmazsak, yeryüzü biçimi nedir? Yeryüzü, topografya sözcüğünün en dar anlamı olan, çeşitlenen yüzey kabartmasıdır. Ucu açık değişken eğrisel bir çizgi, topografik kesit çizgilerini temsil eden çizgidir. Yeryüzünü temsil eden eğrisel çizgi, diğer bir deyişle topografik kesit çizgisi bir ikondur, ama H öznesi bu basit çizgiyi yalnızca ihtiyacı olduğu zaman anlayabilir. Topografya sözcüğünün dar anlamı yüzey kabartmasıdır, en geniş anlamı yer tanımlamaktır. Tarladaki tümseğin çiftçi tarafından tabure olarak kullanılması, mimari üretimler için yeni bir düşünme alanı olabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Topografya, çerçeve, aralık, internet, medya, düz çizgi, değişken eğrisel çizgi
Yerel verilerin konut tasarım sürecinde değerlendirilmesi: Mardin örneği
Get PDFThe local data could not be evaluated in housing and urban design process in our country. It became a necessity to research the topic in the context of a doctoral thesis due to the current size of the problem in new settlements. The aim of doctoral thesis was to determine the impact of local data on the performance of housing with comparison of traditional houses built by using local data and new houses built in last period of the century. Having hundreds-years of a culture and belief structure, Mardin still has a well preserved traditional housing and the urban texture, which are compatible to climate and topography. Both natural data such as climate and topography and cultural data such as lifestyle and traditions have been affected in the formation of the Mardin's house. The traditional Mardin’ house and new houses in Mardin had been researched for various aspects from the space arrangement to natural and cultural data, which are affected in formation of a house. Traditional house formed using natural and cultural data and modern house shaped with current building regulations were compared according to certain parameters. Required information for comparative analysis of old and new house has been obtained from many sources. The physical and cultural information of old and new house have been obtained using four methods in principle; Detailed interview with 33 residents who lived in traditional house for approximately 20 and 40 years before they emigrated to new settlement, and a questionnaire done after the interview. An observation study achieved by the thesis writer, which is done using checklists of old and new house. Literature study (the traditional Mardin house, Mardin Court records in Osmanlı period ; Legal regulations for co-ownership and the new housing; traditional architecture and Anatolian house; culture, identity and cultural identity; architectural design examples using local data in Turkey; the method of Post Occupancy Evaluation; urban design principles) Plan drawings, photos and videos of the old and new houses. A scientific method called post occupancy evaluation (POE) has been used to have healthy results for questionnaire which is performed in the scope of the field work. In this context, the choice of users was made according to gender, profession, belief and age, in a balanced distribution as much as possible. User’s life in traditional and modern house and their experience about housing’s life style were questioned with a questionnaire of 102 questions. The findings about the comparison of old and new housing are summarized in the accompanying tables. The tables grouped by titles of local data contain the results of questionnaire and observation study. The thesis has shown that the use of local data in house design process has many advantages like psychological satisfaction, physical and cultural' comfort, saving natural sources and sustainability. It is seen that traditional house and urban texture are more convenient for the region’s climate and local culture according to the residents who emigrated to the new settlement. While nobody has preferred a house with a modern plan in the questionnaire, almost all residents stated that they wish to live in a single-storey house with a traditional plan. 88 per cent of residents were too happy when they lived in the traditional house. The same ratio was found as 58 percent for new house. Another impressive result of the questionnaire is about neighborhood relations. The neighborhood relations were perfect in the traditional house according to 72 percent of survey participants. Residents’ answer ‘as perfect’ has decreased dramatically to 15 percent for the neighborhood relations of new house. The rate for use of air-conditioning is 81 percent in new house, which is an evidence of insufficiency of building skin. All residents had felt a cool breeze in old town, while 88 percent of participants do not feel it in new city. In the survey, the rate of open and semi-open space has been found as 35 percent in traditional houses. The closed space rate of new house is 90 percent. Keywords: Local data in house design, traditional houses, Mardin Houses.Ülkemizdeki konutların tasarım sürecinde ve kentsel yerleşmelerin planlanmasında yerel verilerin etkin bir biçimde değerlendirilmediği gözlemlenmektedir; geleneksel yöntemlerle üretilmiş konutlarda ise yerel verilerin belirleyici olduğu bilinmektedir. Mardin, yüz yıllardır sahip olduğu çok kültürlü ve inançlı yapısı, iyi korunmuş geleneksel konutları ve kentsel dokusunun yanı sıra “Yenişehir”de yer alan ve yerel veriler yeterince dikkate alınmadan oluşmuş konut alanlarını barındırmaktadır. Bu nedenle yerel verilerin konut tasarım sürecinde değerlendirilmesi konusundaki alan çalışması için seçilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen araştırmada konut tasarımında yerel veri kullanımının konutun başarımı üzerindeki etkisi karşılaştırılmalı bir saha araştırması ile irdelenmiştir. Çalışmada yerel veriler doğal ve kültürel olmak üzere iki bölümde ele alınmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, geleneksel Mardin evi ve Mardin’deki yeni konut, çok yönlü incelenmiştir. Yapılan alan çalışmasında, doğal ve kültürel verilerle oluşan geleneksel konut, yürürlükteki imar mevzuatıyla şekillenen yeni konut ile belirli parametrelere göre karşılaştırılmış ve her iki konut türündeki yerel veri kullanımının konutların performansına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırılma sürecindeki analiz çalışması için gereken bilgiler, eski kentte yaşadıktan sonra yeni yerleşime göç etmiş konut kullanıcıları ile yapılan detaylı görüşme ve yerinde gözlem çalışması gibi birçok kaynaktan elde edilmiştir. Alan çalışması kapsamında yapılan anketin sağlıklı sonuçlar üretebilmesi için Kullanım Sonrası Değerlendirme (KSD) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Konut tasarımında yerel veri kullanımı, geleneksel konutlar, Mardin Evleri
The effect of environmental aesthetics on house prices
Get PDFİnsanların barınma, güvenlik, konfor, sosyalleşme, kendini ifade etme ve estetik ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan konut, heterojen yapısını oluşturan özellikleri itibariyle, farklı disiplinler tarafından sıklıkla incelenmektedir. Konutun ekonomik boyutunu araştıran çalışmalar, genellikle konut fiyatlarını etkileyen faktörleri hedonik fiyat modeli ile açıklamaya; konutun estetik boyutunu araştıran mekânsal estetik odaklı çalışmalar ise konutun kendisinin ve çevresinin estetik özelliklerinin, kişinin algısı ve davranışlarını nasıl etkilediğini ölçmeye çalışmıştır. Her iki literatür de konutu kendi alanlarında incelemiş, mekânsal estetik ve konut fiyatları arasındaki ilişkiyi ihmal etmiştir. Bu çalışma konut ile ilişkili olan iki ayrı literatürü bir araya getirerek, çevre estetiğinin konut fiyatları üzerindeki etkisini, hedonik fiyat yöntemi ile ölçmeye çalışmaktadır. İzmir ili Karşıyaka ilçesinde seçilen bir bölgeden, 18 emlâk komisyoncusu ile anketler yapılmış ve 48 kiralanmış, 52 satın alınmış konut hakkında veri (fiyatı, yaşı, büyüklüğü sahip olduğu donatılar gibi) toplanmıştır. Bilgileri elde edilen konutların cephe ve çevrelerinin fotoğrafları çekilmiş ve bu fotoğraflar 101 lise öğrencisi tarafından mekânsal estetik ölçütleri (cephesinin ve çevresinin uyum veya karmaşıklık düzeyi gibi) açılarından değerlendirilmiştir. Emlâk komisyoncusu ve öğrenci anketlerinden elde edilen veriler, hedonik fiyatlandırma yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Model, kiralanmış ve satın alınmış konutlar için ayrı ayrı uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, mekânsal estetik ölçütlerinden ‘konuta sahip olma isteğinin’ satın alma fiyatını; konutun çevresinin ‘karmaşık’ ve ‘bakımlı’ olma durumunun ise kiralanma fiyatını etkilediğini göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, konut ile ilgili iki farklı literatürü birleştirerek kentsel tasarım disiplini, iktisat bilimi, gayrimenkul ve emlâk sektörleri için veri teşkil etmesi ve fiziksel çevre faktörlerinin ekonomik değerlerini tartışmaya açması bakımından önemli olacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çevre estetiği, konut fiyatları, hedonik fiyat yöntemi.Housing has a heterogeneous nature to supply the human needs of sheltering, security, comfort, socialization, self-expression and 'aesthetics'. Because of this heterogeneous nature, the housing issue has been investigated in an interdisciplinary area by researchers who are specialized in urban design, economics, planning, and real estate markets. When dealing with economic value of houses, researchers have been aiming to identify the factors (such as physical characteristics related to neighborhood and house) that affect house prices via hedonic price method. When dealing with aesthetic value of houses, researchers have been aiming to understand how formal (complexity, coherence) and symbolic (naturalness, openness, safety, upkeep, nuisance) variables affect people's conceptual values (pleasantness, arousal, excitement, relaxing. However the relation between environmental aesthetics and housing prices has been neglected. This study aims to merge these two separate literatures and investigate the impact of environmental aesthetics on housing prices using the hedonic price metod. In Karsiyaka, Izmir, a survey was conducted with 18 randomly selected real estate agents. With this survey, data related to sale and rental prices and physical characteristics of 48 rented and 52 sold apartments' were collected. Then using the photographs of the buildings and their vicinity, an environmental aesthetic survey was prepared. Some apartments were in the same building. Thus, instead of 100 buildings, 85 were photographed. 101 high school students evaluated the aesthetic quality of each building via those photograph. The students were asked to evaluate the exterior quality of the building itself (pleasant, arousal, excited, complexity, the exterior quality of the building vicinity (pleasant, arousal, excited, relaxing, complexity, coherence, naturalness, openness, safety, upkeep, and nuisance), desirability, estimated price (sale and rental) and familiarity with building itself and its vicinity. It was impossible for a student to evaluate 85 buildings for a diversity of aesthetic measures; each student evaluated 17 buildings which were selected with stratified random sampling method. The buildings were shown to participants in different orders to minimize the order effect. The data derived from real estate agents and students were combined and analyzed with hedonic price model. This model was applied separately for rented and sold houses with four different functions (linear, log-linear, linear-log, log-log) and the model that gives the highest R² value was selected as 'general model'. Then the aesthetic variables were eliminated from this general model to form the 'restricted model'. When restricted model and the general model were compared via F test, the results showed that aesthetic variables were important in explaining the variation in house prices (both sold and rental) significantly. This study indicates that environmental aesthetics shouldn't be ignored in research on house prices. The methodology used in this study might inspire future research to bring together the two separated (but also related) literatures; environmental aesthetics and house prices. A useful extension of this study might extend the sample size; apply the methodology in different regions and to different groups of houses. Perhaps, the impact of aesthetic variables on house prices changes by culture and economic status of potential buyers. Future studies might also investigate whether the value of aesthetic variables are more pronounced for higher value houses than lower value houses. The results should interest researchers from various disciplines including economics, real estate, planning and urban design. Keywords: Environmental aesthetics, house prices, hedonic price method.
Historic water mills of northern Cyprus and proposals for their preservation and re-use
Get PDFSu insan yaşamının önemli gereksinmelerinden biridir. Uzun ve kurak yazlar nedeniyle su sıkıntısı çeken bir ada olmasına karşın, Kıbrıs’ta su gücü 1200-1950 yılları arasında tahılların öğütülmesinde ana enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Kıbrıs’ta su ile ilgili sistemlerin ilk olarak Roma döneminde kurulduğu bilinmektedir. Bizans ve Lüzinyan dönemlerinde bu sistemlerin sayısı artmış, ancak yeterli olmamıştır. Osmanlı döneminin daha ilk yıllarında vakıf kapsamında birçok su yolu, su kemeri ve değirmenleri yapılmıştır. Kırsal alanda yapılan incelemelerde endüstri arkeolojisi kapsamında incelenmesi gereken çok sayıda buğday öğüten su değirmeni tespit edilmiştir. Kıbrıs’ın tarihinin ve kırsal peyzajının bir parçası olan su değirmenlerinin gelecek kuşaklara aktarılabilmeleri, yapıları uygun bir işlevle kırsal yaşama kazandırmanın yanı sıra, özgün kimliklerini de korumaya bağlıdır. Çoğu harap durumda günümüze ulaşan su değirmenleri, yörede son yıllarda suyun azalması ve gelişen endüstrileşmeyle yarışamayarak terkedilmişlerdir. Bu nedenle tespit edilen onsekiz su değirmeni ve yirmi kadar kalıntı mimari, tarihi ve teknolojik miras olarak koruma altına alınmayı beklemektedir. Ege ve Akdeniz çevresindeki ülkelerde su gücü ile çalışan değirmenler ayrıntılı olarak incelenmeye başladığı halde, Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta bu yönde bir çalışma bugüne dek yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışma, teknoloji tarihinin ve kırsal peyzajın önemli bir bileşeni olan su değirmenlerinin korunması için gerekli yasal temelin oluşturulmasını ve yeniden kullanım olasılıklarını irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kuzey Kıbrıs’taki değirmenlerin coğrafi dağılımı, özellikleri ve bugünkü durumları ve yeniden kullanımlarıyla ilgili öneriler tablolar halinde sunulmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Su değirmeni, Kıbrıs, endüstri arkeolojisi, yerel mimari.Water is one of the important requirements of life. In Cyprus, water was used as the main energy source for grinding grains between the years 1200-1950 in spite of long and dry summers. The first water conveyance systems in Cyprus were erected under Roman rule. During the Byzantine and Eleusinian periods, the number of such structures increased. Under Ottoman rule, various water conduits, aqueducts and mills were built as part of charitable foundations. During a survey of historic rural settlements in Cyprus remains of several neglected water mills was noted. This lead to a detailed study of old maps and more mills were spotted. Unfortunately, these traditional structures were deserted and without maintenance. The decrease of water in the recent years and the developments in technology lead to their abandonment. The mills need to be studied and preserved within the context of the industrial heritage of the island. As an important component of the rural landscape, they should be preserved with their original features and potentialities for their reuse should be investigated. Except one, the water mills from the pre-industrial period are examples of the old turbine type. According to Landels, the earliest example of this type of mill was built near Neocaeserea (modern Niksar) during the 1st century B.C. The mills in Cyprus were constructed using local technology and know-how. The construction of numerous mills and water conveyance systems by the Ottomans show the importance of water and its use as source of energy during their rule in Cyprus. Mills played an important role in the daily life of the rural people. They were rented and the income was used to run charitable institutions established by the Ottomans. As a result of the recent field survey, eighteen water mills were listed as worthy of being protected as part of the island's architectural, historical, technological heritage. The water mills in Cyprus have common features with the ones erected around the Mediterranean between the 18th -20th centuries. The majority of extant mills in Cyprus is from the Ottoman period and belongs to sultans' foundations. Unfortunately, no detailed studies were made on the mills in Northern Cyprus. The preservation of this important heritage and its transfer to the future generations demands research and funding for preservation. In order to achieve this goal, it was suggested to the Ministry of Tourism to initiate a project called "The Historic Water Mills and the Use of Water Power in Cyprus". The aim of this research is twofold; to document the water mills that are part of the technological history and rural landscape of Cyprus and to develop preservation and re-use proposals for them. With the help of historic documents, archives, a list of water mills that were built in Northern Cyprusduring the Ottoman period was compiled. The second step was the preparation of an inventory of the extant water mills. Eighteen mills were studied and recorded by 1/100 scale drawings. Conservation problems of the mills were noted; re-use proposals were developed according to the needs of the nearby settlements. Projects to conserve the old mills in other Mediterranean countries were investigated. At the moment none of the watermills are in use. It might be possible to improve the situation, with the support of the government. A project which aims to reuse the mills within the context of cultural tourism, assigning new functions to the industrial heritage and displaying the original technical equipment was proposed. New visitor routes including watermills and aqueducts were defined. The itinerary of "Historic Water Mills" is expected to contribute to the increase of interest and thus support the efforts for the preservation of the significant structures in Northern Cyprus. The new itinerary may be linked to "ERIH"'s "industrial heritage itinerary. The reuse of the mills might lead to the rehabilitation of rural settlements; thus improving the scene for the better. The project will be integrated to the cultural tourism projects of the European Commission. With the documentation acquired by this research, it is possible to go forward to develop the legal basis for the conservation of industrial heritage of Northern Cyprus. After scheduling, it might be possible to work on the chances for the conservation of the mills. The result of the survey conducted during the research, the data sheets containing information about the geographical distribution, architectural features, physical conditions and re-use proposals for the water mills in North Cyprus is presented in order to start the discussion. Keywords: Water mill, Cyprus, Industrial heritage, vernacular architecture
The differences between Ottoman "kaftan" and "entari" with their usage
Get PDFOsmanlı giyim kuşamının temelleri ikibin yıldan eskiye, Orta Asya’da yaşamış olan atalarının giyim kültürüne uzanmaktadır. Yaklaşık altı yüzyıl, Osmanlı kıyafetleri, kesim özellikleri açısından benzer şekilde devam etmiş, 19. yüzyıldan itibaren köklü değişikliğe uğramıştır. 19. yüzyıl başında erkek kıyafetleri, yüzyılın ortasından sonra kadın kıyafetleri Avrupa modası etkisiyle tamamen değişmiştir. Osmanlı giyiminde yüzyıllarca şalvar, iç gömleği, entari, kaftan ve hırkalar kullanılmıştır. Osmanlı kıyafetinin belirleyici unsurları kaftanlar ve entarilerdir. Kaftan ve entariler yüzyıllarca birlikte giyilmişlerdir. Entariler içte kalmakta, kaftanlar entarilerin üstüne giyilmektedir. Entariler herkes tarafından giyilirken kaftanlar özellikle, kamusal alana yönelik bir nevi üniforma görevi gören giysilerdir. Bu iki giysi kesim özellikleri açısından çok benzer ve bazen birbirlerine karıştırılırlar. Türkçede, kaftan sözcüğü çok eskiden beri kullanılırken, entari sözcüğünün 16. yüzyıldan itibaren kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Entari kullanılış amaçları ile var olan ve her durumda giyilen giysidir. Kaftan olarak adlandırılan giysi öncelikle saray giysilerini düşündürmektedir çünkü Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’nde büyük bir padişah kaftanları koleksiyonu yer almakta ve bunların dışında günümüze gelen pek fazla kaftan bulunmamaktadır. Kaftanlar itibarı temsil eden giysiler olmuş, değerli kumaşları ve aksesuarları ile itibar sağladıkları gibi kumaş desenleri ile sembolizm yaratmışlardır. Padişah giysilerinde, sultanın temsil ettiği güçler, kaftanlarda kumaş desenleri sembolize edilmektedir. 19. yüzyıl başlarında erkek kıyafetlerinin değişmesiyle kaftan kullanımı ortadan kalkar. Hem kadın hem erkek giysisi olan entari yalnızca kadınlara özgü olur. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren hafifleyen geleneksel giysiler, 19. yüzyıl sonunda ortadan kalkar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kaftan, hil’at, entari, kesim, sembolizm.Ottoman dressing culture has a history of more than two thousand years. This culture was the inheritance of The Turks’ ancestors from Central Asia. For many centuries in the Ottoman period, the articles of dress were similar of men and women and bore the same name. The main items were the şalvar (ankle-length trousers), gömlek (under tunic), hırka (cardigan), entari (gown), which could sometimes be called a kaftan (caftan). Cardigans and gowns opened down the front and were generally collarless. Narrow godets (peş) were added to the sides of these robes to give extra volume to the skirts, and they had inset pockets in the seams. This style of dress, the cut of which was known as “peşli” continued through to the mid 19th century, with minor modifications of the collar of cuffs. Gowns and caftans were usually made of costly fabrics. In this study, Ottoman kaftan and entari examined and compared according to their usage with their symbolism. The 18th century’s changes on costumes mentioned then after leaving to use kaftan in the early 19th century surviving entari and its different styles explained. The most interesting items of Ottoman costumes were kaftan and entari. They were very similar in their cutting style. These two articles of dressing worn together for hundreds of years. The caftan worn over the inner robes (entari) was usually made of heavy printed silk fabric and had short sleeves, which meant that the puffed sleeves of the inner robes could be seen underneath. In winter this was worn with an outer caftan lined inside with a sable skin, beach martin’s fur, squirrel fur or ermine fur. Entari could be worn alone but kaftan needed another inner robe. Kaftan, the outer robe was showing the level of the person who wore it in the public. The sultan and government gave the kaftan as pleasing gift or to make higher the statute of the one who took it. So, kaftan carried a high symbolism on it. Caftans of various styles were the important items of dress for both men and women. Caftans are fairly simple in construction and tailoring, using mostly straight seams; it was the quality of the fabric that was intended to impress. When we look at the caftans, firstly the imperial kaftans and the kaftans of inhabitants of the palace attract us. They pulled our interest on. Ottoman sultans used to attach great importance to their attire. They used to wear kaftans made of expensive and luxurious cloths. They generally have round necks, sometimes with a small stand-up collar. Women’s caftans likewise had round necks: styles that had low round or square necklines or even came under the bust date to the late 18th century. 16th century caftans did not expose the bosom. They usually have buttons to the waist, either jewelled or covered in the same fabric as the caftan. The sultan and his court would frequently wear gowns one with wrist length sleeves under another with short sleeves, under another with decorative ankle length sleeves, so their contrasting fabrics could all be seen and admired. In the 18th century, silk fabrics began to change. They become lighter both in design and the portion of silk. Also the style of the gowns was changed. Costumes were effected by European fashion and became lighter. The new style was very suitable with new style of social life. The dress of the 18th century is vividly described by Lady Montague..... The miniaturs of Levni and Abdullah Buhari also depict the dress of the time in close detail. Towards the mid eighteenth century, the length of the skirt rose to above the ankles and the neckline became deep enough to reveal the brests, while the right front panels of open fronted dresses were cut diagonally at the waist level to have an overlap over the left panel. Towards the end of the 18th century the neckline became so low that it exposed the breasts entirely. In the early 19th century new styles emerged in women’s fashions. The dresses, known as üç etek and dört etek (three and four panelled skirts, where the skirt was divided by waisthigh slits into three and four panels respectively) were highly favoured in capital and worn until 1875. Women in conservative circles continued to wear them up to the end of the century. In the provinces and particularly in rural areas the fashion continued even into the 20th century. Keywords: Kaftan (outer robe), hil’at, entari (inner robe), cutting style,symbolism. 
Porphyrazines with peripheral phosphorous and naphthalene groups
Get PDFMagnezyum butanolat varlığında 1,2-bis(1-naftilmetiltiyo)maleonitril’in (1) siklotetramerizasyonuyla periferal posizyonlardan bağlanmış sekiz adet naftilmetil grubu içeren sübstitüe mavi-yeşil renkli magnezyum porfirazin (2) sentez edilmiştir. Trifluoroasetik asitle muamele edilerek metalsiz türevine (3) geçilmiş ve bu ürünün çeşitli metal tuzlarıyla reaksiyona sokulmasıyla metal porfirazinler (4-6) elde edilmiştir (M+2= Cu+2, Zn+2, Co+2). Bu çalışmanın ana hedefini oluşturan trifenilfosfin sübstitüe porfirazinler elde etmek için önce trifenilfosfinin metakrilik asit ve hidrobromik asit ile reaksiyonu sonucu oluşan (2-karboksi-1-metiletil)trifenilfosfonyum bromür’ün (9), oktakis(2-hidroksietiltiyo)porfirazinatomagnezyum’un (8) -OH grupları ile esterleştirme reaksiyonu yapılmıştır. Yeni bileşikler FT-IR, EPR, 1H ve 31P NMR, UV-görünür bölge spektrumlarıyla ve elementel analizle karakterize edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Porfirazin, naftalen, EPR, trifenilfosfin, fosfonyum.Peripherally functionalized porphyrazines have the potential to exhibit novel optical, magnetic and electronic properties; also maintain some additional features superior to the values met in related materials. The transition metal ion in the inner core offers new ways to induce, modify and control molecular properties. The starting point for a novel porphyrazine structure with eight naphthyl units bound to the periphery through flexible methylthio-chains is 1,2-bis(1-naphthylmethylthio)maleonitrile (1) which was obtained from disodium salt of dithiomaleonitrile and 1-(chloromethyl)naphthalene. By the template effect of magnesium, blue-green colored magnesium porphyrazinate (2) substituted with eight naphthylmethyl groups on the peripheral positions has been synthesized by cyclotetramerization of 1 in the presence of magnesium butanolate. The metal-free derivative (3) was obtained by its treatment with trifluoroacetic acid and further reaction of this product with copper(II) acetate, zinc(II) acetate and cobalt(II) acetate led to the metal porphyrazinates (4-6) (M+2= Cu+2, Zn+2, Co+2). In order to obtain triphenylphosphine substituted porphyrazines which is the main goal of this study, (2-carboxy-1-methylethyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide (9) is obtained by the reaction of triphenylphosphine and methacrylic acid with hydrobromic acid. Then, the -OH groups of octakis (2-hydroxyetyhylthio)porphyrazinatomagnesium (8) are reacted with 9 for esterification. The novel compounds were characterized by FT-IR, EPR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, UV-Vis spectral techniques and elemental analysis. Keywords: Porphyrazine, naphthalene, EPR, triphenylphosphine, phosphonium
Synthesis of the alkylphthalodinitrile derivatives and phthalocyanines
Get PDFBu çalışmada, 4,5-dikloro-ftalonitril ve dietilmalonatın yerdeğiştirme reaksiyonuyla 4-kloro-5-alkil-ftalonitril türevlerinin sentezi için yeni bir yöntem gösterilmektedir. Ayrıca 2 bileşiğindeki klor grubunun reaktivitesini göstermek amacıyla n-hekzantiyol ile reaksiyon gerçekleştirilmiş ve. 3,4- pozisyonunda bir alkilsülfanil ve bir dietilmalonil grubu taşıyan 1-hekziltiyo-3,4-disiyano-6-(1,1-dikarbetoksimetil)benzen (3) isimli yeni ftalonitril bileşiği elde edilmiştir. 1-Kloro-3,4-disiyano-6-(1,1-dikarbetoksi)benzen (2) ve 1-hekziltiyo-3,4-disiyano-6-(1,1-dikarbetoksimetil)benzen (3)’in metal tuzları ile çözücüsüz ortamda siklotetramerizasyonuyla metalli ftalosiyaninler elde edilmiştir). Reaksiyon hekzanol içerisinde ve DBU varlığında gerçekleştirildiğinde transesterifikasyon reaksiyonu gerçekleşmiş ve metalsiz ve metalli ftalosiyaniler elde edilmiştir. 6 bileşiğinin hidrolizi ile kısmen dekarboksile olmuş 2,9,16,23-tetra(karboksimetil)-3,10,17,24-tetrakloro-ftalosiyaninatopaladyum (II) elde edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ftalosiyanin, ftalonitril, paladyum, kobalt, bakır, çinko.In this study, we described for the first time the displacement of chloro group with an acidic CH group in 4,5-dichlorophthalonitrile and show the affect of this substitution pattern in spectral properties after phthalocyanine formation. A new route to the synthesis of 4-chloro-5-alkyl-phthalonitrile (2) derivatives was shown by the displacement reaction of 4,5-dichloro-phthalonitrile and diethylmalonate, a CH-acidic precursor, in the presence of K2CO3.. In order to verify the reactivity of the remaining chloro-group in 2, it was reacted with n-hexane-thiol in DMF by addition of anhydrous K2CO3. The product (3), was a phthalonitrile derivative carrying an alkylsulfanyl and a diethylmalonyl moiety at 3,4-positions. Cyclotetramerization of (2) and (3) with the metal salts without any solvent gave the corresponding metallophthalocyanines (M= Co, Cu, Zn or Pd). Transesterification occurred when the reaction was carried out in hexanol in the presence of DBU to obtain metal-free and metallophthalocyanine derivatives. Treatment of compound (6) with sodium ethoxide at ambient temperature and further acidification resulted with 2,9,16,23-tetra(carboxymethyl)-3,10,17,24-tetrachloro-phthalocyaninatopalladium (II) (15) with partial decarboxylation. Its electronic spectrum in aqueous solution indicated no appreciable change in a pH range from 7 to 12. All componds have been characterized by using elemental analyses, IR, UV-VIS, 1 H NMR, and FAB-MASS spectral data. Keywords: Phthalocyanine, phthalonitrile, palladium, cobalt, copper, zinc
1,8-diketone ring closure reaction to the synthesis of BEDT-TTF derivatives
Get PDFTTF türevlerinin sentezine yönelik çalışmalar son yıllarda artış göstermiştir. Günümüzde “tetratiyafulvalen” sınıfı organik süperiletkenlerde süperiletkenlik özelliği en yüksek 12.8K’de bis(etilenditiyo)tetratiyafulvalen (BEDT-TTF veya ET)’nin Cu[N(CN)2]Cl ile yaptığı “charge-transfer” tuzu ile gözlenmiştir. Süperiletkenlik; elektrik akımının iletilmesi sırasında direncin yok olması ve materyalin üzerine uygulanan manyetik alanın süperiletken tarafından itilmesi (Meissner etki) ile açıklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı 1,8-diketonlardan Lawesson’s reaktantı ve P4S10 ile halka kapama reaksiyonu sonucu 1,4-ditiyin ve tiyofen elde etmektir. Ph, 4-CH3OPh, 4-BrPh ve CH3 gibi fonksiyonel gruplar taşıyan bu maddeler 4,5-di(methylsulfanyl)-1,3-dithiol-2-one ile birleştirilerek üç ürün elde edilmiştir. Bu ürünlerin yapısı NMR( 1H, 13C), MASS ve Elementel Analiz ile karakterize edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Süperiletkenlik, TTF türevleri, LR ve P4S10.For the past 25 years there has been considerable interest in crystalline organic materials that possess unusual electronic and magnetic properties. This is due to metallic behaviour of its radical cation salts with mono anions and electron acceptors such as TCNQ, which exhibit semiconducting, conducting and superconducting properties. The most widely studied derivative, bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF or ET) which shows superconducting property, has the highest critical temperature, TC=12.8 K, with k-(BEDT-TTF)Cu[N(CN)2Br]. The aim of this work is to synthesise new derivatives of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene. Use of Lawesson's reagent (LR) and Phosphoruspentasulfide (P4S10) leads such a ring formation via chemical conversion of carbonil groups to thiocarbonyls, which is called 1,8-diketone ring closure reaction. In both cases, with LR and P4S10, the reaction resulted in the formation of six membered 1,4-dithiin and five-membered thiophene rings along with the side products. The dithiins and the thiophenes was coupled with the readily available 4,5-di(methylsulfanyl)-1,3-dithiol-2-one in neat triethylphosphite at 110 0C under nitrogen atmosphere. A successful column chromatography achieved their separation as the crosscoupled and selfcoupled products. The cross coupled and self coupled products were characterized by NMR (1H, 13C), MASS and Elementel Analysis. Oxidation potensials of organosulfur donors, which are the coupled products were measured by cyclic voltammetry and are compared with data for ET. Keywords: Superconducting, TTF derivatives, LR and P4S10
Swelling of heterogels in good solvents; A fast transient fluorescence study
Get PDFDisk şekline sahip kopolimer jellerin şişme işlemini incelemek için zaman ayrımlı floresans teknik (FTRF) kullanılmıştır. Metilmetakrilat (MMA) ve stiren (S) monomerlerinin karışımı ile hazırlanan kopolimer jellerde, etilen-glikol-etilmetakrilat (EGDM) çapraz bağlayıcı ve 2,2'-azobisizobutironitril başlatıcı olarak kullanılmıştır. Floresans molekül piren(P) polimerleşme sırasında jel içerisine tuzaklanmıştır. P moleküllerinin yaşam zamanları, difüzyon ve kullanılan organik çözücü kalitesi arasındaki ilişkiyi saptamak için iyi çözücü içerisindeki kopolimer jellerin şişmesi sırasında gözlenmiştir. P yaşam zamanının davranışı Stern-Volmer yasasıyla yorumlanmıştır. Şişme zaman sabiti (tc) ve kollektif difüzyon katsayısını (Dc) bulmak için Li-Tanaka denklemi kullanılmış ve tc ile Dc’nin kullanılan organik çözücü ve kopolimeri oluşturan polimerik malzemelere bağımlı olduğu görülmüştür. Anahtar Kelimeler: Şişme, zaman ayrımlı floresans teknik, çözücü kalitesi.The swelling of disc-shaped heterogels were studied using Fast Transient Fluorescence Technique (FTRF). In this technique the photo multiplier tube (PMT) is gated or strobed by a voltage pulse that is synchronized with the pulsed light source. Disc-shaped heterogels were prepared by combination of methyl-methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (S) with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) as a crosslinker agent in the presence of 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Pyrene (P) was introduced as an extrinsic floroprobe during polymerisation. Seven different gels were prepared at 70oC temperature in constant (1.5 % v/v) EGDM content with various combinations of MMA and S contents. Lifetimes of P were measured in-situ swelling processes of heterogels in good solvents to determine the relationship between the diffusion and solvent quality. Chloroform and toluene were chosen as swelling agent which have the solubility parameter, d of 19 and 18.2 (MPa)1/2 respectively. These values of d of the solvents are sufficient to make the chloroform and toluene good solvent for PMMA (dp=19 (MPa)1/2) and PS (dp=18.5 (MPa)1/2), respectively. An equation is derived for low-quenching efficiencies to interpret the behaviour of the lifetime of P during swelling. Li-Tanaka equation was employed to determine the swelling rate constant, tc and the cooperative diffusion coefficients, Dc in heterogel and they were found to be strongly correlated with the chosen solvent and the polymeric material in the heterogel system. Keywords: Swelling, fast transient fluorescence technique, solvent quality
Propagation of harmonic waves in fiber elastic tubes filled with a viscous dusty fluid
Get PDFBu çalışmada içerisinde akışkan bulunan öngerilmeli, elastik, sıkışmaz, lifli tüplerde harmonik dalga yayılımı problemi incelenmiştir. Kalın duvarlı olarak ele alınan elastik tüpün içerisinde sürekli liflerin bulunduğu varsayılmıştır. Akışkanın sıkışmaz, Newton akışkanı olduğu ve içerisinde parçacıklar bulundurduğu düşünülmüştür. Tüpün eksenel germesi ve sabit Pi iç basıncının etkisinde ve böylece radyal genleşme ve eksenel uzama ile ön şekildeğişimine uğramış olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Akışkana ait alan denklemler silindirik koordinatlarda ifade edilmiştir. Lifli elastik ortama ait yönetici denklemler, “Büyük başlangıç şekil değiştirmelerinin üzerine küçük yer değiştirmelerin süperpozisyonu” teorisi kullanılarak silindirik koordinatlarda elde edilmiştir. Uygulama açısından büyük öneme sahip olan, içi akışkanla dolu tüplerde dalga yayılması problemi, bu çalışmada kan damarlarındaki dalga yayılımı üzerinde incelenmiştir. Dalga yayılımına ait yönetici diferansiyel denklemlerin harmonik dalga çözümleri eksenel simetrik hareket durumu için ele alınmıştır. Akışkana ait diferansiyel denklemlere kapalı bir çözüm vermek mümkün olabilmiş, fakat tüpe ait alan denklemlerinin katsayılarının karmaşık bir şekilde radyal koordinatın fonksiyonu olmaları nedeniyle katı malzemeye ilişkin denklemlere kapalı bir çözüm vermek mümkün olamamıştır. Bu nedenle katı fazı yöneten diferansiyel denklemler ile sınır koşullarına ilişkin denklemlere, dalga karakteristiklerine tüp kalınlığının etkisini de elde etmek için sonlu farklar yöntemi ile sayısal çözüm aranmıştır. Önce bazı özel durumlar incelenmiş, sonra ise ele alınan tüp için, uzun dalga yaklaşımında, dispersiyon bağıntısı elde edilmiş, dalga hızları ve taşıma katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Harmonik dalga yayılımı, lifli malzeme, parçacıklı akışkan, sonlu farklar yöntemi.The problem of harmonic wave propagation in prestressed or stress free elastic or viscoelastic tubes filled or not filled with a viscous or an ideal fluid, became an interesting subject since the time of Thomas Young (1773-1829) who first obtained the speed of the pulse wave in arteries, and found important applications in many fields of engineering. The historical evolution of the subject can be found in the papers by Lambossy (1951) and Skalak (1966) and in the book by Fung (1984). In the present work, the problem that we consider is to investigate the pulsating wave propagation in large blood vessels. The importance of the present problem from the bioengineering point of view is that the wave speed and the transmission coefficient depend on the initial deformation and the material coefficients. The measurement of these parameters makes it possible to observe the variation of them with material properties. For the historical evolution of the subject the reader may refer to Morgan and Kiely (1954), Womersley (1957) who used the theory of small deformations, Atabek and Lew (1966) who were the first to introduce the effect of prestress, Mirsky (1967) who took into account the orthotropic properties of the arterial wall, Rachev (1980), Kuiken (1984) and Nayfeh (1966) who considered the blood as a two phase system consisting of plasma and blood cells and investigated the flow of the two phase flow in a rigid tube. The fluid (blood) is taken as incompressible and viscous with dusty particles in it, and the governing equations of motion are obtained in the cylindrical coordinates. On the other hand, to obtain the equations of motion of the tube (artery) which is assumed to have elastic, fibrous and incompressible material, the theory of "superimposing small deformations on large static deformations" is employed and, the incremental equations of motion and incremental constitutive equations that characterize the arisen dynamical state are given. These equations are expressed in the cylindrical coordinates and the boundary conditions to be satisfied are given. Then, assuming that the cylindrical shell (artery) is under the effect of both constant, axial stretch and inner pressure (initial equilibrium state), the incremental equations of the motion are given for this prestressed state. The solutions of these incremental equations of motion both for fluid and solid phases are obtained for the axial symmetric motion. The closed form solutions to the differential equations of the fluid were accomplished but, because the coefficients of the field equations are complex functions of the radial coordinate, it could not be accomplished to obtain closed solutions to the equations of the solid phase. For this reason and to obtain the effect of the tube's thickness on the wave characteristics, numerical solutions with method of finite differences are sought to the equations and the corresponding boundary conditions that govern the solid phase. Then, in the long wave approximation, assuming that the thin tube filled with a non-viscous fluid is non prestressed, the dispersion relation is investigated, wave speeds and transmission coefficients are obtained. As the last, again in the long wave approximation, the dispersion relation for the thick walled prestressed elastic tube filled with a viscous fluid is obtained, the wave velocities and the transmission coefficients are computed and the results are given with graphs. The obtained results are in agreement with the results of Ercengiz (2005) and Nag and Jana (1981). The obtained results reveal that the primary and the secondary wave speeds become higher with the increase of the fibre parameter of the tube?s elastic material. On the other hand, the increase of the mass concentration of the dusty particles in the fluid decreases the primary wave velocity though only for the small values of the Womersley parameter, again decreases the secondary wave speed for all the values of the Womersley parameter. With the increase of the fiber parameter, while transmission coefficient for the primary wave increases, the transmission coefficient for the secondary wave decreases. The increase of the mass concentration of the dusty particles in the fluid decreases the transmission coefficients of both the primary and the secondary waves. The increase of the axial stretch increases the primary wave speed, but decreases the secondary wave speed and the transmission coefficient for the primary wave. The variation of the axial stretch doesn't change the transmission coefficient for the secondary wave. Keywords: Propagation of harmonic waves, fibrous material, dusty fluid, finite differences method
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