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A socio-cultural approach for sustainable urban development: A case study for Bursa
Full text linkSon yıllarda dünyada ve Türkiye’de yaşanmakta olan sosyal, ekonomik, teknolojik gelişmeler nedeni ile başlayan küreselleşme süreci beraberinde hızlı bir kentsel değişim ve dönüşüm sürecini de getirmiştir. Yaşanan süreçlerin olumlu getirileri bulunmakla birlikte, uygulanan politikalar plansız, alt yapısız ve sağlıksız kentsel çevreler içeren kimliksiz kentlerin gelişmesine neden olmakta ve dolayısıyla insanların ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasında çok yetersiz kalınmaktadır. Bu olumsuz gelişmelerin farkına varılmasıyla “sürdürülebilirlik“ kavramı ortaya atılmış ve sağlanmasının yolları araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Değişen yaşam şekli ile doğal kaynaklar arasındaki olumsuz etkileşimin sürdürülebilirlik için büyük bir tehdit olduğu düşünüldüğü için çalışmalar problemin fiziksel boyutu üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Oysaki genellikle ihmal edilen sürdürülebilirliğin sosyokültürel boyutu, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik organizasyonda yapılacak temel değişikliklerin ekolojik anlamdaki sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanabilmesi için önemli bir gereklilik olduğunu ifade etmektedir. Sürdürülebilirlik konusuna büyük ölçüde fiziksel boyutlarıyla yaklaşılıp sosyokültürel boyutlarının ihmal edilmesinin yarattığı önemli eksiklik çalışmanın problemi olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu makalede sürdürülebilirlik; sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişme bağlamında ele alınarak, kentsel çevrenin oluşumu ve yaşanmasında önemli rolü olan konut alanlarında, sosyokültürel bir bakış açısıyla irdelenmiştir. Öncelikle, irdelenecek kavramlar bütüncül bir yaklaşımla belirlenerek kavramsal çerçeve geliştirilmiş ve “sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişme-kültür-konut alanları” etkileşim sistemini ifade eden kavramsal çerçeve bileşenleri arasındaki etkileşim dönüşümsel yaklaşımla irdelenmiştir. Daha sonra, konut alanlarında sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişmenin sağlanabilmesinde etkileşim sisteminden nasıl yararlanılabileceğini belirlemek amacıyla bir model geliştirilmiştir. Model, senaryo yazımı yöntemi ve geri beslemeli tahmin tekniği kullanılarak, Bursa kenti için geliştirilmiş ve örnek inceleme alanı olarak seçilen geleneksel bir konut alanında uygulanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişme, kültür, sürdürülebilirlik kültürü, konut alanları. In recent years, the globalization process in the world and in Turkey has brought about a rapid urban development and transformation process. In spite of positive impacts of the aforementioned transformation, flawed policies has produced unplanned cities with no identity and unhealthy environments. As a consequence these cities can't meet the physical, socio-cultural and physiological needs of their inhabitants. Due to widespread awareness caused by the negative impact of these unfit living environments, sustainability has become a subject of interest on various platforms. The tendency to think that the complex interrelations between human groups, their habitat and global environment are becoming a great threat for sustainability, has caused the studies about the subject to focus on environmental dimensions of the problem. However, the often-neglected socio-cultural dimensions of sustainability underline the fact that the fundamental alterations in social and economic organizations in response to the changing environmental needs are prerequisites of ecological sustainability. In the light of these findings, the scarcity of studies about socio-cultural dimensions of sustainability has been determined as a significant deficiency and identified as the concern of this paper. The conceptual framework of "sustainable urban development-culturehousing areas interaction system" has been developed in order to systematically study sustainable urban development with a socio-cultural approach in housing areas. Components of the conceptual framework have been set with an integral approach and the interaction among them has been examined from a transactional perspective. Following this initial step, a model, has been developed in order to establish the means of how sustainable urban development in housing areas can be achieved in socio-cultural context: this model is to be applied in Bursa. With the aid of the model anchored in the conceptual framework, the transactional interrelations of the concepts of the interaction system and the role of these interrelations for the achievement of sustainable urban development will be determined. The aim of the model is to identify strategies for the achievement of sustainable urban development in the selected housing area of Bursa. The paper consists of five sections with a brief introduction about the reasons of preference of the topic. An analysis of the literature covering the definitions of and the theoretical and empirical studies about "sustainability", "sustainable development", "sustainable urban development" and "housing areas" is included in this section. In the second section, the key concepts are systematized and the "sustainable urban development - culturehousing areas interaction system" is laid down as the conceptual framework. The conceptual framework consists of three components: "sustainable urban development" with subcomponents of physical and socio-cultural requirements; "culture" with subcomponents of city culture and culture of sustainability ;"housing areas" with physical, socio-cultural and physiological subcomponents. This interaction system expresses the relations of sustainable urban development and housing environments in the socio-cultural context. The third section includes a model developed for Bursa, based upon the conceptual framework. Initially, the causes of selecting Bursa to develop a model for, is described by giving information about physical, socio-economic and historical features of Bursa; together with the explanation of the development process of urban housing and the studies about sustainability in Bursa. The model, consisting of a conceptual and a practical part; includes three application steps developed with the "scenario writing" method. These steps are respectively; determination of the goals, identification of the paths to attain the goals, and feasibility analysis of the identified paths. The fourth section covers a case study applied in a traditional housing area in Bursa. Firstly, brief information about the case study area is given. Then implementation of the steps of the model is described. At the end of this section, the outcomes of the analysis of data are explained. In the last section, strategies have been developed, for sustainable urban development of the area in a socio-cultural context. The extent to which the aims of the study are achieved is also discussed in this section. Keywords: Sustainable urban development, culture, sustainability culture, housing areas.
The issue of originality in Turkish Architecture between 1950-60
Full text linkBu çalışma problem alanını mimarlığın en temel tartışma boyutlarından biri olan “özgünlük” kavramına dayandırmakta ve Türkiye'deki mimarlık üretiminin, Modern Mimarlık ile ilişkisinde son derece kritik bir dönem olan 1950-60 arası ürünlerindeki özgünlük arayışları ve özgünlüğe ulaşma biçimlerini, seçilen örnekler üzerinden tartışmaktadır. Çalışmada izlenen yöntem ise; literatür araştırmasına bağlı teorik bağlamın ortaya konması, incelenen döneme özgü farklılıkların belirlenmesi ve bunların, dönem mimarlarıyla yapılan görüşmelerle mimarlık alanındaki izlerinin bulunmaya çalışılmasıdır. Çalışmada özgünlük, mekan kurgusu, form, malzeme-teknoloji ve yere özgülük bağlamlarında incelenmiş ve tasarımcının biçimi düşünme yaklaşımlarından yararlanarak, yenilikçi (innovative) ve yaratıcı (creative) olmak üzere farklı düzeylerde ele alınmıştır. Bu bakış açısıyla da 1950-60 arasına ait mimari ürünler değerlendirilmiştir ve bu ürünler üstünden özgünlük kavramı anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Modern Mimarlık 1950-60 arası Türkiye Mimarlığı’nda 1930’ların ardından ikinci kez gündeme gelmiş ve ülke mimarlığının bundan sonraki gelişiminde önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu dönem içindeki bazı ürünlerin gerek biçim gerek içerik olarak birtakım özgünlükler barındırdıkları görülmektedir. Üretken bir yorum sürecinin ürünü olan bu ürünler hazır kalıpların ötesine geçme çabalarıyla üzerinde durulmaya değer mimarlık örnekleri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadırlar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Özgünlük kavramı, Modern Mimarlık, 1950-60 arası mimarlığı.The major objective of this study is to define originality making use of different viewpoints and contexts and to discuss originality by exploring the cases that are regarded to reflect the 1950-60 periods' architecture and the process of being original. The research methodology includes the theoretical context based on an extensive literature survey, analysis of the distinctions of the period under consideration, and investigation of the impact of these distinctions in the field of architecture through the interviews conducted with the architects of that period. Originality that has begun expressing itself in architecture since 19th century and previously covered a small intellectual area in the familiar concerns of architecture, similar to the other fields, is a different meaning, expression, search and defines a new interpretation and a different identity. Originality can be searched by means of spatial features, form, material-technology and context and evaluate in the levels of being innovative (refinement) or creative (heuristic). It can be assetted that the most important revolutions in architecture occurs by the space being thought by means of void. Architectural design should be thought not by means of the function or solid components of the space but by void itself. Thinking the void in designing process can create more original results and reveals an architecture which is not generic. The uniqness of the form is either an important way of originality. More, differences in using the materials and technology can reveal originalities. Architecture, differing from other design products, exists with a constant "place". So "place" is the significant data for architecture and sensibility to context adds dissimilar diamentions to the buildings originality. "Originality" has not been a concept that was discussed and considered widely within the period before modernism. It has been important for the architects to be included in movements and styles. Actually, existence of the formal approach that is offered by the movements and styles bound originality. In this respect, Modern Architecture can be regarded as not being dominant like previous movements. Formal impositions become ordinary and generic when they arise. In other words, Modern Architecture, which comes out as a result of a critical process developed with modernism, can be reported to be "original" itself through its conflict with tradition. However, as soon as Modern Architecture transits to original phase, it has a favorable structure to produce generic conditions. Indeed, within the evolution of architecture, Modern Architecture has a very important role due to its conflict with tradition and creating an antithesis with its preceding architecture as a refusal of history-defense. As far as the probability of development to exist in a thesis-antithesis continuity is concerned, Modern Architecture is a milestone for the evolution of humankind based on its efforts to communicate the era with the era's expressions and the rational and ethical values/principles. Modern Architecture in Turkish Architecture within the period of 1950-60 has become popular for the second time after 1930s and has played a major role in the development of Turkish Architecture afterward. It can be claimed that the architecture of 1950-60 is a milestone for the modernism adventure of the Turkish Architecture. 1950s are the years that Turkish Architecture has reached its features of being globalized and future-oriented in the way of a productive settlement with modernism. It is observed that some buildings belonging to the architecture of 1950- 60 contain some type of originality both formal and conceptual. Buildings that are the outputs of a productive interpretation process strive for going beyond the formworks. Within the design process, interpretations, transformations and the quality of renewals appear in buildings in different traits based on the approach of the designer. Besides, conservation of modern architectural works is an important issue that should be carefully discussed. Originality, similar to conservation, is not a concept that can be negotiated easily. Criticizing the buildings as being "Western reproductions" or copies without concentrating on them sufficiently, makes it more difficult to mention originality and preserve them as an architectural heritage as well. In summary, the period of 1950-60 has a fair importance for the development of Turkish Architecture and the "originality" search grown around the modernism movement that is especially dominant in the architecture field, has distinguished this period's architecture from others. It is strongly believed that the originality search of our current architecture will benefit from the originality search during 1950s within the modern language. Keywords: Originality, Modern Architecture, Turkish Architecture between 1950-60.
The effects of the marinas to the public use and proposals
Full text linkMarinalar ve yat turizmi en hızlı gelişen, sosyal ve ekonomik getirisi yüksek turizm dallarının başında gelmektedir. Kıyıların kent ile ilişkisini incelemek mimarlıkta geniş bir araştırma alanıdır. Yalnızca coğrafi konumlarından dolayı değil, yarattıkları kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik potansiyel nedeniyle de kıyılar farklıdırlar. Marinalarda denizden karaya-karadan denize geçişi sağlayan, her iki yön için de belli başlı özellikleri barındırması gereken tesisler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu özelliklerin her iki tarafında; deniz ve kara; konfor, uyum, bağlantılar, çevre ilişkileri gibi şartlarını en elverişli şekilde sağlayabilmesi çok dikkatli ve geniş perspektifli bir tasarım çalışmasını gerektirmektedir. Günümüzde getirileri her geçen gün daha iyi kavranan marinaların sayısında ülkemizde gelecekte çok büyük bir artışın olacağı öngörülmektedir. Ancak marinaların nitelikleri gereği kamusal alanda yer almaları toplumun kıyıdan yararlanmasını kısıtlayan ve dolayısıyla bu olumlu gelecek perspektifini gölgeleyen bir durumu da yaratmaya adaydır. Böyle bir öngörüyle, bu çalışmanın temel amacı, söz konusu sakıncalı durumu tartışmak ve yeni marinaların tasarımına belirli ışık tutabilmek üzere bu problemin çözüm yollarını araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmalar yazılı kaynakların incelenmesi ve konuyla ilgili Türkiye’deki yetkili kişiler ve mevcut marinaların yöneticileri ile görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesi ile oluşturulmaktadır. Bu değerlendirilmelerin sonucunda yeni yapılması düşünülen marinaların kıyı bandını kamusal alan olarak kullanmaya imkân verecek şekilde, kıyı hattını bölen tesislerinin daha iç bölgelerde planlayabilecekleri ve kıyıyı kamuya sosyal tesisler ile birlikte sunarak marina içinde ticari getirileri oluşturulabileceği önerilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Marina, kamusal alan, kıyı çizgisi, yat turizmi.Marinas are regarded as a mid point for people to set out to sea as far as their location and functions are considered. However, they are at that point expected to offer public service and act as a bridge for the whole society to reach out to sea. A significant increase in the number of marinas is expected to take place in our country as their advantages and benefits are better realized each and every day. However, the location of marinas on the coasts, which are also public areas, as required by their nature, prevent the society from using the sea to some extent and it is highly likely that such increase will shadow this positive future perspective. The reaction of the society, which is getting more sensitive to the environment every day, towards the construction of new marinas represents a clear sign of concrete and current truth where this unfavorable situation is no longer, creates anticipation. Nevertheless, the remedies for this significant problem seem somehow to be lacking. As such, the primary aim of this thesis is to suggest some ways to solve the problem of public use in coastal areas regarding the construction of a several marinas which is expected to be soon on the agenda in Turkey. For this purpose we study in this thesis the points that should be paid attention at designing new marinas in order to turn them into social facilities beyond the satisfaction of standard requirements and to make the relation of the neighboring community with the sea much easier. Marinas which are only used as locations for those boat owners who want to get their boats until today are now intended to be designed as locations which attract the people who love sea and want to set out to sea because marinas are built on coasts-public spaces. They are tried to be made lively and growing areas which have a positive affect on/from its surrounding. The infrastructure, superstructure and legal adjustments are not adequate for the rapidly developing yacht tourism and they become as a handicap for new marinas. The yacht/marina business has been popular because the investment period is short and the marina investments which would provide the same number of beds as hotel investments are 60% cheaper. As places of operational activity, marinas are not fixed and they address to an elite society and only a small number of staff is required. However, the rapid development is not maintained in a positive way due to the problems of infrastructure, transportation, qualified personnel, competitive requirements and legal adjustments. The success in marina business is depended on its organization as a service sector, which is in direct connection to the features of the setting of service as well as the quality of service. Therefore, it shall be necessary to increase the facilities of the existing marinas and build new marinas. To attach primary importance to the spatial qualities of the marinas as well as the clients' expectations and satisfaction during the planning and construction stage and operators should be kept the service quality at the highest level. All kinds of settlements causing damage to the shores should be prevented. In addition to this, the settlements integrating with the shore and open area adjustments for public; like marinas; should be introduced. The general planning principles of the existing marinas in Turkey are very similar to each other. Marinas in Turkey prevent people to use the coast as a public space as it has explained in laws. As we have already seen in the examples tried abroad or in recent examples designed and built in our country, different alternatives of these settlement forms which satisfy the needs of the surrounding community are also of crucial important. A plan can be developed and offered to the marina users and designers where the shore is the property of public and left to the public. Moreover this plan should present the facilities required to be in the sea so that there is minimum area of occupation on the shore and shore area is left to the public. The areas which are usable for the whole community can be designed on such locations. By the means of this planning strategy public facilities which require to be on land can be planned a bit out of shoreline and open areas can be created for the use of public. Thus the facilities can be designed in a way to be more interesting and to encourage the community open to the sea. Keywords: Marinas, public space, shore line, yacht tourism
Investigation of interference mechanisms on the determination of bismuth by GFAAS
Full text linkGrafit fırınlı atomik absorpsiyon spektrometresinde (GFAAS) tayin elementinin ortamda bulunan matriks bileşenleri ile gaz ve/veya yoğun fazda etkileşmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan çeşitli girişim mekanizmalarının aydınlatılması genellikle çok zor ve yoruma açıktır. Bunun en önemli nedeni farklı girişimlerin genellikle benzer etkilere neden olması ve bunların birbirlerinden ayrılamamasıdır. Özellikle aynı anda birden fazla mekanizmanın oluşumu bu durumu daha da karmaşık hale getirmektedir. Bu mekanizmalar matriks ve tayin maddesinin cinsine, konsantrasyonuna ve grafit fırın programına bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan ve özel olarak imal ettirilen çift oyuklu platformun iki ayrı oyuğuna tayin elementinin ve matriksin ayrı ayrı enjekte edilmesi sonucu bunların birbirleri ile yoğun fazda teması önlenmekte ve gözlenen girişimler sadece gaz fazı etkileşmeleri nedeniyle olmaktadır. Böylece çift oyuklu platform klasik tek oyuklu platformla teşhis edilemeyen gaz ve yoğun faz girişimlerinin birbirlerinden ayrılarak belirlenmesinde çok önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada bizmut elementinin GFAAS ile tayini sırasında nikel klorür (NiCl2) tuzunun girişim etkisi araştırılmıştır. Uygulanan piroliz sıcaklığına bağlı olarak analatın matriks ile uçucu bir bileşik oluşturması, matriks gazları ile birlikte sürüklenmesi, matriks parçalanma ürünleri ile gaz fazında reaksiyona girmesi gibi mekanizmaların varlığı ispatlanmıştır. Ayrıca çift oyuklu platformun kullanılmasıyla analat ile matriks parçalanma ürünleri arasında gaz/yoğun faz reaksiyonlarının varlığı gösterilmiştir. Bizmut ile ilgili olarak gözlenen girişim mekanizmaları Ni(NO3)2, Zr(NO3)4, Pd(NO3)2 ve kolloidal palladyum modifierleri kullanıldığında ortadan kalkmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bizmut, grafit fırınlı atomik absorpsiyon spektrometresi, girişim etkisi, çift oyuklu platform. In the presence of matrix, interferences occuring in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GFAAS) causes errors. In graphite furnace, the interferences between analyte and matrix can be summarized as follows: (i) Formation of a volatile compound between analyte and matrix before the atomization step and its loss by vaporization in molecular form at the beginning of atomization step or during the pyrolysis step (ii) Expulsion of analyte together with rapidly expanding matrix gases in the atomization step (iii) Occlusion of analyte atoms in microcrystals of matrix in the condensed phase and their carrying out of the furnace without being atomized (iv) Gas phase reaction between analyte and matrix decomposition products in the atomization step (v) Formation of a thermally stable compound between analyte and matrix in the condensed phase. The occurrence of those mechanisms depends on experimental conditions and the kind of analyte and matrix. Although the most of the interferences have been reduced using STPF (Stabilized Temperature Platform Furnace) conditions, appropriate modifier and advanced techniques, it can be completely removed. Therefore, elucidation of interference mechanisms as well as the use of optimum experimental conditions is equally important. In this study, the interference effects of nickel chloride(NiCl2) on the determination of bismuth by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was investigated. For this purpose, by using a specially designed dual cavity platform (DCP), the condensed phase and gas phase interferences can be distinguished due to being allowed the analyte and matrix to be volatized from different cavities. Depending on applied pyrolysis temperature, the occurence of interference mechanisms such as the formation of volatile compound between analyte and matrix, expulsion with matrix decomposition products and gas phase reaction with matrix decomposition products were proved. In addition, the existence of gas/condensed phase reactions between analyte and matrix decomposition products was shown using o dual cavity platform. The effects of various experimental conditions such as pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time, atomization temperature, heating rate in the atomization step, matrix mass and atomization from wall or platform on sensitivity as well as atomization signals were investigated to explain the interference mechanisms. If the pyrolysis temperature was lower than 400 oC and analyte and interferent were mixed in the same cavity of the DCP, a 30 % temperature-independent depressive effect was observed. If analyte and interferent were mixed, in a temperature range between 400 oC and 600 oC, integrated absorbances increased about 20 % and then slightly reduced with temperature up to 1200 oC and finally suddenly drop to baseline at 1300 oC whereas integrated absorbances for matrix-free Bi begin to drop above 500 oC dramatically and continously, and become always lower than those in the presence of nickel chloride. If the analyte and interferent were separated, integrated absorbances for bismuth were reduced 10-15 % at 200 oC and remain almost the same up to 1000 oC and then drop to baseline at 1300 oC. Similar to the case for mixture of analyte and interferent, integrated absorbances were higher than those for matrix-free bismuth above 600 oC. The results show that the interference mechanism depends on the pyrolysis temperature. Different mechanisms become dominant under different experimental conditions. If the pyrolysis temperature is lower than 600 oC the interferences of NiCl2 on bismuth in the atomization step is due to gas-phase reaction. On the other hand, at temperatures higher than 600 oC, NiCl2.6H2O should be very effectively converted to a non-interfering form of (possibly NiO), which may be further converted to Ni upon reduction by carbon. In addition, at elevated temperatures, anhydrous NiCl2 should be removed from the furnace by volatilization. As a result, no reaction with Cl atoms in the gas-phase occurs in the atomization step as well as NiO or Ni does not cause any interference. When colloidal palladium were used as a modifier, the integrated absorbances of bismuth increased and its determination in the presence of nickel chloride was free from interference.It is found that colloidal palladium modified both the analyte and the matrices. Keywords: Bismuth, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, interference effects, dual cavity platform.
Capturing the symbol of death in Maurice Ravel's Le Gibet
Full text linkMaurice Ravel (1875-1937), sanatçı kimliği ve fikirleriyle, yaşadığı döneme damgasını vurmuş bir bestecidir. Sembolizm, Ravel’in etkilendiği önemli bir akım olarak incelenmiştir. Özellikle solo piyano eserlerine bakıldığında, müzik-dışı unsurların ve sembollerin sıklıkla kullanıldığı görülür. Bu sembollerin incelenmesinin Ravel’in söz konusu eserlerine farklı bir bakış açısı getireceği tartışılmıştır. Bu eserler analiz edilirken, Ravel’in adeta bir şair ya da ressam tavrıyla yaklaşarak, değişik bir müzikal ifade yarattığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Ravel’in kendine özgü sonoritesinin, etkilendiği müzik-dışı unsurlarla bir bağlantısı olup olmadığı tartışılmıştır. Ravel’in bazı eserlerinin adlarını oluşturan kelimelerin anlamlarının, eserlerini algılamada bir etkisi olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Bu kelimelerin ortalama dinleyici tarafından nasıl algılandığını gösteren bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Müzisyen ve müzisyen olmayan yetişkinler ve çocuklardan oluşan toplam kırk dokuz gönüllünün katıldığı bu araştırmada, Ravel’in solo piyano müziğinden bazı kesitler katılımcılara dinletilmiş ve hissettiklerini birkaç kelime halinde yazmaları istenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda, Ravel’in solo eserlerinin dinleyici üzerinde belirgin bir etki yarattığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bazı eserlerinin ise, birebir sembolik anlamlar taşıdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Ravel, söz konusu eserleriyle, insan beyninde görüntüler çizmiş ve bu görüntülerin bazıları eserlerin içerdiği sembolik anlamlarla birebir örtüşmüştür. Yapılan çalışmadan, Gaspard de la Nuit (Gecenin Çocuğu) (1908) adlı eserin Le Gibet (Darağacı) adlı bölümü örnek gösterilmiştir. Ravel toplam üç bölümden oluşan bu eserinde, Aloysius Bertrand (1807-1841) adlı bir Fransız şairin aynı adlı gotik şiirinden bazı bölümleri birebir kullanmıştır. Darağacı isimli şiirde işlenilen ölüm teması, araştırmaya katılan dinleyiciler tarafından algılanmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Maurice Ravel, sembolizm, Le Gibet, ölüm, Gaspard de la nuit.Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) is regarded as a well-accomplished composer during his time, as he had been influential with his artistic personality and ideals. Symbolism should be analyzed as an important artistic movement that had inspired Ravel. A thorough analysis of Ravel's solo piano works shows that he had sometimes made use of extra-musical associations and symbols while composing them. Ravel can be said to have taken the role of a poet or a painter, rather than solely a musician, and have created an original sonority by blending different artistic media within music. These extra-musical associations might be important factors in the creation of the Ravelian sonority. Analyzing his pieces parallel with their titles might be essential in capturing different meanings in them. Therefore, a research has been made on random listeners, to test whether any of these titles or symbols were evoked in their brains. A total of forty-nine participants, including musician and non-musician adults and children took part in this research. After listening to a total of thirty-seven solo piano excerpts by Ravel, the participants were asked to write down what they had felt in one-two words. The results showed that Ravel's solo piano works obviously made an effect on the listeners. In general, these excerpts were found to reflect a deep solitude, mainly described as 'stillness', besides several images of nature, mainly water. In some of his pieces, the symbols enclosed in the titles or known influences were directly captured by the listeners. Therefore, it can be said that Ravel had created certain visions in the listeners' brains, and some of these visions had either matched the titles of the pieces or the symbols they had reflected. In this study, the movement titled 'Le Gibet' (The Scaffold) from Gaspard de la Nuit (1908) is discussed. Ravel had been directly influenced from the French poet Aloysius Bertrand's (1807-1841) gothic poem cycle called Gaspard de la Nuit while composing this piece. The concept of death in Le Gibet had been successfully captured by the participants. This study will first mention how Ravel might have been influenced by the Symbolist movement. In Symbolist poetry, words can describe visual imagery to the closest. Likewise, music can be capable of doing the same thing with notes. This is the starting point of the research featured in this study. Ravel had been influenced by the views of Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849), and Paul Verlaine (1844-1896), who are three pioneers in the symbolist literature. Verlaine believed in the music of the words. Ravel, thinking in similar terms, had used the ostinato B-flat pedal as a sound 'effect' in Le Gibet, and composed the whole piece over it. A similar case is mentioned by Poe, in his famous essay 'Philosophy of Composition'. For Baudelaire and Poe, the theme of a poem should be made up of the harmony and the tone color of the words chosen, just like notes in a musical composition. In this study, Ravel's general look on the concepts of death, bells and time will be analyzed together with Bertrand's poem. In Le Gibet, the sorrow and tragedy of death are symbolized together with a stillness in time. For the sorrowful man waiting for his death, time is ticking slowly, and each minute adds more to his agony. Despite this terrifying picture, Ravel focuses more on the solitude of death, and also his inner solitude. This solitude is reflected in the music which moves in a calm manner and at a very slow pace, thus creating the effect of an obsessive time standing still. Two tracks used in the research were extracted from Le Gibet. The first track is the very beginning of the piece, marked by an ostinato B-flat pedal, while the second one is towards the middle, with slowly moving chords creating a misty atmosphere. The answers written for both tracks show a general focus on the words 'funeral', and 'death'. This shows that Ravel was successful in creating vivid scenes or moods parallel with the essence of the poem. Therefore, it can be said that the title of the piece was depicted by the participants. Although the word 'scaffold' is not among any of the answers, 'funeral', and 'death' are considered as parallel concepts to it. Keywords: Maurice Ravel, symbolism, Le Gibet, death, Gaspard de la nuit.
Harîrî bin Muhammed'in Kırşehrî Edvar çevirisinde perdeler
Full text linkIn the bibliography of the history of Turkish music, the clues explaining how the music theory has been are hidden in books called “Kitab-ı Edvar” (book of circles) in which maqam and usul (rythmic patterns) are explained via circles. Likewise, from some of these books, we gain information on how the theory and application of music has been in their period. In this paper, the translation of one of the Edvar books of 15th century, the Kırşehri Edvarı, which has been translated to Turkish by Hariri Bin Muhammed on March, 1469, and which is registrated as “Turc, 1424” in Paris Bibliotheque Nationale Suppl .has been taken into consideration and elaborated. The original of this work has been written in Persian in 1411 by Mevlevi Yusuf Kırşehri, the son of Nizameddin and it is not known where the original is at the moment. Throughout the researches carried out on Yusuf Kırşehri the son of Nizameddin based on the fact that he was a Mevlevi, no resources have been found. There is not enough information about Hariri himself, either, who has translated the work into Turkish. It is believed that he was the son of a silk dealer and a poet who was a contemporary of Veliyüddin Oğlu Ahmet Paşa. Since there are no works registered to Hariri of Bursa in the Tezkires, it remains to be a hypothesis on which there is a wide consensus that he could be the same person who translated the Kırşehri Edvarı. In the work; there are: the prayer and explanation on the reason why the work has been formed, the camel story which purports to illustrate that music is a precious science, maqam and principles concerning maqam (12 maqams, 7 avaze, 4 şube and their relations with 12 constellations, 7 celestial objects and 4 elements of nature as well as terkips), usuls (rythmic patterns), genres of music, the maqams which have to be performed according to certain times of the day and the physiology of the human body and their influences, and tunings of instruments. Although there is no section in Kırşehrî subsumed under “pitches”, the topic of pitches in this paper, is achived through an effort to extract due information from the explanations of maqams and tuning of instruments. Since there are undecipherable and uninterruptible passages about pitches in Kırşehri, works of other theoreticians who are contemporaries of Kırşehri have been brought into comparison in order to clarify the indiscreet parts of Kırşehri’s work. These works are: Hızır bin Abdullah’s Kitabü’l Edvar (1441), Kadızade Mehmet Tirevî‘s Risale-i musiki (1492), and Seydi’s El matla fi beyani’l-edvar ve’l makamat’ıdır (1504). The information achieved at the end of this study has at times been related to the music theory of our day. The explanations in Kırşehrî and Seydî are very close to each other. They both explain the order of the çeng instrument in a similar way and by following the same order. This shows us that Seydi could be using both Kırşehri’s understanding and his work as a resource in his Music Theory. However Tirevi uses four different instruments to explain the orders but these instruments are grouped in two. These are çeng and kanun, tanbur and miskal. The term “pitch” in Kırşehri has been used in expressions. Therefore, we can infer on the basis of these quotes that Kırşehri takes each sound in the maqam as “pitches”. Furthermore, while Kırşehri calls each hole in the ney as “pitches”, he calls the sounds that these holes make when played also as “pitches”. Although Kırşehrî does not clearly state that there are low and high pitches in the distinction of pitches; in the seyir (melodic direction) used in explaining maqams and the recurrent expression of “tiz ber tiz, nerm ber nerm/tizden tize pestten peste” in circles and explanations of maqams, avazes and şubes, while mentioning the seyir of the maqam is also an indication that he is making this distinction. Çeng is primarily designed according to Rast maqam. The pitches in this order are called full pitches and it explains the pitches of other maqams based on the pitches of rast maqam, this is an other clue that shows that the pitches of this maqam are full and the original ones. According to Kırşehri, the pitch line is composed of two octaves starting from nerm-rast (low rast)-rast and ending in gerdaniye with the addition of just the muhayyer pitch from the upper eigth. According to Kırşehrî, when we classify the pitches as full and semi pitches. Keywords: Music Theory, Turkish Music, Books of Edvar, perde-s/pitches.Türk müziği tarihi yazılı kaynaklarında, müzik teorisinin nasıl olduğu konusundaki ipuçları, makam ve usullerin dairelerle anlatıldığı "kitâb-ı edvâr" (daireler kitabı) denilen kitaplarda gizlidir. Ayrıca bu kitapların bazılarından yazıldığı dönemin müzik teorisi ve hatta uygulaması hakkında bilgiler edinmekteyiz. Bu makalede, 15. yy edvar kitaplarından biri olan, Paris Bibliotheque Nationale Suppl. Turc, 1424 numarada kayıtlı, Mart 1469 tarihinde Harîrî bin Muhammed tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiş olan Kırşehrî Edvârı konu edilmektedir. Eserin aslı, Nizameddin oğlu Mevlevi Yusuf Kırşehrî tarafından 1411 yılında Farsça yazılmıştır ve bugün nerede olduğu bilinmemektedir. Müzik teorisi tarihi bakımından Kırşehrî edvarının, Anadolu edvarları arasında ilk yazılan eser olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Eserde dua ve eserin yazılma nedeni, musikinin değerli bir ilim oluşu ve bunun ispatı amacına yönelik deve hikâyesi, makam ve makamla ilgili unsurlar (12 makam, 7 agaze, 4 şube ve bunların 12 burç, 7 gökcismi, 4 ana unsur ile olan ilişkileri, terkipler), usuller, müzik türleri, günün saati ve insan fizyonomisine göre icra edilmesi gereken makamlar ve ilgili unsurlarının etkileri ve çalgı düzenleri konuları yer almaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, kitap hakkında verilen genel bilgilerden sonra sazların düzenleri makam, avaze, şube ve terkiplerin anlatımlarını inceleyerek perdeler konusu üzerinde bir değerlendirme yapmaktır. Bu değerlendirme yapılırken, 15.yy’ın edvar yazarlarından Hızır bin Abdullah’ın Kitabü’l Edvar’ı (1441), Kadızade Mehmet Tirevî’nin Risale-i musiki’si (1492) ve Seydi’nin El matla fi beyani’l-edvar ve’l makamat (1504) adlı eserleri de incelenerek metinler arası bir ilişki kurulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, perde terimi tanımlanarak toplam on dokuz perde açıklanmıştır. Perdeler konusunda elde edilen bilgiler de günümüz müzik teorisi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Müzik teorisi, Türk Müziği, Edvar kitapları, perdeler
Enhancing capacity of optical information storage in a Bose-Einstein condensate
Full text linkBose-Einstein condensates (BECs) have potential to be used in attractive applications. In particular, they have been thought to be suitable for being quantum optical dynamic memories to store coherent quantum optical information. In order to assess and enhance practical value of this proposal, we have performed various realistic examinations using detailed numerical and analytical methods. Firstly, propagation of short pulses of widths in microsecond to nanosecond range through the BEC has been considered. In this part, the influence of dispersion on the temporal characteristics and on the coherent optical information storage capacity is discussed. By modeling ultra-slow short pulses in the condensate under electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) conditions, taking into account pulse broadening, we have determined optimum optical information storage capacity. Secondly, we have investigated conditions limiting the optimum number of optical modes that can be supported by an atomic BEC. In this part, in addition to EIT, a refractive index enhancement scheme was also considered, as it allows for accommodating many numbers of modes in the condensate. Furthermore, we have shown that multi-mode pulses, though less in number can also be realized at the cost of tolerable absorption in the case of EIT scheme. Secondly, we determine the number of optical modes supported by a wave guide in which refractive index enhancement is produced by an atomic BEC. Some analytical approximations have been made neglecting the spatial inhomogeneity. More accurate results have been obtained using a numerical model where the spatial inhomogeneity is taken into account. In the refractive index enhancement model, the predictions of (WKB) theory have been compared with those of fully numerical simulations. In this study, we investigate potential of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates as dynamic memory devices for coherent optical information processing. Specifically, the number of ultra-slow pulses that can be simultaneously present within the storage time in the condensate has been analyzed. By modeling short pulse propagation through the condensate, taking into account high-order dispersive properties, constraints on the information storage capacity has been discussed. The roles of temperature, spatial inhomogeneity, the interatomic interactions and the coupling laser on the pulse shape have been pointed out. For a restricted set of parameters, it has been found that coherent optical information storage capacity would be optimized. Coherent optical information storage capacity of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate is examined. Theory of slow light propagation in atomic clouds is generalized to short pulse regime by taking into account group velocity dispersion. It is shown that the number of stored pulses in the condensate can be optimized for a particular coupling laser power, temperature and interatomic interaction strength. Analytical results are derived for semi-ideal model of the condensate using effective uniform density zone approximation. Detailed numerical simulations are also performed. It is found that axial density profile of the condensate protects the pulse against the group velocity dispersion. We examine the conditions determining the number of optical modes that can be supported by an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. We show that under the conditions of refractive index enhancement via quantum coherence, it is possible to control the number of modes by means of experimentally accessible parameters including trap size, temperature, condensate number density and scattering lengths. Analytical results for the single and two-mode conditions are found. In order to slow down the group velocity we use electromagnetically induced transparency and find detuning parameter corresponding to number of modes. Results of numerical simulations are compared with analytical calculations of the propagation constants for a parabolic-refractive index profile. Furthermore, taking into account finite radial size of the condensate, multi-mode light propagation in atomic Bose-Einstein condensate is investigated. The number of modes that can be supported by a condensate is found. Single mode condition is determined as a function of experimentally accessible parameters including trap size, temperature, condensate number density and scattering length. Quantum coherent atom-light interaction schemes are proposed for enhancing multi-mode light propagation effects. Keywords: Optical memories, Coherent optical effects, Pulse shaping, and Bose-Einstein condensate.Bose-Einstein yoğuşuk maddesini uyumlu optik bilgi işlemleri için dinamik hafıza aleti olarak araştırdık. Özellikle, yoğuşuk maddede depolama zamanı içinde çok yavaş optik darbeler (vurumlar) analiz edildi. Yüksek dereceden dağınım özelliklerini hesaba katarak yoğuşuk maddede optik darbelerin ilerlemesini modelledik. Bu çalışmada atomik sistemin konuma bağlı olarak değişen yoğunluğu, sıcaklık ve atomik çarpışmaların şiddetine göre değişen yoğunluk profili de dikkate alındı. Yapılan analitik hesaplar ile kısa darbenin genişlemesini sıcaklığa, konuma ve atomik çarpışmalara göre analiz ettik. Bir optik darbe yoğuşuk madde içinde rezonans frekansında elektromanyetik olarak indüklenmiş saydamlık etkisi ile çok yavaş ilerletilebilir. Hızı son derece yavaş olduğundan sistem, optik bilgiyi saklama için kullanılabilir. Sınırlı parametreler için eşevreli optik bilgi hafıza kapasitesi bulundu. Ek olarak, radyal yöndeki yoğunluk profilini dikkate alan ve fiber optikte eğimli indeks fiber profili adı ile bilinen model ile yoğuşuk maddenin kırılma indisini modelledik. Yoğunlaşmış maddenin taşıyabileceği mod sayısını analitik olarak irdeledik. Ayrıca optik vurumların Bose-Einstein yoğuşuk maddesinde ilerlemesinde üç boyutlu etkileri ve optik modların sayısındaki bağ koşulları incelendi. Kırılma indisinin arttırılması durumunda daha çok optik modun Bose-Einstein yoğuşuk maddesinde taşınabileceğini gösterdik. Mod sayısının sıcaklığa bağlı değişimini inceledik. Kuvantum eşevrelik sayesinde, deneysel parametreleri kullanarak mod sayısının kontrol edilebileceğini gösterdik. Ayrıca tek ve çok mod koşulları analitik olarak bulundu. Analitik sonuçlar, sayısal sonuçlarla karşılaştırıldı. Anahtar Kelimeler: Optik hafıza, eşevreli optik etkiler, darbe şekli, Bose-Einstein yoğuşması
The effects of the marinas to the public use and proposals
Full text linkMarinalar ve yat turizmi en hızlı gelişen, sosyal ve ekonomik getirisi yüksek turizm dallarının başında gelmektedir. Kıyıların kent ile ilişkisini incelemek mimarlıkta geniş bir araştırma alanıdır. Yalnızca coğrafi konumlarından dolayı değil, yarattıkları kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik potansiyel nedeniyle de kıyılar farklıdırlar. Marinalarda denizden karaya-karadan denize geçişi sağlayan, her iki yön için de belli başlı özellikleri barındırması gereken tesisler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu özelliklerin her iki tarafında; deniz ve kara; konfor, uyum, bağlantılar, çevre ilişkileri gibi şartlarını en elverişli şekilde sağlayabilmesi çok dikkatli ve geniş perspektifli bir tasarım çalışmasını gerektirmektedir. Günümüzde getirileri her geçen gün daha iyi kavranan marinaların sayısında ülkemizde gelecekte çok büyük bir artışın olacağı öngörülmektedir. Ancak marinaların nitelikleri gereği kamusal alanda yer almaları toplumun kıyıdan yararlanmasını kısıtlayan ve dolayısıyla bu olumlu gelecek perspektifini gölgeleyen bir durumu da yaratmaya adaydır. Böyle bir öngörüyle, bu çalışmanın temel amacı, söz konusu sakıncalı durumu tartışmak ve yeni marinaların tasarımına belirli ışık tutabilmek üzere bu problemin çözüm yollarını araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmalar yazılı kaynakların incelenmesi ve konuyla ilgili Türkiye’deki yetkili kişiler ve mevcut marinaların yöneticileri ile görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesi ile oluşturulmaktadır. Bu değerlendirilmelerin sonucunda yeni yapılması düşünülen marinaların kıyı bandını kamusal alan olarak kullanmaya imkân verecek şekilde, kıyı hattını bölen tesislerinin daha iç bölgelerde planlayabilecekleri ve kıyıyı kamuya sosyal tesisler ile birlikte sunarak marina içinde ticari getirileri oluşturulabileceği önerilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Marina, kamusal alan, kıyı çizgisi, yat turizmi.Marinas are regarded as a mid point for people to set out to sea as far as their location and functions are considered. However, they are at that point expected to offer public service and act as a bridge for the whole society to reach out to sea. A significant increase in the number of marinas is expected to take place in our country as their advantages and benefits are better realized each and every day. However, the location of marinas on the coasts, which are also public areas, as required by their nature, prevent the society from using the sea to some extent and it is highly likely that such increase will shadow this positive future perspective. The reaction of the society, which is getting more sensitive to the environment every day, towards the construction of new marinas represents a clear sign of concrete and current truth where this unfavorable situation is no longer, creates anticipation. Nevertheless, the remedies for this significant problem seem somehow to be lacking. As such, the primary aim of this thesis is to suggest some ways to solve the problem of public use in coastal areas regarding the construction of a several marinas which is expected to be soon on the agenda in Turkey. For this purpose we study in this thesis the points that attention should be paid in designing of new marinas in order to turn them into social facilities beyond the satisfaction of standard requirements and to make the relation of the neighboring community with the sea much easier. Marinas which are only used as locations for those boat owners who want to keep their boats until today are now designed as locations which attract the people who love sea and want to set out to sea because marinas are built on coasts-public spaces. They are tried to be made lively and growing areas which have a positive affect on its surrounding. The infrastructure, superstructure and legal adjustments are not adequate for the rapidly developing yacht tourism and they become as a handicap for new marinas. The yacht/marina business has been popular because the investment period is short and the marina investments which would provide the same number of beds as hotel investments are 60% cheaper. As places of operational activity, marinas are not fixed and they address to an elite society and only a small number of staff is required. However, the rapid development is not maintained in a positive way due to the problems of infrastructure, transportation, qualified personnel, competitive requirements and legal adjustments. The success in marina business depended on its organization as a service sector, which is in direct connection to the features of the setting of service as well as the quality of service. Therefore, it shall be necessary to increase the facilities of the existing marinas and build new marinas. To attach primary importance to the spatial qualities of the marinas as well as the clients' expectations and satisfaction during the planning and construction stage and operators should be kept the service quality at the highest level. All kinds of settlements causing damage to the shores should be prevented. In addition to this, the settlements integrating with the shore and open area adjustments for public; like marinas; should be introduced. The general planning principles of the existing marinas in Turkey are very similar to each other. Marinas in Turkey prevent people to use the coast as a public space as it has explained in laws. As we have already seen in the examples tried abroad or in recent examples designed and built in our country, different alternatives of these settlement forms which satisfy the needs of the surrounding community are also of crucial important. A plan can be developed and offered to the marina users and designers keeping shores as the property of public. Moreover this plan should include the facilities in the sea occupying only a minimum area of the shore. The design should allow sufficiently large areas along the shore available for the use of general public. By the means of this planning strategy public facilities which require to be on land can be planned a bit out of shoreline and open areas can be created for the use of public. Thus the facilities can be designed in a way to be more interesting and to encourage the community open to the sea. Keywords: Marinas, public space, shore line, yacht tourism
The spatial distribution process of real estate agencies and housing market in Istanbul
Full text linkTürkiye’de özellikle büyük kentlerde, 1950’li yıllardan itibaren köyden kente göç, hızlı nüfus artışı ve kentsel araziler üzerindeki plansız, altyapısı yetersiz yerleşimlerin oluşumu ile hızlı ve olumsuz bir mekânsal farklılaşma gözlenmektedir. Bu mekânsal farklılaşma, her alanda olduğu gibi konut piyasası açısından şehirlerin özelliklerini ve çevre şartlarını göz önüne alan bir planlama çerçevesinde konut ihtiyacını karşılayacak tedbirleri almayı, kısaca talep arz dengesinin kurulması gereğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı; konut ihtiyacına yönelik değişen dünya şartlarını, günümüz Türkiye’sinde ve İstanbul’da irdeleyerek, tarihsel açıdan sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik, politik perspektifte değerlendirmek; konut sorunu ve boyutlarını ortaya koymak; konut talebini belirlemek, bu talebin piyasa tarafından nasıl karşılandığı sorusuna yanıt aramak; konut ihtiyacını karşılamak için, toplumun her kademesine yönelik konut arzını hayata geçirecek önlemler alınması gereğini vurgulayarak, çözüm önerileri geliştirmektir. Önerilen araştırma projesi kapsamında İstanbul’da yapılacak emlak şirketleri ve konut kullanıcılarına yönelik anket soruşturması ve istatistiksel veriler Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ortamında incelenmiş ve konut ihtiyacındaki değişimler ve sorunlar anketler yardımıyla sorgulanmıştır. Bu makalede araştırma konuları arasından bir bölüm seçilmiş ve konut piyasası, emlak şirketlerinin rolü kapsamında mekânsal değerlendirmeler yapılarak irdelenmiştir. Araştırma amacına yönelik olarak; İstanbul’da konut piyasasında konut üretimi, talep ve arz faklılaşmaları, İstanbul’un ilçelerinde hanehalklarının sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik yapıları, ilçelerin fiziksel özellikleri, emlak komisyoncularının dağılımı, İlçelere göre arazi değeri ve yaşam kalitesi faklılaşmaları araştırılmış, konut piyasasına katkı sağlayacak sonuç ve öneriler sunulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Konut piyasası, deprem, talep, arz, emlak komisyoncuları, mekânsal dağılım.A rapid and negative spatial differentiation has been observed, especially in big cities in Turkey, after the 1950's migration from the rural to the city, together with rapid increase in urban population and settlements in urban land with insufficient planning or infrastructures. As a consequence of this spatial differentiation it has become necessary to take all possible measures in every arena as well as the housing market as far as meeting the housing demand within a framework of planning, taking into consideration city characteristics and environmental conditions and in summary, establishing the balance between demand and supply. The 1999 earthquake has become a major factor affecting the housing market in Istanbul. August 17th, 1999 earthquake has been the turning point for the public to scrutinize the quality and safety of construction systems and geological location, especially in the housing market in Istanbul, where rapid increase of population and migration have been creating serious social disorders. In a very short time, changes in housing preferences with fear of an earthquake and new political and legal arrangements in the housing market have reflected in the urban environment. Shortly, urban development dynamics have changed with the earthquake. The purpose of the proposed ITU research project, is to analyze; changes in housing demand from a global perspective, in today`s Turkey and in Istanbul, evaluating the social, cultural, economical and political situation from a historical stand point; presenting the housing problem and its dimensions; the housing demand, and trying to determine how this demand is met by the market; developing solutions and recommendations, emphasizing the need for taking all necessary measures in meeting the housing demands of all levels in the society. The study is also to analyze questionnaire results (real estate agencies and households) and statistical data with the help of GIS (Geographical Information Systems) scrutinizing the changes in housing demand and housing problems. The earthquake in 1999 and the economic crises that took place afterwards affected the housing markets and the spatial distribution of real estate agents in the last ten years in Istanbul and the different socioeconomic structures of districts were also affected. The aim of this paper is, to scrutinize the role of Real Estate Agencies in these changes and to research the differentiation in the housing and real estate markets before and after the earthquake. In relation with this aim, socio-economic structures of households, housing production, differentiation in demand and supply in the housing market and distribution of real estate agencies have been investigated. The distribution of real estate agents will be examined with the help of GIS and the differentiation will be scrutinized for the 1995-2005 period. In this study, conducted with the purpose of investigating the spatial distribution of real estate agents, relations between demographic, physical and economic characteristics of districts were examined. Demographic data such as population and its rate of increase, density, number of households and physical characteristics such as land use, kinds of housing, wealth of districts, distance to city center, size, date of becoming districts and land value characteristics of districts have been researched and the distribution of real estate agencies have been analyzed. It has been observed that close relationships exist between demographic and physical characteristics of districts and distribution of real estate agents. A significant finding of this research has been that the differences in physical, demographical and economical characteristics of Istanbul's districts show variations in the number and density of real estate agencies. According to the analysis, where population and number of households are high and districts are wealthier, there are a higher number of real estate agencies; where date of becoming a district is recent, the size of the district is large, the rate of population increase is high, and away from the city center, the number of real estate agencies is lower. According to the results of the analysis; old districts, which function as centers and sub-centers in which the real estate agents are concentrated; restructuring the existing stock in certain standards and construction of high quality houses in the new districts and districts located on the edges where the increase in the number of real estate agents is high and the demand increase after the earthquake are matters that need to be taken up urgently. Keywords: Housing market, earthquake, demand, supply, real estate agencies, spatial distribution.
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