itüdergisi (E-Journals - İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Istanbul Teknik Uniersity., İTÜ)
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Urban performance assessment in decision process for local governments
Get PDFBu çalışmada, şehirsel karar alma sürecine yardımcı bir araç olarak yerel yönetimler tarafından kullanılabilecek bir performans ölçme ve değerlendirme modelinin çerçevesi araştırılmış ve İstanbul İtfaiye Teşkilatı performans değerlendirmesi için kullanılabilecek bir model önerisi geliştirilmiştir. Performans ölçme konusu, 1930’lu yılların başlarından itibaren, özellikle iş idaresi ve iktisat konularında yaygın olarak kullanıla gelen bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntemin yerel yönetimlerde kullanılması için teorik temeller, 1990’ların başında atılmış, ortalarında ise kullanımına başlanmıştır. Performans en genelde şekliyle, belirlenen hedeflere ulaşılıp ulaşılmadığının değerlendirilmesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu yöntem yerel yönetimlerde, sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması, program ve hizmetlerin yürütülebilmesi için gereken kaynakların dağılımı yönlendirmesi ve hizmetlerden yararlananların memnuniyet düzeylerinin arttırılması amacıyla kullanılmaktadır.Cities create a complex and dynamic form with their buildings, infrastructures, services and population. Politicians, city planners and decision-makers are faced with the problems to understand the cities. Existence of these problems though logical approaches, concepts and models imply new methods. The aim of this study is to create a performance measurement and assessment model as a contributive tool for decision-making process for local governments and to create a model for the Istanbul Fire Brigade Organization. Performance assessment process for the local governments is a term defining measuring and regular reporting of the activities of services. The key point of performance assessment is the "outcomes" of the service units instead of the physical "outputs". Performance is the outcome of the activities. Three main reasons for operating performance assessment are; 1) Accountability of the public services for citizens and elected people, 2) Motivating service providers for continuous improvement of quality and outcomes and, 3) Establishing credibility of the voters to the governments. Performance assessment is in use for efficiency and productivity. The benefits with the implementation of the method are; appropriate distribution of resources, sustainability and democratic participation
Proposals on adaptability of urban renewal in Turkey
Get PDFBu araştırmanın amacı şehir yenileme olgusunu planlama, mevzuat ve yönetim tabanında bir yaklaşım olarak ele almak suretiyle, Türkiye’de şehir yenilemenin uygulanabilirliğini irdelemek ve bu konuda öneriler oluşturmaktır. Hedefe ulaşmak üzere şehir yenileme olgusu, farklı ülkelere referanslar göndererek gözden geçirilecektir. Bu genel çerçevenin çizilmesinin ardından, ülkemizin planlama süreci ve mevzuatı içinde şehir yenilemenin yeri konusunda Ankara, İzmir ve İstanbul’da yapılan yerel yönetimler araştırmasının sonuçlarını da ihtiva eden saptamalar yapılacak; sonuç olarak öneriler sunulacaktır. Öneriler Türkiye’de sürekli bir devingenlik içinde bulunan şehirlerin sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamanın temel kurallarından olan şehir yenilemeyi etkin kılmak üzere ilkelerin saptanması, planlama, mevzuat ve yönetim zemininde yapılması gerekli düzenlemelerden oluşmaktadır.The objective of this research is to examine the applicability of the urban renewal in Turkey, having considered the act of urban renewal as an approach based on planning, regulations and administration, and to develop suggestions in this respect. For achieving such an objective, the act of urban renewal will be reviewed by having made references to different countries. After having underlined the matters as above, we hereby aim to make determinations containing the results of such researches carried out before the local administrations of Ankara, İzmir and İstanbul under the planning process of our country and the relevant by-laws, and consequently the suggestions will be made accordingly. The relevant proposals and suggestions will be comprised of the arrangements that require to be carried out on the basis of planning, by-laws and administration so as to give influence to the urban renewal which is one of the basic rules of providing the sustainability of the cities which are in continuous change today in Turkey
New organization strategies of industrial areas - İstanbul case study
Get PDFGünümüzde ileri bilgi teknolojileri ve telekomünikasyondaki gelişmelerin etkisiyle, sanayi alanları yerseçimi ekonomileri önemini kaybetmeye başlamış, sanayi alanları bir ölçüde alana bağlı olmaktan kurtulmuştur. Bu çalışmada İstanbul Metropoliten Alan bütününde üretim alanlarının yapısal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, desantralizasyon koşullarının test edilmesi ve yeni yer seçimi eğilimlerinin ortaya konması amaçlanmaktadır. İstanbul’da merkez özelliği gösteren yerleşmelerde bulunan küçük sanayi kuruluşları ve büyük sanayi kuruluşları ile anket çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Buna göre, büyük sanayi kuruluşlarının yer seçimi tercihlerinde “ekonomik büyüme potansiyeli” ile “pazar” faktörlerinin en fazla tercih edilen faktörler olduğu ve “işgücü sunusu” faktörünün bütün sanayi kuruluşlarında diğer faktörlere göre daha az önemsenen faktör olduğu tespit edilmiştir.The manufacturing industry which is one of the specialized activities in cities defines the value added characteristics of raw materials that facilitate the development of commerce. Because of the settlement models of the location of industry and it?s relation with political control and their effects on cultural landscape in the whole environment, industry has an important effect from the point of urban planners. Today, with the development of information technology and telecommunication, location economies of industrial areas have lost their importance and decrease their dependence to the area. In this research, determination of structural properties of production areas in the whole of Istanbul Metropolitan Area, testing the decentralization conditions and creating new industrial location tendencies are aimed. To put forward the reasons of transformations and differentations in the Central Business District (CBD) and sub-centers depend on the development process of settlements and determine the expectations and tendencies of manufacturing industry locations, questionnaires with small scale manufacturing industries locating in CBD, 2nd and 3rd degree sub-centers and large scale manufacturing industries were done. According to data getting from the questionnaires, the most prefered factors for large scale manufacturing industries are "economic growth potential" and "market". "Cheap land supply" is the third prefered factor. "Labour supply" factor is the least prefered factor by both small scale and large scale manufacturing industries
The infrastructural transformation of space
Get PDFKapitalist örgütlenme ve sermaye, diğer her şey gibi (emek, üretim araçları, pazarlama) mekanı da karlılığını maksimize edecek bir altyapı olarak görür. Mekan araçsallaşır niceliksel bir değere indirgenir. Mekan kapitalist ekonominin değişen koşullarına bağlı olarak her defasında yeniden tarif edilir, örgütlenir, gerekirse tümden yok edilir ve yerine yeni ilişkilerin yer alabileceği ortamlar yaratılır. Bu durum karşısında mekanı sadece uzamsal bir biçimleniş olarak tarif etmek yetersiz kalmaktadır. Mekanı etkileyen kapitalist üretim ilişkileri ve örgütlenme biçimlerinin neler olduğu, bu güçlerin mekanı nasıl dönüştürdüğü ve mimarlık disiplininin tüm bunlar karşısında kendi epistemolojisini nasıl kurması gerektiği bu çalışmanın konusudur.Space is considered as an array of geometric relations or a specific spatial formation by architecture altough it is a product of social phenomena and productive relations. Formation of space is defined as the subject of architecture, but the force or will behind the formation of space is generally underestimated. Capitalistic organization of society and the Capital itself, sees space as a tool or infrastructure which helps maximization of its profit - like every other thing: labour, means of production, production techniques, organization of labour and promotion. Capitalistic organization of society and the capital's power of transforming material conditions is not limited to people who are a part of those processes.The transformative power of capitalistic economy, also creates a spatial mobility and transformation. In this respect, space is reduced to an instrumental, quantitative value. The space is always redefined, reorganized according to the needs and changing conditions of capitalistic economy. And it can be destroyed if it's necessary, and brand new space can be created in which new relations and conditions occur. The subject of this study is to explain capitalistic production relations and organization forms which shape and reshape space and try to show how such forces transform the space and try to answer this final question: How and why architecture -as a discipline which is concentrated on space- should construct its own epistemology? Space can not be understood within old conception in modern capitalistic societies. Architecture should create new criteria for evaluating new spaces
Yüzyıl dönümünde İstanbul?da yapı dış cephelerinde kullanılan yapay taşların mimari değerlendirmesi
Get PDFThe material defined as "artificial stone", frequently used on the façades of the late 19th and early 20th century buildings, is a mixture of binder, aggregate and other additives and may either be applied directly as a coating on wall surfaces or precast in moulds and then attached to façades as decorative architectural elements. One of the effects of the Industrial Revolution in 19th century was a tendency to standardize architectural production, which in turn moved away from time-consuming and costly traditional techniques in search of those in accordance with the dynamic social, economic and cultural structure of the period. One of the resulting solutions was the rapidly mass-produced artificial stones that replaced the traditional stone masonry. The aim of this research is to evaluate the use of artificial stone on the exterior façades of buildings dated to turn of the last century in terms of architecture and conservation science. The program includes a detailed research in written sources focusing on material history, studying their invention, development and use as well as architectural design and construction techniques and styles. The sources which may be categorized as a history of materials and techniques, including books, booklets, reports and patent texts are very colourful, detailed and bear much first-hand information as well as extensive cross-references. It is very interesting to see that not only these early modern scientist but also the authors who are in fact master craftsmen were very well informed about the work of their predecessors as well as that of their colleagues in different countries. Turkey and more specifically Istanbul, located on the periphery of these developments in architecture, techniques and materials, was also affected contemporaneously. However, it is only partially possible to trace this transformation in publications and archive material. The main sources of information are the period buildings themselves. Thus, the use of artificial stone was evaluated with reference to architectural, material and application characteristics. Field-work enabled the selection of ca. 30 buildings for sampling, and the number was reduced to 15 in the final stage, focusing on those buildings reflecting the characteristics of their period. Samples were taken from various types of artificial stone used in architectural programs of different styles. Generally speaking, artificial stones consist of flat plaster coatings applied in-situ and architectural elements with decorative reliefs, some of which may be load-bearing and which may be produced with different types of moulds either in-situ or precast at the workshop. The experiments, conducted according to related national and international standards based on research programs recommended for similar mortar and plaster samples in literature, enabled the determination of the physical, raw material and mineralogical characteristics of the samples. Results indicate that all the binders have hydraulic quality, some being artificial cements and/or natural water limes and others being fat limes mixed with mostly artificial pozzolanic additives, such as brick dust and ash, charcoal or slag as well as some natural pozzolanas such as opal. Some of the limes included magnesite, which is known to enhance the mechanical properties, whereas the identification of calcium sulphate (in XRD and SEM-EDS analyses) enabled the identification cements, as this additive is known to have been used since the 1850s to regulate the setting characteristics of these binders. Those including higher ratios, on the other hand, may be identified as calcium sulphate based binders, which appear frequently in literature. The physical characteristics of the plasters are somewhat different, compared to similar mortars and concretes: The densities and binder/aggregate ratios are generally higher, porosities lower and the size of the aggregates is smaller. The plasters may have single or multiple (two to three) layers. As it may be expected, compared to the lower rough layers, the upper finishing layers are denser, have higher binder/aggregate ratios and include aggregates smaller in size and usually lighter in colour, such as white sands and lime stones as well as marble pieces in some cases. Fibrous aggregates as well as artificial aggregates with pozzolanic qualities are used in almost all samples, including those with hydraulic binders, indicating a continuity of tradition and/or distrust in these new materials. Keywords: Artificial stone, the development of hydraulic binders, historic cements.“Yapay taş” olarak tanımlanan malzeme, 19. yüzyıl sonu ve 20. yüzyıl başı mimarlığında özellikle dış cephelerde sıklıkla kullanılan, bağlayıcı, agrega ve diğer bazı katkılardan oluşan ve doğrudan yüzeylere uygulanan ya da kalıplara dökülerek hazırlandıktan sonra yüzeylere sabitlenen, bir kaplama ve bezeme malzemesi ve tekniğidir. 19. yüzyılda gerçekleşen Endüstri Devrimi’nin de etkisiyle standartlaşan ve serileşen mimarlık üretimi, gerektirdiği iş gücü ve süre nedeniyle maliyeti yüksek geleneksel sistemlerden uzaklaşarak, döneminin dinamikleşen sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel yapısına uygun malzeme ve uygulama yöntemlerinin arayışına girer. Ortaya çıkan çözümlerden biri, pahalı ve yavaş geleneksel taş işçiliği yerine benzer görüntüye sahip, daha hızlı ve seri olarak üretilebilen yapay taş teknolojisidir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, sözü edilen dönemde yapı dış cephelerinde kullanılan yapay taşları mimarlık ve koruma bilimi açısından değerlendirmektir. Öncelikle malzemelerin gelişimi ve yaygın kullanıma girişine yönelik, mimari uygulama yöntemleri ve üslupları da kapsayan geniş bir kaynak taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kullanımla ilgili incelemeler ise yapı dış cephelerinin mimari, malzeme ve uygulama niteliklerine odaklanmıştır. Arazi çalışması sonucu, döneminin özelliklerini yansıtan yapılar seçilerek, yapı dış cephelerinin mimari düzeni içinde yer alan farklı yapay taş uygulamalarından örnekler alınmıştır. Yapay taş başlığı altında farklı sıva teknikleri ile kabartma bezekli mimari elemanlar ele alınmaktadır. Benzer harç ve sıvalar için literatürde önerilen çalışma programları esas alınarak ilgili ulusal ve uluslararası standartlara uygun olarak gerçekleştirilen deneylerle, temelde hidrolik nitelik taşıyan harçlardan oluşan bu örneklerin fiziksel, hammadde ve mineralojik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yapay taş, hidrolik bağlayıcıların gelişimi, erken çimentolar
İstanbul kent merkezi yakın çevresindeki konut alanlarında kullanım ve kullanıcı farklılaşması
Get PDFOver the time, historical centers of cities have experienced changes in their function and social structure. Development of business activities in the centrums by influencing the surrounding housing districts, rapid increase of the traffic density, and the adverse environmental conditions like noise, air pollution etc. have been affecting the demographic structure around the old city core formed by different income groups. As a result of the concentration of low income families in city centers due to easier transportation possibilities, middle and high income groups have been migrating outside the cities. The houses left empty during the development of the centre, causing high income groups move towards outskirts, had to change their functions since the owners could no longer afford their maintenance and repair costs. This change in the user profile has affected the inner and outer components of the buildings and forced them to fit to the new conditions. In the developed countries, results of the escape from centers were handled seriously and the centers were revitalized. In Istanbul also a functional change is observed, especially in the residential buildings. This study investigated this process of transformation through a research project conducted in the southern part of the Istanbul Historical Peninsula (old city center). Historical peninsula of Istanbul has experienced considerable change in recent years. This transformation began mainly from the residential areas close to Sultanahmet, the most touristic district of Istanbul and in other residential areas where tourism is a priority-like Cankurtaran. In this study, functional changes and differentiation of user profiles around Istanbul old city core are investigated and survey shows that, the majority of the ground floors of the buildings are used for residential commercial, tourism, and atelier functions. The ratio of empty, unoccupied buildings in the area is also high. Since most of the ground floors are used for commercial purposes, the use of residential areas on the upper floors has increased and their use for commercial reasons decreased. From this sample, the land use of the research area was divided into 4 different sub-groups: Tourism, Residential, Manufacturing and Trade Areas. The research revealed two sources of this change. The first is that a transformation took place as the municipality decided to move the small manufacturing facilities outside the district. The result of this decision has been the growth of unoccupied buildings in the old city center of Istanbul. These buildings have been constructed as residence but have lost their functional, structural and even environmental characteristics because they were transformed to manufacturing facilities. Although the aim of the municipality is to transform these evacuated buildings into residential use once again, the initial stage of such a transformation cannot be reported because the evacuation of the area has not yet been completed and some of the manufacturing facilities are still operational. It appears that the transformation of the district is problematic and that more time is needed to complete the transformation process. The second reason is the unplanned transition from a residential area to an area essentially serving tourism (hotels and pensions), and the corresponding transition in commerce from textiles to leather and carpets to support the tourist industry. The biggest transformation in the research area is from housing to other sectors. The houses and empty buildings in the research area have been transformed into commercial buildings and tourism facilities. Commercial buildings are also transforming so that they accommodate tourism sector rather than targeting the needs of the residents of the neighborhood. The residential stock present in the district has been rapidly depleted, and the number of residents in the area has begun to decrease as a result. The area is gradually gaining a business center character and thus negatively affecting the residents. The data collected in this research show that the role of tourism in the process of inner city transformation and it is possible to renovate the buildings for touristic purposes. The physical and economic future of the buildings can be extended by this approach and they will therefore survive longer. However it is important to carry on the vitality of community and the residential population in particular should be encouraged to remain in the area. This would prevent this area from becoming a 'ghost town' at the end of working day. Keywords: City center, residential areas, regeneration, rehabilitation.Dünya’daki kentlerin çoğu bir farklılaşma süreci yaşamakta ve bu kentlerin merkezlerinin yakın çevresindeki konut alanları da zaman içinde iç ve dış etkenlerce değişime uğramaktadır. Bu değişimler bazen fonksiyonların, bazen dokunun, bazen de sosyal yapının değişimi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Şehir eski merkezi yakın çevresinde, merkezi iş faaliyetlerinin çevrelerindeki konut alanlarını etkisi altına alarak büyümesi, trafik yoğunluğunun artması ve gürültü, hava kirliliği gibi olumsuz çevre koşulları vb. nedenler, farklı gelir gruplarının biçimlendirdiği demografik yapı üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Bu alanda yaşayan orta ve yüksek gelirli ailelerin şehir dışına göç etmeye başlamasıyla boşalan konut yapıları, bu grubun yerini düşük gelirli mülk sahiplerinin alması nedeniyle kullanıcı değiştirmek veya farklı bir işleve tahsis edilmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu kullanım ve kullanıcı değişikliği, yapıları oluşturan iç ve dış bileşenlerin de yeni koşullara uyarlanmasını gerektirmiştir. Bu araştırmada İstanbul’da da son yıllarda Tarihi Yarımada’nın Marmara Denizi tarafındaki konut alanlarında görülen işlevsel değişmeler ve kullanıcı farklılaşmalarını incelemek amacıyla Sultanahmet ve Cankurtaran mahalleleri seçilmiştir. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda bölgede konuttan turizm işlevine bir dönüşüm yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu işlevsel dönüşüme bağlı olarak fiziksel yapının iyileştiği, ancak daha önce bu bölgede yaşamakta ailelerin alandan taşındığı, alana turizm ve yeme içme sektöründe çalışan kişiler ile tek kişilik hane halklarından oluşan genç nüfusun gelmeye başladığı görülmüştür. Bu durum alanda nüfus azalmasına neden olduğu gibi, aidiyet ve sahiplenme duygularının devamının sağlanmasında da güçlükler oluşturabilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Şehir merkezi, konut alanları, yeniden canlandırma, rehabilitasyon
Türkiye'nin kırsal yapısı: AB düzeyinde bir karşılaştırma
Get PDFCivilization has started with the agricultural revolution and has proceeded with the industrialization. The beginning of settlements forms the roots of today's urban areas in which most of the world population resides. However, this trend never demolished the importance of rural areas. The term "rural area" was used originally as the home of agricultural activities to identify the areas which were not urban. However, defining rural areas as the non-urban space or the domain where agriculture and physical landscape are important is inadequate to describe today's complex reality. The discrimination of rural and urban areas becomes increasingly fuzzy. Consequently, rural areas are increasingly a part of the modern leisure industry, with mass tourism on the one hand and small-scale recreation on the other hand. In other words, further than the traditional productive function of rural areas viz. supplying agricultural, agro-food, forestry goods, goods from extractive industries and craft products, rural areas have become an environment for living and leisure activities. "Rural area" is an often used term in policy circles as well as in the scientific community and public debates; nevertheless, there is no unequivocal definition of this term, which often combines regions with many diverse features. Rural is a fuzzy concept which is contested in terms of identifying the critical parameters of rural space. Various ways of classification and definition in the literature are derived to define rurality including the level of population density, the rate of population loss or gain, settlement size, local economic structure and landscape. Actually, the meaning of rurality depends on the perception of each individual who integrates visions of rurality into everyday life. Moreover, rural has also been used in different contexts from developed countries to the underdeveloped ones. The developmental processes of social, economic and political restructuring in many countries are reshaping rural areas, and pushes governments to focus more on them. Especially in Europe the future of rural peripheries as well as the future of rural societies becomes an important development and planning issue in the EU. The globalization, liberalization, free market activities and changes of cultural values have led rural areas to become more consumerized and more externally interrelated. 80% of Europe is now rural by sheltering 25% of its population. The European Commission describes rural areas as complex economic, natural and cultural locations, which cannot be characterized by a one-dimensional criterion such as population density, agriculture or natural resources. Rural areas considered in terms of their cultural, social, political, and economic aspects -and especially in terms of their futures - have attracted much attention of governments. From this perspective, rurality of a candidate country is often the last negotiation issue taken into consideration by the EU. Turkey as the most discussed candidate is now in the accession period and during the negotiation its rurality will certainly be addressed. The complexity of Turkey's rurality is recognized by the EU and the academic world. However, its rurality is not yet evaluated as a whole. Against this background, the aim of this paper is to compare and evaluate Turkey's rurality with the EU countries on the basis of selected rural indicators. The data and information used for comparison and evaluation of 26 countries are based on Eurostat and World Bank data. A multidimensional classification technique, factor analysis, is deployed to reduce 15 indicators, while 5 main factors, viz. underdevelopment, demography, urbanization, higher education and industrialization levels are used to define Turkey's rurality in the European context. The study first offers a literature review to identify rural indicators that are often used to measure rurality of a region. In the following, the EU and Turkey's rurality are compared while giving information about the data and methodology of the study. The paper concludes by discussing the results of the study while proposing some guidelines for further study. The results of our study show that Turkey has the lower and upper values and even becomes sometimes an outlier in regard to each chosen indicators compared to the EU member states. In other words, Turkey having the highest score of rurality is rather far from EU-25. The nearest countries to Turkey are Ireland and Portugal. Therefore, rurality of EU-25 is also different between all of its member states. Keywords: Rurality; Turkey; rural areas, European Union.Avrupa’nın kırsal çeperleri ve toplumunun geleceği Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarafından kalkınma ve planlamanın en önemli konularından biri olarak görülmektedir. Pek çok araştırmacı ve uluslararası kuruluş (ör: OECD, AB) kırsal alan dinamiklerini anlamak ve uygun politikalar geliştirmek amacıyla farklı kırsallık göstergeleri belirleyerek çeşitli kırsal alan tipolojileri geliştirmişlerdir. Bu tipolojilerde kullanılmak üzere belirlenen göstergeler, nüfus, göç, ekonomik yapı, performans, sosyal refah, eşitlik, çevre ve sürdürülebilirlik gibi pek çok farklı konuyu içeren geniş bir yelpazeye yayılmaktadır. Ancak genel yaklaşım, kırsallığı daha çok nüfus, nüfus yoğunluğu gibi demografik göstergelerle ölçme yönündedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, seçilmiş kırsal gelişme göstergeleri temelinde Türkiye’nin kırsal yapısını AB üye ülkeleri ile karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirmek ve Türkiye’nin AB içindeki yerini tanımlamaktır. Çalışmada 25 AB ülkesi ve Türkiye’yi içeren bir örneklem ile Eurostat ve Dünya Bankası verileri temelinde karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmede çok değişkenli analiz yöntemlerinden faktör analizi kullanılarak Türkiye’nin Avrupa içindeki kırsal yapısı gelişmemişlik, demografi, kentleşme, yüksek öğrenim ve sanayileşme faktörleri temelinde değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, AB ülkelerinin kırsallık bağlamında homojen bir yapıya sahip olmadığını, Kuzey ve Güney Avrupa ülkeleri arasında önemli farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Öte yandan, çalışmanın sonuçları bu genel yapı içinde Türkiye’nin Avrupa ortalamasından oldukça uzak olmasına karşın göreli olarak Güney Avrupa ülkelerine daha yakın durduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kırsallık, Türkiye, kırsal alanlar, Avrupa Birliği
Türkiye'de il ve bölgelerin rekabet gücü analizi
Get PDFBeing one of the most pervasively emphasized concepts in the contemporary development literature, competitiveness has gained a significant importance in tune with the economic restructuring of recent times. The concept represents high efficiency levels in terms of firm competitiveness on the one hand; and, on the other, refers to an agglomeration of firms articulated in supra-local, moreover, in global commodity and service networks and to a total improvement of wealth of the society in terms of regional competitiveness. It is, therefore, researched in a three-dimensioned way in this study including national, regional and firm level competitiveness. This study focused on the regional competitiveness level. The regional policies for embodying a local development success seem to have intensified on creating highly capable regional competitive structures even though a general consensus has not been settled upon its definition yet. Many projects of innovativeness and technological development have been prepared and applied both in the European Region and in Turkey. This study aims at arriving to construct a competitiveness index for the regional competitiveness levels which explains the main sources of the competitive structure of regions in Turkey. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this study includes three main chapters. The introduction chapter represents a literature survey with a detailed assessment of the development of regional competitiveness in tune with the innovativeness perspective. The second chapter deals with the evaluation of indicators of existing competitiveness indices, including four main groups which are economic, social, physical structure and innovativeness potential. The development of a competitiveness index for Turkey constitutes the main framework of the third chapter. This framework methodologically depends upon the principle component analysis (PCA) and the hierarchical clustering analysis. Sub-indices of competitiveness, including innovative economy, qualified labor, industry, economic activity and tourism and trade, are defined by using 32 variables. Besides, the provinces in Turkey are classified by the application of the hierarchical clustering analysis in tune with the regional competitiveness index and with the above-mentioned sub-indices. The interpretations of the results are in the fourth chapter. This classification shows that the most competitive region in Turkey is İstanbul. In the second place come the provinces of Ankara, İzmir and Antalya. The provinces which are known as industrial regions or tourism centers constitute the third group. These provinces are Muğla, Aydın, Balıkesir, Kocaeli, Bursa, Kayseri, Gaziantep, Adana, Denizli, Bolu, Tekirdağ, Eskişehir, Kırklareli, Sakarya, Konya, Edirne, Yalova, Isparta and Mersin. The provinces which are in the fourth group come from different NUTs I regions all over the county. The others which are eastern provinces constitute the fifth group. The spatial distribution of the outcomes of this classification is presented via Arc-GIS software. The NUTs II regions also have been classified according to the competitiveness of the provinces and five regional levels have been identified. The outcomes of this classification indicate that the regional competitiveness of the provinces does not represent a homogeneously distributed structure. While there are some provinces in lower competitiveness group in the competitive regions, there are some provinces in non-competitive regions which have industrial potential but which can not increase urban life quality. Conclusions are presented in the final chapter. The findings of this research indicate that defining source of the competitiveness is needed in order to develop more effective urban and regional strategies. Because every region or city has unique characteristic that affects its competitiveness performance. Keywords: Regional competitiveness, regional competitiveness index, Turkey, NUTs II Regions, principle component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis.Bölgesel rekabet gücünün artan önemi, kentsel ve bölgesel düzeyde rekabet gücünün tanımlanmasını gerekli duruma getirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Türkiye’deki bölgelerin birbirleriyle rekabet güçleri baz alınarak karşılaştırılmalarını sağlayacak bir bölgesel rekabet gücü endeksi oluşturulmasıdır. Giriş bölümünde bölgesel rekabet gücünün tanımı ve bölgesel rekabet gücünün geliştirilmesine yönelik olarak bir literatür özeti sunulmuştur. İkinci bölümde mevcut rekabet gücü endeksleri içerdikleri değişkenler ve değerlendirme yöntemleri dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Bu örneklerden yola çıkılarak Türkiye için geliştirilecek endekste hangi değişkenlerin kullanılacağı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde alt endeksler oluşturulmuş ve bu endekslerin bir araya getirilmesiyle bölgesel rekabet gücü endeksi elde edilmiştir. Bu aşamada temel bileşen analizi (principle component analysis / PCA) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen alt endeksler yenilikçi ekonomi-çevre, nitelikli işgücü, sanayi, ekonomik aktiflik ve turizm-ticaret olarak adlandırılmıştır. Endeks skorlarına göre hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi yapılmış ve bölgesel rekabet gücüne göre oluşan kümeler belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda rekabet gücü en yüksek il İstanbul olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm iller toplam beş grupta kümelenmiş ve sonuçlar Arc-GIS programı yardımıyla mekânsal olarak da ifade edilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde Düzey II bölgeleri için yapılan sınıflama yer almaktadır. Düzey II bölgeleri lider rekabetçi, rekabetçi, gelişme odaklı, gelişmeye dirençli ve gerilen bölgeler olmak üzere beş rekabet düzeyi oluşturmuştur. Değerlendirmeler ve öneriler ise son bölümde sunulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bölgesel rekabet gücü, bölgesel rekabet gücü endeksi, Türkiye, Düzey II Bölgeleri, temel bileşen analizi, hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi
Shadow's space
No full textYaratık mimarisinde mekan ve beden kavramları devamlı birbirine dönüşmektedir. Gölgenin kaçınılamaz varlığı boşluk içerisindeki varlığı görünür kılar. Mekanda bir durumun simülasyonudur. Dönüşüm içerisinde rüya motivasyonundan söz edilmelidir. Tanımlayabildiğimiz durumlar; mekan, beden, davranış,vs bu ağ içerisinde kendi bireysellikleri ile vardır. Bireyselliklerini oluşturan kaynakları ileriye dönüktür. Hatırlamak ve unutmak, rüya durumunda bilinçaltına yerleşmiş insan bedeninin refleksif davranışıdır. Gölge, mekanı oluşturan ögeler hakkında ipuçları verir. Bir mecaz olarak pratikte ve teoride mimarlık durumunu belirginleştiren genetik karakter özelliği taşımaktadır. Yokluğun objeleşmesi mimarlık için önemli bir deneyimdir. Yokluk mimarlığın malzemesi olarak ele alınmıştır. Yokluğun izini kaynağından bağımsız bir gölge olarak objeleştirebiliriz. Mekansal kasılmalar bölümlerinde birer model olan kavramların oluşturdukları durumlar incelenmektedir. Kavram olarak ayna yansıtan yüzeyden farklı evrimleşmiş bir objedir. ‘Ayna’nın yeni oluşturduğu beden ve mekan kavramı ile pratik an içerisinde teorik bir deneyimle yüzleşebiliriz. İşlevsel yokluk objenin kendi kendisinin algısını kuvvetlendirmektedir. Bu da kimlik odaklı değil kişilik odaklı yeni bir işlevselliğe olanak verir. Mekan ve işlev, pratik ve teori; etki ve tepki olarak karşılıklı eşlenebilir. Bir fikirden farklı olan hayali bir etki fiziksel tepki ile yeniden oluşturulur. Refleksif bir davranış olarak bedenleşen hareket kişiselleşir. Rüya durumunun mimarlığı ve gerçeklik durumundaki mimarlık film medyasında kesişirler. Mimarlık durumunun varolabilmesi için gerekli olan pratik ve teorinin birbirine dönüşmesi labaratuar çalışmaları olarak film medyasında denenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Refleks, birbirine dönüşüm, yokluğun ‘obje’leşmesi, ‘beden’leşme, dayanak-kamera.In the architecture of `the creature` concepts of space and body constantly intermutate. The inescapable existence of the shadow reveals the net within void. Within this intermutation the dream’s motivation should be mentioned. Conditions that can be described-- space, body, behavior, etc.-- exist individually within this net-space. The sources and the act of remembering-forgetting which form their individualities are prudential. The shadow carries a genetic character that refines architectural condition as metaphor in practice and theory. Theory is practice and practice is theory. The shadow which exists through mutual effect, holds similar characteristics as the absence concept. ‘Object’ification of absence is an important experience for architecture. Absence is handled as the material of architecture. In order to experience anything’s own definition, and its own perception, we can dissociate this particular anything as a model to its different characteristics open to interaction and perception. We can ‘object’ify the trace of absence as a shadow, independent from its source. We are examining ‘the shadow’ (refraction, reflection, reaction, delay, echo…) and ‘to behave in language’ concepts within the film medium, in order to reveal the reading called ‘spatial contractions’ that holds expression and perception simultaneously. In these readings the subject, the character, situation, environment, media, viewer… as individual models become one body. The mirror as a concept is an evolved object not a reflective surface. We can face the new concept of body and space that `the mirror` develops detaching from its physical characteristics, as a theoretic experience within a practical moment. Once we separate its self-perception from the object, we can examine the interaction between the object’s image and behavior thus its evolution. Functional absence reinforces object’s perception of itself. This will allow for a new functionality which is not identity but personality focused. Space and function, practice and theory; can be matched reciprocally as action-reaction. An imaginary action which differs from an idea is recomposed by physical reaction. The architecture of the dream state and the architecture at the reality state coincide in the film medium. The intermutation of practice and theory which is essential for the existence of the architecture state is experimented with as laboratory studies in the film medium. Metaphor develops existence at every moment of encounter. In ‘Aynanın Ta Kendisi’ (Yardımcı, 2000) film, through the face to face placement of two mirrors, the absence concept becomes a body that questions the existence that mirrors leave out. The absence of the spaces’ main functions, brings forward their own existence. The video experiment, ‘Mekan Üzerine Bir Deneme’ (Yardımcı, 2005), as an archeological study, focuses on the documentation of the evolution and the performance of the space. It is an experiment that the individual would question their own freewill around the concepts of existence, body investigation, transformation, metamorphosis, demolition, autopsy. ‘Things’, the living entities, overlap their own particular forms and conditions with other images’ elemental forms and conditions. This documentary expression is the expression of perception of the self and the other explored in ‘The Film’ of Samuel Beckett (1964). In the film, the movement is introduced as object. Therefore its direction and motivation is formed. ‘Beden Monoloğu’ (Yardımcı, 2002) emerged as a mutual structure study. In the film, body is dissociated overlapping video’s positive and negative image character in order to allow it to filter. The similar ones will erase each other out, and the difference will become evident. Within the process of movement, movement’s genetic character will take form. In the film, contraction; creation of a true reaction due to an imaginary exterior action within body is questioned. We can arrive at the idea that reflex is a reaction oriented controlled sense to perceive for the body. Perception is detached from the body, and movement as a reflexive behavior begins to be ‘body’fied. In the film, ‘black’ and ‘white’ are empty stages. Human balance’s impromptu act is invisible within the gray tone. Due to the delay between the idea and the behavior ‘true shadows’ are formed. The face opens up a second perception frame within frame of perception. All of the mimics on the face are behaviors, expression of the internal. In this film the source which is stationary is invisible. In the film the body is the difference formed due to delay. The viewer perceives the difference as the object within the frame, and interacts with it. In the film, we come across with the ‘support camera’ that dissociates the links of the content and introduces new forms, subjective rules. The object is related to the exterior and to the whole. Due to the relation between two ‘thing’s, the value of the whole changes constantly. Keywords: Reflex, intermutation, ‘object’ification of absence, ‘body’fication, support camera
A rule-based method proposal for the preparation of refurbishment projects in the example of bank branches
Get PDFBelirli bir sistematiğe sahip olması gereken tadilat, günümüzde alışılagelmiş olarak yapılmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında bu durumun yapıda işlev bozukluklarına, ekonomik kayıplara, yapılan işlerin tekrarlanmasına, verimin ve uygulama kalitesinin düşmesine neden olduğu açıklanarak uygulayıcı konumunda olanların daha etkin tadilat yapabilmeleri için sistem ve performans yaklaşımlarından yararlanarak, banka şubesi örneğinde kurala dayalı bir proje hazırlama yöntemi önerilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın özü, eldeki çok sayıda gerçekleştirilmiş projeden yararlanıp bir tadilat kuralları seti oluşturmaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tadilatın daha bilinçli yapılabilmesi, zamana bağlı olarak değişen gereksinmelere binanın uyarlanması ve bu uyarlama yapılırken kayıpların azalmasını sağlayacak yeterli yapısal çözümlerin ortaya konmasını sağlamaktır. Çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan yeniden kullanım ve tadilat projeleri hakkında daha önceden hazırlanmış olan benzer akademik çalışmalar örnekleri ile birlikte belirtilmiştir. Bankalar örneğinde türleri, varolan süreç anlatılmış; uygulamaların pratikte nasıl yapıldığı açıklanmış, olumlu ve olumsuz yönleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Tadilat gerektiren koşullara, bu koşullardaki gereksinimlere ve bu gereksinimlere yanıt veren çözümlere ayrıntılı biçimde değinilmiştir. Tablolar oluşturularak koşullar, gereksinimler ve çözümler kodlanmıştır. Bu kodların aktarıldığı bir kurallar tablosu oluşturulmuştur. Bu kurallar tablosu tadilat projesi hazırlanırken hangi koşul için hangi gereksinimi hangi çözümle karşılayabileceğini tasarımcıya gösteren bir kılavuz niteliğindedir. Son bölümde önerilen yöntemin gerekçesi açıklanmış ve ileride nasıl geliştirilebileceği, ne faydalar sağlayabileceğinden bahsedilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yeniden kullanım, yeniden işlevlendirme, banka şubesi tadilatı, tadilat, performans gereksinimleri, kullanıcı gereksinimleri, binanın işlevi, kullanım değişikliği.Structure need to provide the most proper conditions because of changing and varying human needs which require special conditions. Continuous developments in technology and science create an almost own living structure concept. All of these developments bring about conversion and change obligation of structures in terms of products, function and technology. Anew functioning for restoration of accomplished environment needs to have many disciplines in harmony even without historical value. Restoration project must be able to respond the needs of employer, practitioner and users. Errors made during production process, restoration project is necessary to prevent those deficiencies. Any unforeseen structural or design problems in project process could lead termination of restoration that may cause economic losses and other liabilities under construction. The refurbishment which should have a certain systematic is implemented at the present day as a usual function. Companies are often forced to create their own system. Therefore, the effectiveness of renovation is reducing. Working under these conditions causes to the function defects on the structure, economic losses, repetition of the work, efficiency and application quality degradations. There is several method of systematic and performance approaches in order to teach more efficient amendments to implementers. The aim of this work is to create a refurbishment rules set which is benefited from numerous projects. The purpose of this study is to show that refurbishment can be made more aware, depending on the time changing needs of adaptation and while adaptation is processing structural solutions are to be exposed to losses reduction. In this study, the whole renovation project preparation procedures are specified and their positive and negative aspects and major renovations steps have been mentioned. Forming the subject of re-use and refurbishment projects that have been previously prepared samples with similar academic studies are indicated. In the case of banks, types, existing processes have been described, explained how to do practical applications, positive and negative aspects were compared. Suggestions, methods and details of the steps have been explained. Requiring refurbishment conditions, requirements in terms and the solutions of these requirements have been discussed detailed. Statements by creating conditions, requirements and solutions have been encoded. The rule table which the codes were transferred has been composed. This rule table is a nature guide for the designer while refurbishment project are being prepared for which conditions which need solutions which can meet. While preparing a renovation project, there would be an applicable refurbishment project with up to date solutions along proper needs and there would be no systematic returns for imagining. In the last chapter, the rationale of recommended method has been explained along with other proposed methods of assessment with positive and negative aspects how we develop in the future, what benefits it may have been mentioned. Suggested methods, adequate analysis of the requirements is provided with qualified projects, experts in the profession by the professional staff by implement the renovation project prepared a standard implementation ensuring convergence, so the existing problems that minimize qualified, adequate solutions is expected to be reached with minimum cost constantly. If this method can be implemented as a computer program, this would help to have more efficient results about more type of structures quickly. Keywords: Refurbishment methods, refurbishment of bank branches, reuse, renewal, refurbishment, renovation
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