itüdergisi (E-Journals - İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Istanbul Teknik Uniersity., İTÜ)
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The economic analysis of building envelope and operation period of heating system
Get PDFEnerji bakımından diğer ülkelere bağımlı hale gelen ülkemizde tüketilen enerjinin büyük bir bölümü binaların ısıtılmasında kullanılmaktadır. Enerjiyi daha etkin kullanabilmek için mimarların, her türlü dış iklim koşulunda binaların yeterliliklerini değerlendirerek iklimsel konforu etkileyen yapma çevre değişkenlerinin bileşimlerini optimize etmeleri gerekmektedir. Ayrıca enerjiye ilişkin tüm değişkenler de ekonomik olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı iklimsel konforu sağlamayı amaçlayan, en uygun bina kabuğu ve ısıtma sistemi işletme biçimi seçeneğinin yaşam dönemi maliyetleri açısından belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla en uygun bina kabuğu-işletme biçimi seçeneğinin belirlenmesi için, kesintili çalışmanın uygulandığı ve yılın ısıtmanın istendiği döneminde ve günün belirli saatlerinde kullanılan bir bina için bir yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir.As Turkey imports most of the energy that it consumes, the dependence of other countries from the point of view of energy is increasing year by year. A considerable portion of total energy consumption is used in residential sector, especially for heating. To consume the energy most efficiently, architecths should pay attention to optimisation of the combination of design parameters affecting the indoor climate by analizing building responses to all climatic conditions. Every design should also be agreable from the economic point of view. Moreover, the economic analysis should be integrated into this optimisation issue. All the energy parameters should be taken into consideration with their financial aspects. The aim of this study is the determination of building envelope details in relation to the operation period of heating system by taking the life cycle cost in account from the standpoint of providing climatic comfort. Thus, an approach for the determination of the most convenient building envelope-operation period alternative in relation to the life cycle cost is improved for a building heated intermittently, used during underheated period of the year and determined time of the day. This article is based on an application, which is carried out in Ankara, İstanbul, Antalya, Diyarbakır and Erzurum that are representative cities of Turkey for temperate-humide, temperate-dry, hot-humide, hot-dry and cold zones respectively, for different heat transfer coefficients
Obtaining design data by using topological tools within the context of building function and building forming systems
Get PDFBu makalede, bina mekansal örgütlenme sistemini tümdengelimci çözümlemeyen “mekan dizgesi” yöntemi, tümevarımcı olarak mimari tasarlamada veri eldesinde kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntem ile birlikte, şebeke indeksleri verileri, işlevsel embriyo eldesinde kullanılmıştır. Önerilen modelde, tasarım veri alanlarından “İşlev” dışında kalan girdiler yöntem dışında tutulmuştur. Mekanların komşulukları temel veri olarak ele alınarak; bunların “derinlik” ve “bağlantılık” değerlerine ulaşılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, hiyerarşik olarak bağlantılılığı en yüksek değere sahip mekandan tasarlamaya başlanması ve mekan çevre gereksinmesine göre tasarım alanına yerleştirilmesi önerilmiştir. Yöntemin çıktıları iki başlıkta toplanmaktadır: 1- Bina alt bölümlerinin bütünsel işlev içerisindeki dizinsel derecelenmelerine ulaşmak, 2- İşlevsel şebeke indeksleri ile bina bütünsel formuna ilişkin sayısal veriler elde etmektir.In this paper, the deductive "Space Syntax" analysis method and graph analysis tools have been tried in the architectural design process. Graph analysis tools such as konig numbers, beta index, gamma index, connectivity value, cyclomatic number and network diameter data have been used to obtain building shape named "Functional Embrio". Functional programming data are needed to apply this inductive method. The structural, technological, cultural, economical and aesthetics data inputs are excluded from the mentioned method. Here, the functional system of the building, the depth - connectivity values of each space are considered as main data. The graph of functional connectivity at building and space adjacency have been obtained through the use of building programming techniques. Relation of vertices in this graph contains mathematical properties. These properties such as cycles, trees have some hints toward possible shape of the total building form. The connectivity graph of the building has been used to list the connectivity value of each space hierarchially and numerically and each space has been placed to design area according to their environmental needs. The outputs of the suggested methot can be stated into two titles : 1- Obtaining syntactic degrees of the each space in the building by using "Space Syntax Analysis Methot" 2- Obtaining fuctional system based numerical values about total shape of the building
The past, the present and the future of the "State Housing" in Turkey
Get PDFTürkiye’de var olan konut açığına rağmen, Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarında oldukça önemli olan “Devlet Konutu” kavramının yeterince gelişmesine izin verilmemiştir. Bu makalede Devletin değişen ekonomi ve sosyo ekonomi politikaları bağlamında terk edilen Devlet Konutu uygulamalarının konut sektöründe sadece nicelik olarak değil hatta daha çok nitelik olarak büyük bir boşluk yarattığı sonucuna varılmaktadır. Bu nedenle bugün özellikle kooperatifler ve toplu konut uygulamaları ile tamamen terk edildiği söylenebilen “Devlet Konutu” kavramının yeniden canlandırılmasının gerekliliği, bu çalışmanın hem amacını hem de sonucunu oluşturmaktadır.Although there is a housing shortage and affordability problem, the concept of "State Housing" defined as a dwelling which has been directly produced, managed or owned by the state had not been enabled to develop. Before investigating "State Housing" in Turkey which was a very important concept during the beginning of the Republic, to explain the housing problem and the responsibility of the state on this problem topic are going to be useful. In this paper after examining the importance of "State Housing", the development process of "State Housing" and the applications of this process in Turkey are going to be evaluated in terms of quantity and quality. Withdrawal of the government entirely from production process of housing has been affected the more crucial housing problems like housing shortage and squatters or illegal settlements. Neglecting "State Housing" applications during the change in economical and socio-economical policies produced a big gap in housing not only on quantitative aspects but also on the quality of housing. The necessity to renew the concept of "State Housing", decreasing and replacing to co-operatives and mass housing applications day after day, constitutes both the aim and the result of this study. This paper based on the Ph.D. thesis named by "A Research and Evaluation on the Political Context for the Solution of the Housing Problem in Turkey" is already supplementary part of the one sub-chapter of the thesis
Cumhuriyet sonrası Kayseri'de modernleşme: Mekansal ve toplumsal değişim
Get PDFModernization experience after the foundation of Turkish Republic could be comprehended as a shifting process on spatial and social identity, rather than a political re-construction. It was aimed to renovate whole life styles and figures by Republican revolutions. Modernization process and modernity phenomenon, which were linked with the ideology of the French and Industrial (English) Revolutions, motivated these social and political reformations. As a result of these, renovation of the political order by modernization also affected spatial and social identity. There were three different effects on space. First of all, identifying homeland by sustaining territories of national state after The Turkish Independence War with its reasons and results; secondarily, re-construction -in other words urbanization- of the Anatolian cities: and reformations on the housing form, its usage and construction. Particularly, urbanization and housing were the main issues of that period. Modern' life-style was desired by illustrations and articles on contemporary houses and their usage for creating a change on daily habits, like dressing or writing-reading attitudes. Besides these, private enterprises were supported for establishing factories for industrialization and economic development. However, by the effects of the 1930 World Economic Crisis, modernization approach were updated due to sustaining its reconstructions, and Turkish-State integrated its reforms on social life and spatial order with industrialization, and construct factories which embodied residences, schools, markets, sportive and cultural spaces. It could be said that State affected the modernization process of the cities with their inhabitants. The residences and social spaces classified and identified the social culture and architectural context by its spatial renovations. The establishments trained their laborers and their families and defined them with their abilities in a contemporary aspect. According to this approach, Kayseri was the one of the significant cities of Turkey, which this state-based industrialization process has been firstly exercised: In 1926, Tayyare (Plane) Factory, as the first establishment of the Turkish heavy industry, and in 1935, Sümerbank Textile Factory, as the first state based industrial organization, were founded in the city. Furthermore, a Sugar Factory was established in 1955 by cooperation of municipality and state. These factories introduced new approaches to housing and to daily life by including educational, sportive and cultural facilities. Their residences and the houses constructed by workers cooperatives led to a chance in the urban identity and motivated the urbanization of the city by the contrasts of the form and spatial order. This improvement could be evaluated as an urban and spatial reformation, which also affected daily life, habits and interactions. Therefore this study is intended to evaluate and criticize the modernization process after Turkish Republic and the sustainability of its 'modern' identity from comprehending the spatal and social change by examining the dwellings around these three industrial settlements in Kayseri and their social order. This study is aimed to analyze this shifting process in the urban life by spatially and socially. First of all, the avant-garde forms and spaces of these industrial establishments and their housing settlements are examined. According to this survey, their urban and spatial orders are compared with traditional environment to clarify the effects on space and its construction. Although, their housing forms are not only observed as a spatial or cultural artifact, but their urban pattern characteristics and spatial qualities are also examined. Moreover, cultural and social activities are discussed as well as housing types and their usage, for evaluating the change on identity of the people and their relationships. In-depth interviews and their content analyses are used for evaluating the effects on housing, urban form and social order. It is focused on the spatial usage of the residences and cooperative housings with cultural, educational and sportive activities in the interviews, done with people, who lived- worked in these industry settlements and citizens from city that visit there severally. According to this approach, this study aims to criticize the effects of these three state-based industrial settlements in Kayseri and their housing settlements on the modernization process; spatial and social change of the city, through the modernization experience of early Turkish Republic. Keywords: Modernization, Kayseri, housing, urbanization, identity.Cumhuriyet sonrası modernleşme deneyiminin, siyasal olarak yeni bir yapılanma niteliği taşımasının ötesinde, mekânsal ve toplumsal kimliği etkileyen değişimler içerdiği söylenebilir. Yaşama alışkanlıklarının ve biçimin her alanında yenilenme içeren devrimler ile ‘modern’ kimliğin inşası hedeflenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, devletin değişim ve kalkınma hedeflerini bir araya getirerek kurduğu sanayi yerleşkeleri, Anadolu kentlerindeki mekânsal ortamın ve toplumsal yapının yenilenmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Kayseri, devletin -bu amaçla- ilk sanayi yatırımlarını gerçekleştirdiği kenttir. Ülkenin ilk ağır sanayi yatırımı olarak kurulan Tayyare (uçak) Fabrikası (1926), devlet merkezli yapılanmanın ilk örneği Sümerbank Bez Fabrikası (1935) ve Şeker Fabrikası (1955), yarattıkları iş olanakları ve barınmadan eğitime sundukları hizmetler ile kentleşme sürecini, konutun biçimi ile üretimini ve sosyal ortamı etkilemişlerdir. Özellikle lojmanlar ve çevrelerinde çalışanlarınca kurulan kooperatifler ile devam eden konutlar, ortaya çıkardıkları biçimsel ve kurgusal farklılık ile kentin gelişimine ve kimliğin değişimine yön vermiştir. Modernlik olgusunun birey merkezli tartışmaları, içerdiği farklılık arayışı ve ortaya çıkardığı kriz hali ile devletin sanayi yatırımlarını kurarken ve işletirken ortaya koyduğu yöntem arasındaki çelişki, Türkiye Modernleşmesi’nin kendine has bir deneyim olarak kavranmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu bakışla çalışma kapsamında, Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet’in ilanı sonrası modernleşme deneyimine bağlı olarak, Kayseri’de devlet tarafından kurulmuş bu üç işletme ve çevrelerinde gelişen konut yerleşimlerinin, kentteki modernleşme sürecine, mekânsal ve toplumsal değişime etkilerinin incelemesi amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Modernleşme, Kayseri, konut, kentleşme, kimlik
Relationship between innovativeness and competitiveness: example of automotive industry
Get PDFRekabet gücünün artan önemiyle birlikte farklı düzeylerde rekabet gücünü tanımlayan çalışmalar yapılması gündeme gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada konu rekabet gücü yüksek bir bölgede, orta-yüksek teknoloji düzeyinde ve yenilikçilik potansiyeli olan bir sektör olarak otomotiv sektörü örneğinde ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma alanı olarak İstanbul ile Doğu Marmara Bölgesi içinden seçilen Kocaeli, Sakarya ve Bursa illeri belirlenmiştir. Giriş bölümünde verilen literatür özetinin ardından, ikinci bölümde otomotiv sektörüne ilişkin bilgilerle Türkiye’deki mevcut otomotiv kümeleri açıklanmakta, üçüncü bölümde çalışma alanındaki iller arasında karşılaştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Alan çalışmasının detayları ve temel bulgular dördüncü bölümde yer almaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında belirlenen sektörde faaliyet gösteren firmalarda bir anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı rekabet gücü ile yenilikçilik arasındaki ilişkiyi tanımlamaktır. Rekabet gücüne etki eden faktörler temel bileşen analizi (PCA) ile belirlenmiş, rekabet gücü yenilikçilik ilişkisi ise regresyon analizi ile sorgulanmıştır. Ayrıca rekabet gücü ve rekabet gücü faktörleri açısından alt bölgelere göre bir farklılaşma olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla belirlenen altı alt bölge (İstanbul Avrupa Yakası, İstanbul Anadolu Yakası, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Bursa 1 ve Bursa 2) dikkate alınarak faktörler açısından ayrışmalar belirlenmiştir. Bu aşamadaki analizler varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile yapılmıştır. Sonuç ve değerlendirmeler ise son bölümde yer almaktadır. Varılan temel sonuç yenilikçiliğin rekabet gücünü pozitif yönde etkilediğidir. Ayrıca firmaların rekabet gücünün yanı sıra yenilikçilik stratejileri, rekabet stratejileri ve çevre faktörlerine göre alt-bölgeler arasında farklılık olduğu görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Rekabet gücü, yenilikçilik, otomotiv, İstanbul, Bursa, Kocaeli, Sakarya.As a result of the on-going changes in the global economic structure, competitiveness gained significance; leading to more research on the dynamics of competitiveness. The concept of competitiveness has been developing since Adam Smith's work in 1776. With Porter's work, competitiveness has gained even more attention. For Porter, the only meaningful aspect of competitiveness is productivity. The principal goal of a nation is to produce a high and rising standard of living for its citizens. Determinants of competitiveness are summarized as; (1) Context for firm strategy and rivalry (2) Factor conditions (high quality of life, high levels of R&D) (3) Demand conditions (local demand) and (4) Related and supporting industries (clusters) (Porter 1990).There are a lot of studies on competitiveness through the perspective of innovativeness. Innovativeness can be described as the ability to produce new goods and services, to develop new production processes or methods of marketing and to change the organizational structure of firms. Due to sharing inputs, benefiting from labor pools and dispersing knowledge, the potential of innovativeness has increased in clusters. The purpose of this paper is to explain the relationship between innovativeness and competitiveness and to determine the factors that are influential on the competitiveness potential of the automotive industry which is clustered in Istanbul and Eastern Marmara Region Following the literature review, given in the introduction; automotive clusters in Turkey are explained in chapter two. Case study area is described in chapter three. Istanbul is the most industrial city in Turkey. Eastern Marmara Region has also important industrial provinces such as Bursa, Kocaeli and Sakarya. Basic indicators demonstrate that every province has different industrial characteristics. Chapter four is about survey and survey results. To examine the relationship between innovativeness and competitiveness, 400 survey sheets, which have been collected from the automotive firms, are used The methodology of the empirical part is based on the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) which provides the basis for the determination of the competitiveness factors. Six factors are determined by using principle component analysis. The factors are: (1) innovative strategy (YENLKST), (2) taking risk (RISK), (3) environment (CEVRE), (4) pioneer and active firm strategy (AKTIF), (5) competitiveness strategy for market (REKST) and (6) technology (TEKNO). In order to determine the relationship between innovativeness and competitiveness, regression analysis is used. The finding of the analysis indicates that innovativeness affects competitiveness positively. Another research question is whether there is a difference among sub-regions according to innovativeness or competitiveness factors of the automotive firms. In order to analyze this question, the study area has been divided into six sub-regions in accordance with the provincial borders. The sub-regions are: (1) Istanbul European Side, (2) Istanbul Asian Side, (3) Kocaeli, (4) Sakarya, (5) Bursa 1 (Only Nilüfer district) and (6) Bursa 2 (exclude Nilüfer district). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used for deciding the homogeneity among sub-regions. According to the results of the analysis there are some differences among the sub-regions. Conclusions are presented in the final chapter. In order to understand the process of competitiveness for different levels (national, regional or firm level) there is a need for more research about inter sectoral linkages and flows of goods, services, commodities and labor. It is important to develop a holistic approach combining different levels of competition. The findings of this research indicate that further research is needed, focusing on the description of the related and supporting industries for the automotive sector and to evaluate these sectors according to their competitiveness and innovativeness potential. Contribution of the local economic environment is also another important complementary subject. Keywords: Competitiveness, innovativeness, automotive, Istanbul, Bursa, Kocaeli, Sakarya
Etkileşim tasarımının bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri (BİT) gömülü ürünlerin tasarım ve geliştirilme sürecindeki rolü
Get PDFThis research describes the role of interaction design in information and communication technologies (ICT) embedded product design and development activity. While setting the relationship between interaction design and industrial design within the same activity, it also re-defines this relationship in terms of roles in ICT embedded product development activity. Furthermore, this research puts forward a theoretical framework in order to clarify the transformation interaction design has been undergoing. Industrial design, as a professional practice, has been influenced by different dynamics such as the development of information and communication technologies, changes in products, changes in the way users interact with products, emergence of different disciplines in product design and development activity, changes in the focus points of product design and development activity throughout its short history. Towards the end of the century, industrial design had taken on a more conscious role in industry, and it is now widely recognized as a differentiating and strategic business competence. And recently, interaction design has taken place in ICT embedded product development activity. Recent developments in information and communication technologies have challenged industrial design by demanding a shift of emphasis from the idea of "product-as-object" towards the notion of "product-as-event" where the dynamic and interactive qualities of products and services need to be better understood in the context of human behavior. This research has been accomplished by having an extensive interdisciplinary literature review, a series of interviews and also by having a case study based on a specific product's design and development process. The series of interviews have been conducted face to face in USA with professionals from 5 different industrial design and interaction design based consulting firms. The next step of the field research has been a case study based on gathering information of a specific product through secondary sources and then conducting in-depth interviews with designers, who have worked in that product?s development process, from different professions through the Internet. Major conclusions of the research include: In a wider scope, the role of design and industrial designer have been changing in terms of intellectuality, the content of practice, production techniques and technologies, the relationships they have had with users since the end of 20th century. It is possible to suppose that new dynamics in both industrial design practice and product development activity are context and experience based approaches. Throughout 20th century, while taking part beginning from High Level Design level, the role of industrial design has begun to spread out towards the early steps called fuzzy front end of product development activity. Being a younger discipline relative to industrial design, the role of interaction design in ICT embedded product design and development activity has the similarities to that of industrial design in the same activity. The most extensive collaboration between industrial design and interaction design is seen at Planning and Concept Design stages in ICT embedded product development activity. Comparing with industrial design, interaction design is foreseen to have a wider activity area in Planning, Concept Development and System Level Design stages of ICT embedded product development activity. As the products become more and more complex in terms of interactions, there will be a need to be sub-field of interaction design which is supposed to emerge as interaction design management. As the interactions with products become more and more immaterial, a new actor named service design is supposed to involve in ICT embedded product development activity. Keywords: Interaction design, industrial design, ICT embedded product development activity.Bu çalışma temel olarak etkileşim tasarımının BİT gömülü ürünlerin geliştirilme sürecindeki rolünü tanımlamaktadır; aynı süreçte etkileşim tasarımının endüstriyel tasarımla olan ilişkisini ortaya koyarken bu ilişkiyi ürün geliştirme sürecindeki roller açısından yeniden tarif etmektedir. Çalışmayı gerçekleştirebilmek için farklı disiplinleri içeren kapsamlı bir literatür taramasıyla birlikte, bir dizi görüşmeler ve bir vaka çalışması yapılmıştır. Görüşmeler ilgili konuda uluslararası düzeyde faaliyet gösteren ve öncü çalışmaları bulunan ABD’deki 5 farklı tasarım danışmanlık firmasından kilit isimlerle yüz yüze gerçekleştirilmiştir. Vaka çalışmasında ise, ilgili konuda temsil edici niteliklere sahip BİT gömülü bir ürüne dair literatür araştırması ve o ürünün geliştirilme faaliyetinde çalışan farklı uzmanlık alanlarından tasarımcılarla internet yoluyla derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın belli başlı sonuçları aşağıdaki gibi özetlenmektedir: BİT gömülü ürün geliştirme sürecinde etkileşim tasarımcılarının kendi uzmanlık alanlarının yanı sıra, gerek süreç ve tasarım yönetimi, gerekse kullanıcı araştırmaları konularında çalışmaya başladığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Henüz yeni bir gelişme olmakla birlikte, bu durum etkileşim tasarımının BİT gölümü ürün geliştirme faaliyetlerindeki rolünün genişleyerek baskın hale geleceğinin ipuçlarını taşımaktadır. BİT gömülü ürün geliştirme faaliyetlerinde etkileşim tasarımcılarının endüstriyel tasarımcılara kıyasla özellikle Belirsiz Ön Aşama sürecinde daha baskın rol oynayacaklarını söylemek mümkündür. Etkileşim tasarımının süreç içinde tasarımın yanı sıra sürecin yönetimi üzerinde de söz sahibi olmaya başlaması, etkileşim tasarımı yönetimi konusunun yeni bir çalışma alanı olarak ortaya çıkmasına sebep olacağı öngörülmektedir. Etkileşimin giderek maddi niteliğinin azalmasıyla hizmet tasarımının ön plana çıkacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu olası gelişme BİT gömülü ürün geliştirme faaliyetlerinde hizmet tasarımı konusunda yeni bir aktörün devreye gireceğini göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Etkileşim tasarımı, endüstriyel tasarım, BİT gömülü ürün geliştirme faaliyeti
Geç Osmanlı ve erken cumhuriyet dönemi Türkiyesinde milliyetçilik ve mimarlık tarihi
Get PDFThe period between the publication of “Usul-i Mimari-i Osmani” (1873) which is the first architectural history of the Ottoman era and the formulation of the Turkish History Thesis in 1930’s which indicates a radical break in historiography, constitute the early phase of the architectural history in Turkey. Considering the lack of an established tradition of architectural theory or art history, the pioneering role, in this early phase, was accomplished not by architects or art historians, but by a general cultural elite motivated mainly by the nationalist concerns. During this period, Islamism, Ottomanism and Turkism appear to be the three main nationalist/proto-nationalist ideologies. Among these, Islamism hardly had any interest in architecture, nor architectural history. During the Tanzimat era in which Ottomanism appeared and had a considerable effect among the intellectuals, architectural history and Ottomanism came together only in the agendas of those who were already interested in the arts, archeology or conservation matters. However Turkism who introduced a new concept of identity had to construct its cultural basement. Therefore architectural history took an important position in their agenda and became a practical tool to illustrate the nation’s glorious past. This study aims to discuss the impact of Turkism oriented nationalism on the architectural history through the examination of the activities of some nationalist, antiquarian and scientific societies and the works of some authors of the era. Conferences, free courses, excursions constitute the main activity areas of the nationalist societies. Preparation of the photography and drawing collections of the main buildings of the past were also part of their program. Important figures of the architectural historiography of the era such as Celal Esad, Kemaleddin, Mehmed Ziya, Halil Edhem or Hamdulah Subhi were among the members of these societies and took part in their activities by giving lectures, preparing reports, or publishing in their journals. Even though they were not nationalist in their explicit aims Tarih-i Osmani Encümeni and Bilgi Derneği were also among the societies whose interest area covers architectural history. However their activities were restricted with the publication of journals and the organization of some discussions forums on the subject. Antiquarian societies, -among them Istanbul Muhibleri Cemiyeti is the earliest and the most known one-, were also organizing conferences, but were mainly concerned with the conservation problems. However, Istanbul Muhibleri Cemiyeti’s publications on the Bereketzade Fountain and the Yali of Köprülü were important works of the era whose texts and drawings were prepared by architects and western art historians. The texts produced in this era are mainly articles published in the journals or periodicals of popular character. Books usually written in foreign languages and pamphlets are also among the publication genres even though they are not abundant in number. Inventories and texts which treat architecture as a rhetorical tool, constitute the two main group of works of the era. Among the authors, Celal Esad can be defined as the most illustrious and the most “professional” one. A part from his numerous publications, he also taught architectural history at the Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi. Ahmed Refik was a historian with a colorful style in which he uses architecture as the décor of the past events. Hamdullah Subhi was an amateur of art/architectural history and the “national orator” who worked as an activist for raising awareness on the subject. He also taught art history at Darülfünun. Mübarek Galib was the director of cultural affairs in the early republic and his publications are examples of inventorial works. The nature of nationalism is characterized by a dual action: Deconstructing every kind of attachment produced in the pre-modern societies and the building up of new loyalty mechanism. This dual attitude can also be observed in the texts dealing with architectural history of the era. Consequently while a tendency aims to homogenize and standardize the subject of study, the other appears to underline the differences in order to formulate new forms of belonging. In this paper Celal Esad, Mübarek Galib, Ahmed Refik and Hamdullah Subhi are studied as examples of these two attitudes. Keywords: Architectural historiography, Nationalism, Turkey.Osmanlı’da bilinebilen ilk mimarlık tarihi metni Usul-i Mimari-i Osmani (1873) ile başlayan ve tarih yazımı anlamında radikal bir kopuşa işaret eden Türk Tarih Tezi’nin ortaya çıktığı 1930’lu yıllara kadar süren dönem Türkiye için mimarlık tarihinin ortaya çıkış evresine tekabül eder. Bu dönemde üretilen yazıları kaleme alanlar temel uğraşı mimarlık alanında olmayan ve konuyla, dönemin milliyetçi endişeleri çerçevesinde ilgi duyan bir kültürel elit olarak nitelendirilebilir. Geçmişin mimari ürünlerinin dönemin milliyetçi ideolojileri içerisinde İslamcılığın gündeminde olmadığı gözlenmiştir. Osmanlıcılık ve mimarlık ise yalnızca sınırlı bir aydın grubu için bir araya gelebilen kavramlardır. Oysa Türkçülük, toplumu o zamana dek kullanılmamış bir kimlik temelinde tariflemeyi denediği için bunun kültürel zeminini oluşturabilecek mimarlık tarihi ile de belirgin biçimde ilgilenir. Bu çalışma söz konusu dönemde mimarlık tarihi ile Türkçülük eksenli milliyetçiliğin ilişkisini, bir grup cemiyet ve yazarın çalışmaları üzerinden irdelemeyi denemektedir. Ele alınan cemiyetlerin faaliyetlerini konferans, ders ve geziler ile ülke genelindeki önemli olduğu düşünülen yapılara dair fotograf ya da çizim koleksiyonları oluşturma yönündeki çalışmalar oluşturur. Söz konusu dönem metinlerine bakıldığında ise envanter nitelikli çalışmaların yanı sıra, geçmişin mimari ürünlerini uzak atalardan gelen ve yalnızca o millete mensup olanlar tarafından okunabilecek bir anlamın taşıyıcısı olarak gören anlatıların yer aldığı görültür. Çalışmada hem cemiyetlerin hem de yazarların yaklaşımlarında gözlenen bu ikili tavrın, milliyetçiliğin yapısında barındırdığı ve toplumu bir yandan vatandaşlık temelinde türdeşleştirirken aynı zamanda diğer milletlerden ayrı bir aidiyet temelinde farklılaştırmaya çalışan mantıkla olan ilişkisi sorgulanmaya çalışılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mimarlık tarihi yazımı, Milliyetçilik, Türkiye
Kentsel katmanlaşmanın belgelenmesi: Kayseri Cumhuriyet Meydanı ve yakın çevresi
Get PDFTowns continuously do inherit the legacy of their historical past, keeping it within their memories, throughout their lives even though they are numerously re-settled and re-organized by various civilizations. They convey the outcomes of this social and spatial process as the inheritance of their past which are sometimes discovered and which are sometimes kept under wraps. The relation of every town with its past can be assessed as the inheritance of its stratified historical past. Towns, therefore, should be documented in tune with their stratified historical inheritance in order not only to elicit their historical connections that shed light on the future in local and even international levels, but also to use the outcomes of this documentation as dominating inputs for the planning of the town. This research attempts to systematically document the stratified inheritance of the Cumhuriyet Square of Kayseri, wherein various civilizations lived consecutively or even simultaneously for thousands of years, only by taking the physical dimensions of its spatiality. It is found in the research that the town has approximately a 4500 year of settlement history and the center of the town has at least 1500 years of past. After the major renovation projects began in the 1950s, only few numbers of historical values were left recently. And there are numerous historical values in the town that had not been documented or researched by systematic studies. The information of these historical values is got caught between various institutions and within intangible processes. It is necessary to document the information related to them systematically and in tune with a cultural inventory project in context of urban stratification thought. This process can be assessed as the systematic local information processing which is capable of articulating into the local and supra local information networks. This research aims to document the ascertained information of the temporal changes and of the Commercial and Administrative relations, which are located in the Cumhuriyet Square and its near by surroundings including the Madrasa of Sahabiye, the Roman, Mausoleum, buildings of the local administration, the Ok Bastion, the Tomb of Zeynel Abidin, the Complex of Hunad, the citadel, the Grand Bazaar and Kurşunlu Mosque. This study researches this area owing to three basic features. In the first place, it is the core area of administrative and military functions throughout the history. Besides, dense commercial activities have been intensified within these parts of the town; and finally it is one of the rarest examples of central business districts surrounded by a concentration of historical buildings. To anticipate the direction, various information sources are researched including the engravings, maps, photographs, traveler notes, research notes and registration censuses. This study includes a comprehensive and detailed field research as well as certain in depth interviews with the native citizens. Furthermore, several maps were scrutinized in the research. The first map is the Project for the Rectification of the Roads of Caesarea ordered by the Ministry of Transportation of the Ottoman Empire and prepared by Jean S. Euthychides in 1882 (Project De Rectification Des Rues De Caesareia). The second one is a 20th Century map of the town updated by Albert Gabriel and underpinned by various detailed drawings. Third, there is a 1/2000 scaled map having been prepared by engineer Cemal Bey in 1920s. Besides the Numerical Cadastral Map of the town which was prepared by the technical officer of the municipality in 1935 and the cadastral maps of 1948 are also researched. In addition, the first master plan of the town prepared by Kemal Ahmet Aru which was supervised by German Planner Gustav Oelsner in 1944 has been one of the leading sources for the spatial transformation of the town after the 1950s. Another leading source for this transformation is the second master plan of the town which was prepared by Yavuz Taşçı in the mid 1970s. Finally, the recent maps of the town prepared by the municipality and various design projects of the Cumhuriyet Square are carefully researched in this study. Consequently, all these data is examined in relation to the detailed field researches and assessed in context of urban stratification within the historical continuity. The temporal, physical and urban change is explained chronologically and the urban stratification of the town center of Kayseri within the historical continuity is documented. Keywords: The Cumhuriyet Square of Kayseri, urban stratification, documentation.Kentler, ilk yerleşildikleri dönemden itibaren uygarlıklar tarafından defalarca yeniden üretilseler de, tarihi birikimlerini belleklerinde sürekli olarak saklarlar. Diğer bir ifadeyle, bu sosyal ve fiziki sürecin sonuçlarını, yer altında ve yer üstünde açığa çıkmış ya da gizlenmiş tarihin izleri olarak geleceğe aktarırlar. Bu bağlamda, her kentin geçmişiyle ilişkisi, katmanlaşarak günümüze ulaşan bir tarihi süreklilik olarak değerlendirilebilir. Aynı zamanda, bu bilginin belgelenmesi, kentlerin yerel ve uluslararası düzeyde geleceğe ışık tutan geçmişle bağlantısının ortaya çıkarılmasına olanak sağlar. Diğer yandan, kentin gelecekte üstleneceği rolün belirlenmesi, yaşayan, yok olan ya da yok olmaya yüz tutan bütün değerlerinin bilinmesi yönünde özellikle imar, tasarım ve korumaya yönelik planlama çalışmalarında önemli birer veri oluşturur. Bu çalışmada, geçmişi binlerce yıl öncesine dayanan, çeşitli uygarlıkların bir arada veya ard zamanlı olarak yaşadığı Kayseri Cumhuriyet Meydanı ve yakın çevresi, fiziksel anlamda katmanlaşmanın belgelenmesi açısından örneklem alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Tarihi birikimin çeşitli örneklerini bir arada bulunduran ve yaklaşık 1500 yıldır her dönemin isteklerine göre yeniden şekillenen ve kentin en önemli toplanma mekanı olan alan, kuzeyden doğuya Sahabiye Medresesi, duvar kalıntıları ve Roma Mezarı, Vilayet ve diğer idari yapılar, Ok Burcu ve Zeynel Abidin Türbesi, Hunad Külliyesi ile çevrelenmekte, güneyde İçkale, Kapalıçarşı, dışkale surları ve içindeki Roma Mezarı ile batıdan Kurşunlu Camisi yanında yer alan Mimar Sinan Parkı ile sınırlandırılmaktadır. Çalışma ile kentsel katmanlaşmanın bir kültür envanteri projesi kapsamında değerlendirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu süreç, yerel ve yerel üstü bilgi ağlarına da eklemlenme kabiliyetine sahip, kurumsal işbirliğine dayalı sürekli güncellenebilen bir sistematik bilgi oluşturulması şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kayseri Cumhuriyet Meydanı, kentsel katmanlaşma, belgeleme. 
Social component in earthquake risk mitigation
Get PDFToplumun öznesi olduğu konularda toplumsal katılımın sağlanması kaçınılmaz bir gerekliliktir. Öznenin tasfiye edildiği süreçlerin başarısızlığı ve yol açtığı sorunlar örnekleriyle gündemde yer tutmaktadır. Öte yandan, toplumsal katılımın sağlanmasına yönelik yerleşik bir kültürden söz etmenin mümkün olmadığı yönetim anlayışında, bunun araçlarına dair de engin bir ufuk oluşamamaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında, deprem riski yüksek bir bölgede, yöre sakinlerinin olası risk azaltma politika ve eylemleri karşısındaki tutumları analiz edilmiştir. Toplumsal barış ve adalet temelinde, toplumu oluşturan farklı katmanların gerek kendi aralarında, gerekse kamu yönetimi ile uzlaşmalarının koşulları irdelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, toplumun güvenli bir çevrede yaşamak için işbirliğine açık ve hevesli olduğunu, ancak kamu yönetimine duyulan güvensizliğin böyle bir işbirliğinin önünde engel teşkil edebilecek boyutlarda olduğunu göstermektedir. Buna rağmen belli taleplerin sağlanması halinde güçlü bir uzlaşma zemininin var olduğu görülmektedir. Deprem risklerinin azaltılması ve kentsel yenileme/yenileştirme gibi iki karmaşık ve çok bileşenli sürecin bileşkesinden oluşan böyle bir eylemler dizgesinin hayata geçirilmesi, yönetim tarafında politik kararlılık ve kapasite yeterliliği, toplum tarafında ise işbirliği ve bilinçli olmayı öncelikle gerektirmektedir. Toplumsal barış ve adalet ancak, toplumun tüm katmanlarının dahil olduğu bir süreç ile sağlanabilir. Bu sebeple, kent mekânında deprem risklerinin azaltılmasına yönelik eylem ve politikaların ilk hedefi toplumun konu hakkında eğitilmesi ve bu sayede sürece katılabilecek bilgi ve bilinç düzeyine eriştirilmesi olmak zorundadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Risk azaltma, toplumsal katılım, deprem, kentsel yenileme, İstanbul.It is an inevitable necessity to provide social participation when the society is the subject itself. Such a process, from which the subject is excluded, will unfortunately cause a variety of problems as the existing experience confirms. This study aims to determine the preferences and priorities of the households in the selected area of high risk, based on the concepts of social peace and justice as part of urban renewal projects focusing on earthquake risk mitigation. In order to reach this aim and to collect data for setting up the model, a case study of households has been conducted comprising three quarters of Bakırkoy district (Yeni, Sakızagaci,Cevizlik). The area is situated on the west coast of Istanbul along the Marmara Sea, just across the most forbidding and well-known fault zone of the country, where a catastrophic earthquake is expected within decades, one or two. According to several risk assessment projects such as the JICA report of Disaster Prevention/Mitigation Basic Plan Including Seismic Microzonation (JICA, 2002), and Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul (IDMP, 2003), along with a lot of academic research conducted by Turkish universities, the area is one of the most risky zones of Istanbul in terms of soil structure and the weak earthquake resistance of the old building stock.. The case study may be considered as a unique social research within the literature investigation. It has been found out that there is no other social research in the country matching the extent or the content of this one, while international practice is either characterized by its own features or focuses on specific points rather than examining the subject holistically. By its unique nature, the study has been designed as the social component of a probable future earthquake mitigation plan, which exceeds the current physical planning approach, by its multi-disciplinal and multi-componential structure consisting of social, legal, administrative, political, financial, technical, and environmental aspects. In this sense, this study puts forward a new method to provide social participation in urban renewal implementations, which particularly focus on risk mitigation, and presents a useful tool for the risk management process as the prior phase of disaster management. The data have been collected by a public survey, which is based on a questionnaire particularly designed to gather information from the households on a variety of subjects including knowledge about natural disasters and earthquake, risk perception, readiness to the anticipated earthquake, opinions on policies of risk and hazard mitigation, demographic data about the household, and building data. The survey has been conducted by means of face to face interviews at the residences, and 406 inquiries have been implemented with 95% of confidence interval and 5% of margin of error. SPSS version 11.5 has been used to digitize the data and to create statistical analyses. Data have been analyzed by processing multivariate statistical analyses, consisting of chi-square, one way analysis of variance (one way-ANOVA), independent sample T-test, factor analysis, and multiple linear regressions. The household research has revealed the comparative tendencies of the inhabitants who are the real owners of a site, including their opinions about mitigation tools and alternative policies, as well as ordering variations of preferences towards the variety of scenarios, their reliance to policy makers, supervisors, and operators, economic possibilities, and their inclinations to accept the project, and etc. According to the findings of the research, it is obvious that there is a demand for several policies and mitigation actions together with a planning concept of flexibility on the basis of maximum agreement. Social peace and justice can only be ensured by a process in which all segments of the society are involved. Therefore, the primary policies and actions focusing on earthquake risk mitigation in any urban settlement have to involve training the community in order to raise their knowledge and awareness adequately for participation. It has been clearly observed that the community is open to and keen on living in a safe environment, and there is a strong ground for cooperation under certain circumstances. Keywords: Mitigation, social participation, earthquake, urban renewal, İstanbul
A boundary element method for dynamic analysis of elastic structures subjected to uniform axial flow
Get PDFAkışkan taşıyan ya da eksenel bir akım içine daldırılmış elastik yapıların dinamik analizi için, lineer bir hidroelastik çözüm metodu sunulmuştur. Modal analiz tekniklerinden hareketle geliştirilen metod, bağımsız iki analize dayanmaktadır: (i) yapısal sönüm ve dış kuvvetlerin yokluğunda elastik yapının dinamik karakteristiklerinin belirlenmesi ve (ii) yapının akışkanla temastayken doğal modlarında hareket ettiği ve her bir modal formun, yapı ıslak yüzeyi üzerinde karşılık gelen bir basınç dağılımına neden olduğu varsayımları altında akışkan probleminin çözülerek, etkileşim kuvvetlerinin hesaplanması. Akışkan-yapı sisteminin davranışı, hidrodinamik kuvvetlerin, yapısal sönüm ve var olan diğer dış yüklerle birlikte genelleştirilmiş hareket denklemine etkitilmesiyle belirlenmektedir. Çözümün ilk aşaması ANSYS sonlu eleman yazılımıyla, ikinci aşama ise yapının elastik hareketlerinin akışkan ortamında neden olduğu pertürbasyonları tanımlayan potansiyel problemin, akışkan-yapı arayüzü üzerinde bir sınır integral denklemine dönüştürülmesiyle, sayısal olarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. Analizler sırasında, elastik yapının göreceli olarak yüksek frekanslarda titreştiği kabul edilerek, serbest yüzey dalgası etkileri ihmal edilmiş, ortaya çıkan serbest yüzey şartı ise imaj metodu kullanılarak doğrudan sağlanmıştır. Genelleştirilmiş eksu kütlesi, hidrodinamik sönüm ve hidrodinamik rijitlik formunda elde edilen etkileşim kuvvetleri, akışkan ortamının elastik yapı üzerindeki sırasıyla ve Coriolis ve santrifüj etkilerini temsil etmektedir. Uçları basit bağlı silindirik bir kabuk üzerinde yapılan analizler, sunulan metodun güvenilirliğini ve etkinliğini ortaya koymaktadır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Dinamik akışkan-yapı etkileşimi, hidroelastisite, dinamik stabilite, eksenel akım etkisindeki elastik sistemler, sınır eleman metodu. The dynamic interaction between an elastic structure and a flowing fluid medium is an important aspect in the design of various engineering applications, such as flexible pipe lines conveying fluid, heat exchanger tubes in axial flow, inflatable dams in the presence of flowing water, etc. In all of these systems, fluid affects the dynamical behavior of the structure strongly and in the extreme case may cause instability. A general 3-D hydroelastic method is presented for linear dynamic analysis of structures subjected to uniform axial flow. The developed numerical approach is based on the fundamental principles of linear hydroelasticity theory, where a weak coupling methodology is preferred and co-use of finite element and boundary integral equation methods for elastic and fluid domains, respectively. By assuming that the structure does not deform the fluid, but only affects it through its elastic vibrations, the interested problem may also be taken as free or self-induced vibrations of elastic structures under the influence of hydrodynamic loads. The proposed numerical procedure is founded on two separate analysis: (i) evaluation of dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies and corresponding principal mode shapes) in the absence of any external excitation and structural damping (vacuum analysis), and (ii) by assuming that the elastic structure preserves its in-vacuo mode shapes when in contact with fluid, and that each mode shape gives rise to a corresponding surface pressure distribution on the wet part of the structure, solution of the fluid problem and calculation of the generalized fluid-structure interaction forces (wet analysis). In the former stage, a standard finite element software (ANSYS) is adopted and in the latter one, the fluid problem is converted to a boundary integral equation over fluid-structure interface and solved numerically. In this investigation, it is assumed that the fluid is ideal (inviscid and incompressible) and its motion is irrotational. It is also assumed that the elastic structure vibrates at relatively high frequencies so that the effect of surface waves can be neglected. The resulting free surface condition is satisfied implicitly by using method of images. During the analysis, the interaction problem is considered in two separate parts: (i) the vibration of the elastic structure in a quiescent fluid and (ii) the disturbance in the main axial flow due to the oscillation of the elastic structure. Using the Bernoulli's equation, the dynamic fluid pressure on the elastic structure is expressed in terms of potential function, and interaction forces are calculated from the pressure distribution over the wetted surface of the structure, as generalized added mass, hydrodynamic damping and hydrodynamic stiffness coefficients, due to the inertia, Coriolis and centrifugal effects of fluid, respectively. By merging the generalized structural matrices (mass and stiffness) with the hydrodynamic matrices, an eigenvalue problem is obtained for the elastic structure immersed in or containing flowing fluid, from which the wet dynamic characteristics of the system is obtained. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, a circular cylindrical shell, simply supported at both ends is studied. The cylindrical shell is considered, separately, with rigid and flexible extensions at its ends. A cylindrical shell with rigid extensions corresponds to a finite length, flexible cylindrical shell connected to infinitely long rigid cylindrical baffles, of the same diameter as the shell at both ends and the cylindrical shell with flexible extensions coincides with one that is infinitely long and periodically supported. To assess the influence of flowing fluid on the dynamic behavior of the shell structure, the non-dimensional eigenfrequencies are presented as a function of the non-dimensional flow velocity. The imaginary parts of the eigenfrequencies decrease with increasing fluid velocity, and they reach zero values at certain axial fluid velocities, which correspond to points of static divergence. Due to the gyroscopic conservative nature related with Coriolis forces, the cylindrical shell may regain stability with increasing flow velocity and even for further velocities coupled mode flutter may also occur. But both of these are post-divergence behavior of the shell, involving large deformations and so cannot be decided by a linear theory. In general, a very good comparison is obtained between the calculations of the present study and results found in the literature.Keywords: Dynamic fluid-structure interaction, hydroelasticity, dynamic stability, elastic systems subjected to axial flow, boundary element method
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