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Lefkoşa surlariçi zeminlerinin özellikleri
Full text linkAlluvial soils and overconsolidated clays constitute the most soils of Cyprus. The alluviums show relatively high apparent strength in their dry state. However, with saturation their strength decreases. The clayey parts of the alluviums have low to medium swelling potential. Overconsolidated swelling clays of Cyprus occurred as a result of the alteration of the Troodos ophiolite and the pelagic sedimentary cycles that followed in the post Createceous period. The calcium corbonate content of the clays (marls) originated from the limestones and dolomites of the Kyrenia zone. There is widespread damage to the buildings, major roads and highways all over the country which were founded on swelling clays. Clays of Cyprus can be divided into five groups. 1.Clays of Mamonia Complex, 2.Bentonitic Clays, 3.Clays of Kythrea Group, 4.Mesaoria clay zone and 5.Alluvial clays. Large parts of Nicosia is covered by man made fills, alluvial soils and swelling clays Swelling clay problems occur continuously every year due to the soil expanding in the winter and shrinking in the summer. Nicosia is almost flat lying at about 110 - 160m above the mean sea level and is located between the Kyrenia and Troodos ranges. Several streams are flowing from south and north. The soils of Nicosia are; Man made fills, Alluviums, Mesaria Clay Zone, Kalavasos Formation and Kythrea Group. The Kythrea group is widespread in the north of Nicosia. Alternation of sandstone-siltstone-marl-claystone are widespread within the group. The group is only observed in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and its overconsolidated clays exhibits low to high swelling potential. Mesaria Clay Zone is widespread in the south of Nicosia and consists of gravel-sand-claystones. Overconsolidated Nicosia clays exhibits low to very high swelling potential. Nicosia is covered by extensive alluvial deposits of up to a thickness of 22 m. SPT, UD, and core samples taken from the boreholes are tested in the laboratory for mechanical (grading) analysis, moisture content, unit weight, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, and CaCO3 content. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron microprobe (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X -Ray (EDX) analysis are also conducted. The properties of Nicosia walled city soils are determined by boreholes drilled in five different locations between 2001 and 2007. The soils are man made fills, alluviums, Nicosia clays, Kalavasos Formation and Kythrea group. Man made fills and alluviums are present from the surface to between 7.20 m and 22.00 m depth. The water table is between 4.90 m and 10.00 m. There is no swelling and shrinkage within the walled city. The highest liquid limit (LL) values of the analyzed samples are present in yellowish to light grey weathered, oxidized Nicosia clay (marl). Clay and montmorillonite contests are increasing within these samples. CaCO3 contents are higher in the light coloured samples. The Liquid limit (LL) values are decreasing with the increasing amount of CaCO3. The lowest SPT N values are present in the fine grained alluvium deposits. The SPT N values of Nicosia clays ( marls) are between 33 and 75. The semi quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron microprobe (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X -Ray (EDX) analyses indicated that the predominant clay mineral is montmorillonite (smectite), illite and chlorite or kaolinite are the other abundant clay minerals. Calcite is the major mineral of the clays (marls), quartz and feldspar are also present at high amounts. Montmorillonite (smectite) with an amount ranging between 10 and 30%. illite and chlorite or kaolinite with an amount ranging between 5 and 10%. Calcite with an amount ranging between 30 and 65% is the major mineral of the alluviums and Nicosia clays (marls). The other minerals are quartz ranging between 2 and 6%, feldspar ranging between 4 and 15 %, and dolomite ranging between 2 and 9%. EDX analysis for the Nicosia clays indicated that Si, Al, K and Mg peaks are together. Therefore predominant clay minerals are montmorillonite (smectite) and illite. The high amount of Fe %10 it could be the result of the ofiolitic Fe minerals. Despite the overconsolidation character the soils have high porosity. Keywords: Atterberg limits, montmorillonite, calcium carbonate, Nicosia clays. Kıbrıs zeminlerinin büyük bir bölümünü şişen killer, alüvyonlar ve evaporitik kayaçlar oluşturur. Kuzey KıbrısTürk Cumhuriyeti hemen hemen tamamıyle killi formasyonlar ve alüvyonlar ile kaplıdır. Kıbrıs killeri Trodos ofiyolitinin ayrışması ve Kretase sonrası pelajik tortul olarak oluşmuşlardır. Kuzey Kıbrıs (Girne) zonundaki kireçtaşı ve dolomitler ile Güney Kıbrıs zonundaki tebeşirlerin killerin oluşumunda kaynak olması ve biojenik oluşum, killi formasyonların yüksek oranda montmorillonit (smektit) ve kalsium karbonat içermelerini sağlamıştır. Mesarya zonu ve Değirmenlik grubunda bulunan aşırı konsolide killi zeminlerin kurak yarı-kurak akdeniz iklimine bağlı olarak su içeriğinin artması ile şişmesi ve azalması ile büzülmesi sonucu yapılarda hasarlar oluşmaktadır. Düşük taşıma kapasiteli alüvyonlar çok yaygın olarak Mesarya ovasında, Lefkoşa, GaziMağusa ile doğu ve batı kıyılarda gözlenir. Alüvyonlar üzerine inşa edilen tarihi yapılarda oturmalardan veya göçmelerden büyük hasarlara rastlanmaktadır. Son on yıl içerisinde yapılarda meydana gelen hasarları önlemek ve tarihi binaların restorasyonu için Kuzey ve Güney Lefkoşa’da geoteknik incelemeler yapılmıştır. UD, SPT ve karot sondaj örnekleri alınarak laboratuvarda elek analizleri, doğal su içeriği, birim ağırlık, özgül ağırlık, Atterberg limitleri ve kalsiyum karbonat (CaCO3) miktarlarının belirlenmesi için deneyler yapılmıştır. Elektron mikroskop (SEM), yarı kantitatif (XRD) ve yarı kantitatif (EDX) element analizleri de yapılmıştır. Elde edilen değerler ışığında Lefkoşa surlariçi zeminlerinin dolgu, alüvyon, Lefkoşa killeri, Mermertepe formasyonu ve Değirmenlik grubundan oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Dolgu ve alüvyon zeminlerin 7.20 m ile 22.00 m arasında olduğu su seviyesinin 4.90 m ile 10.00 m arasında olduğu ve su seviyesinin Lefkoşa killeri üzerinde olduğundan şişme ve büzelme meydana gelmediği tesbit edilmiştir. Lefkoşa surlariçi zeminlerinin özellikleri sunulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Atterberg limitleri, montmorillonit, kalsiyum karbonat, Lefkoşa killeri
Galata Köprüleri ve Yeni Galata Köprüsü
Full text linkGalata Bridges, being an unforgettable symbol of Istanbul, have always been one of the prevalent points of the social life in the city from Byzantine times up to today. It may be a little bit strange to start an article, written for an engineering periodical, with such an introduction but, especially the recent period Galata bridges are not only passage ways but also living structures playing important roles in the social life of the city. Considering this speciality of the Galata bridges, you cannot find any other example in the world. First of all, the New Galata Bridge has been the fourth and considering the wooden bridge of 1863, even the fifth bridge constructed in the Golden horn. Secondly, the New Galata Bridge is the third steel bridge with an opening at the middle part for marine traffic. General Manager of the General Directorate of Highways of that period had written for the New Galata Bridge; “Galata Bridge is an important piece of art in the history of bridges in various ways. Foundation conditions, opening-closing sections, abutments, arrangements in the squares have always created problems which necessitating the special technical solutions. However our Contractor, Engineer and the Administration’s engineers are successfully executing the project by solving such technical problems. When their piece of art is completed, it will be the honor of Turkish Engineering.” A protocol has been signed between the owner Istanbul Municipality and Contractor Highways 17th Division Directorate on 17.03.1982, authorizing Highways 17th Division Directorate as the responsible authority to have the New Galata Bridge and Eminönü and Karaköy Squares constructed in the name of Istanbul Municipality. All the feasibility, tender preparation, engineering and supervision services has been carried by 17th Division Directorate and his Consultant. For the preparation of Tender Documents the relevant laws as well as the specifications of General Directorate of Highways and FIDIC were taken as a basis. Tender was also opened to Alternative Proposals and another condition was imposed for the Contractors to provide foreign loans for the finance of the Project together with their proposals. Following the evaluation of the proposals the Construction Contract has been signed by the consortium established between Sezai Türkeş Feyzi Akkaya İnşaat A.Ş. and Thyssen Engineering GmgH on 27th January 1986. Although the original tender design was for a concrete pontoon type bridge structure, the winner’s alternative proposal for a pre-stressed concrete deck bridge on pile foundation with an opening type steel bascule bridge at the middle has been selected. The foreign loans brought by the consortium for the finance of the project were German Government Loans provided by German Credit Establishment KfW. In this presentation, I will try to summarize the New Galata Bridge Project with a brief history and the tender stage as well as the main structures of the bridge. The other structures such as the vehicle and pedestrian underpasses and underpass shopping areas within the scope of square arrangements, although they are the part of the tender, shall not be incorporated in this presentation. Each phases; such as design stages, construction methods of every main structure, contractual periods, subjects taken into consideration by Turkish and international media; each being a separate subject of research article, the New Galata Bridge is under public service from the acceptance date of June 1992 up to now, without inferior to the previous Galata Bridges which were the subject of many photographs taken, the articles and poems written in the history.Keywords: Galata bridges, prestressed concrete deck, pile load test, cutwater. İstanbul’un vazgeçilmez simgelerinden olan Galata Köprüleri Bizans zamanından bu yana şehrin sosyal yaşantısına da hakim olan noktalardan biridir. Bir Mühendislik dergisine yazılan bir yazıya böyle başlamak belki şaşırtıcı gelecek ama özellikle son dönem Galata Köprüleri sadece bir geçiş mekanı değil şehrin sosyal yaşantısına da katılan adeta yaşayan yapılardır. Bu yönü ile dünyada örneğine rastlamanız da pek mümkün değildir. Yeni Galata Köprüsü için dönemin Karayolları Genel Müdürü şöyle yazmıştır; “Galata Köprüsü birçok yönleriyle köprüler tarihinde önemli bir yer tutacak bir eserdir. Temel şartları, açılan kısımlar, kara ile bağlantıları, meydan düzenlemeleri hepsi çözümü gerektiren çok önemli teknik problemler ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ama, müteahhit, mühendis ve idarede görev alan mühendislerimiz bu sorunları çözerek projeyi başarı ile yürütmektedirler. Eser tamamlanınca Türk mühendisliğinin göğüs kabartıcı başarısı olacaktır.” Bu sunumda Yeni Galata Köprüsü Projesi, kısa bir tarihçeyi takiben, ihale aşaması ve ana yapıları açısından özet olarak tanıtılmaya çalışılacaktır. İhalenin parçası olan Eminönü ve Karaköy meydanlarında yapımı tamamlanan vasıta ve yaya altgeçitleri, çarşılar ve meydan düzenlemeleri bu sunuş kapsamına alınmamıştır. Öte yandan gerek projelendirme safhaları, gerek her bir yapısının inşa yöntemleri, gerek mukavelevi süreçleri ve medyaya akseden yönleri ile herbiri ayrı bir çalışma konusu olabilecek olan Yeni Galata Köprüsü Kabulünün yapıldığı Haziran 1992’den beri fotoğrafları çekilmiş, makaleleri, şiirleri yazılmış eski Galata köprülerinden hiçbir yönde aşağı kalmaksızın hizmetini sürdürmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Galata Köprüleri, öngerilmeli betonarme tabliye, kazık yükleme deneyi, koruyucu mahmuz
Mevsimsel nüfus değişiklikleri ve atıksu yönetimi üzerine bir inceleme
Full text linkOne of the most critical issues in terms of management of touristic areas is the variability of population throughout the year. The population increase during the peak season due to tourism imposes a stress on water resources and leads to pollution risks in the coastal areas. Coastal tourism is widely regarded as one of the fastest growing areas of the world?s tourism industry. All over the world, coastal areas are developing rapidly and are attracting more and more tourists each year. The Mediterranean is the main tourist destination in the world. The main problems of Mediterranean destinations are the seasonal and coastal concentration of tourism activities. Every year more than 250 millions of people flock to the Mediterranean coasts. Additionally, second housing increases the population during the peak season. This increase in population brings about a peak in water demand for domestic use. Tourism activity peaks in summer, coinciding with the time when natural water availability is at its lowest. According to European Environmental Agency (EEA, 2000), tourists consume up to 300 litres (up to 880 litres for luxury tourism) and as apposed to a use of 150-250 litres of water per person per day by a regular user. Extensive landscaping, water parks, swimming pools and golf courses are typical tourist facilities that require water during the dry season. Taking the example of Bodrum, a touristic summer town in the Eastern Mediterranean region, the top reasons for preference were reported to be the sea, the sun, the beaches, its natural beauty and cultural heritage. In this case study, the resident population of the Bodrum peninsula is 118237 and this is regularly and officially recorded. However vast increases in population are observed during the peak season due to national and international tourists and second housing in the area in addition to the busy pleasure craft traffic. No doubt, knowing the correct number people in town throughout the year is one of the prerequisites of water and wastewater management. However no information about second housing and tourism population seems to be officially recorded. This work focuses mainly on the prediction of the variations in the total population of Bodrum throughout the year. Predictions were based on an investigation to quantify the monthly percentages of resident, second housing, touristic and pleasure craft populations, based on currently available data to lead to a relevant wastewater management approach and an evaluation of its implications on wastewater management. The predictions have indicated that dominated by the tourists and second housing in July and August, the population is more than fourfold of that of February. As a result of the vast seasonal variations in population together with the topographical conditions of the peninsula, wastewater disposal of in Bodrum consists of central facilities and a large number of individual biological treatment systems serving second housing sites, hotels and marinas. Treated effluent is reused for irrigation of gardens in these areas. Holding tanks, which are widely used throughout the peninsula, also provide an alternative to individual biological treatment plants. Despite the quality of reclaimed domestic wastewaters is judged by the fecal coliform standard in the Turkish environmental legislation and international guidelines (WHO 89/2006 and USEPA2004), at this time, regulatory agencies allow the use of reclaimed domestic wastewater that has been treated to essentially secondary level followed by disinfection, for landscape purposes, park and golf course irrigation. The reclaimed effluent is monitored for BOI5, COD, pH and SS. but not for pathogenic microorganisms, which may lead to health concerns.The allocation of revenues of the general budget which is determined according to residential population, is the most significant financial source for municipalities. However this allocation does not seem fair for touristic summer towns like Bodrum as the population increase during the peak season is almost four times that of resident population. Environmental protection and pollution prevention is obviously one of the main factors in the sustainability of Bodrum peninsula as a popular and preferred touristic town, as well as other towns of similar character. A thorough recording of its demographical status and a serious well-planned monitoring and control strategy regarding wastewater management and water quality will provide powerful tools towards sustainability of the area. Keywords: Seasonal population, tourism, second housing, wastewater management, Bodrum.Turizm; yerleşimlerin nüfusunu arttıran ve yıl içinde mevsimsel nüfus hareketliliklerine neden olan bir aktivite olup, özellikle Akdeniz kıyılarındaki birçok yerleşimin ekonomisinde belirleyici olmaktadır. Mevsimsel nüfus hareketlilikleri de daha çok kıyı turizmi yapılan bölgelerde görülmekte, yerleşik nüfusla birlikte ikinci konut nüfusu, turizm nüfusu ve günübirlik nüfusun toplamından oluşan yaz nüfusu, kış nüfusunun birkaç katına çıkmaktadır. Turizmin neden olduğu mevsimsel nüfus hareketlilikleri özellikle atıksu yönetimi açısından önemli problemler oluşturmaktadır. Yerleşik nüfus göz önüne alınarak yapılan tesisler yaz aylarında yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bodrum Yarımadası son 30 yılda dünyanın önemli turizm merkezlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Yarımada da yerleşik nüfus ile ilgili kayıtlı verilere ulaşılabilmekte ancak, ikinci konut ve turizm nüfusuna yönelik sınıflandırılmış veri bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada yapılan kestirimlerde yarımada genelinde toplam nüfusun yerleşik nüfusun 4, ortalama nüfusun da 2 katına çıktığı hesaplanmıştır. Bodrum’da topoğrafik yapı ve mevsimsel nüfus değişiklikleri nedenleriyle merkezi ve bireysel arıtma tesisleri ile foseptikler bir arada kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle bireysel arıtma tesisleri çıkışları sulama amaçlı kullanılmakta olup denize deşarj edilmelerine izin verilmemektedir. Bodrum yarımadasındaki 397 arıtma tesisinin 387’si bireysel arıtma tesisi olup bunların işlevlerini yerine getirdiklerinin dikkatle planlanmış bir izleme denetim mekanizmasıyla takibi halk sağlığı ve sürdürülebilirlik açısından önemlidir. Mevsimsel nüfus hareketliliklerinin belirgin olduğu turizm yörelerinde teknik bakımdan pik nüfusun, finansal bakımdan ortalama nüfusun dikkate alınması uygun görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mevsimsel nüfus hareketliliği, turizm, ikinci konut, atıksu yönetimi, Bodrum
Effect of popular culture on to form urban discourse
Full text linkKentsel/mekânsal söylemleri oluşturan çeşitli kaynaklar, sistemler, ilişkiler vardır. Kentsel söylemler, kentsel mekânı yapısal olarak üretenlerin metinlerinden olduğu kadar, popüler kültürün yazılı araçlarındaki temsillerinden sıklıkla beslenir ve toplumun hafızasında mayalanır. Çünkü söylemler, kişinin düşüncesini ifade etmek için kullandığı dil kodlarıdır. Bu yargının, özellikle mimarlığın kamusal alan tarafından tanımlandığı, gündelik yaşamımıza girerek meslekten olmayanlarca da konuşulduğu 1980'li yıllar ve sonrası için doğru olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışma Popüler kültür ve kentsel söylem arasındaki ilişkiyi irdelemeyi, bu arakesitin daha iyi değerlendirilmesiyle oluşacak kazanımlara kestirim yapmayı hedeflemektedir. Günümüz kuramcılarının pek çoğu, çeşitli sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik değişimlerin, mimarlık söyleminin oluşumunu etkileyeceğini, mimarlık söyleminin kendi özerk bilgi alanı içinde kalamayacağını dile getirmektedir. Mimarlık araştırmalarının konuları ve yöntemleri, farklı disiplinlerle olan etkileşimden etkilenip çeşitlenirken, popüler kültür alanı hâlâ derinlikli ele alışa kavuşamamıştır. Bu alanda eleştirel okumalar yapmak isteyenlerin önemli bir kesimi, daha başından "kitlelerin afyonu" olması ön kabulüyle çalışma alanı ile aralarına negatif bir mesafe koymaktadırlar. Bugün popüler kültür çalışmalarının, incelediği alan tarafından dikkate alınmadığı yönündeki eleştirinin büyük ölçüde geçerliliğini kaybettiği söylenebilir. Yüksek kültür ile kitle kültürü arasındaki ayrım ortadan tamamen kalkmamış olsa da aralarındaki sınır özellikle seksenler sonrasında muğlâklaşmıştır. Birbirinden keskin sınırlarla ayrılmayan bu iki alanın neresinde durduğu tam olarak kavranamayan pek çok materyal, ürün, popüler yazılı medya, kültür hayatımızı, yargılarımızı, düşüncelerimizi, söylemlerimizi şekillendirmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Popüler kültür, kentsel söylem, seksenler-İstanbul, küreselleşme, metropolleşme, nostalji. The subject of the paper was to discuss the urban discourse of Istanbul by forming / developing a track through the representation of presented, proposed and / or produced urban projects in Istanbul eighties through the medium of popular textual media which accessed the community out of the architectural profession. There are several resources, systems and relations constituting the urban / spatial discourse. Urban discourses are nourished not only from the texts produced by the constructors of the urban space, but also from the representations of the print media of the popular culture and they got fermented in the memory of the society. Because discourses are the language codes that are used to represent the thought of the individual. This statement, judgement could be regarded as an appropriate for the 1980s and later in which architecture was particularly defined by the public space, and by entering our daily life was being discussed by the laities. Language is one of the most important factors to constitute/ form urban image in the mind of society. Urban codes exist with using language in life domains (the physical milieu, the buildings, the maps, the media'etc.), which produce their characteristic texts. Using of the language-speaking and understanding it is the definition ability of human beings, woven into all human activity. It is our judgments and response, believing, relations, values, and situations. As a reflection of our culture, it is reproduction of the spaces. Language is a neglected subject in discussion of the architecture, which is conventionally regarded as a visual rather than the verbal activity. Architects also benefit from the verbal activities and texts to share with their ideas. But it couldn't say that these texts have more aid to constitute / form of urban image. Architecture has its own linguistic register. These texts are meaningful for the professionals, which use architectural terminology. On the other hand, except for architectural speech, any kind of texts about physical environment (the milieu, the buildings, the spaces') plays an important role to strengthen its presence. Discourse can be described as a communicational process. The literal, verbal, visual, or symbolic language becomes meaningful in context, which is open to cultural interaction. Discourse includes comprehensive subjects such as 'language', 'communication', 'society', 'interaction', and 'culture'. In this case, it does not enable definite and easy description. The most important feature of discourse is the constitution of complex relationships of the text, context and social circumstances, which are producing processes. Because of whether the text, or context or social circumstances have renewable and reconstructable qualities for each other, discourse never presents unique and invariable meanings. Discourse is a dynamic and renovative fact consequently conjunctions amongst all elements. In this case discourse has the quality worth researching by different disciplines. Elements are time-line in verbal expression while they are synchronic in visual. A discourse analysis seems an important possibility for the architecture to understand it, to redeem from multi-layered intensity of the visual synchronization and to describe with the 'linear decomposition' in time-line relation of the verbal expression. In this case, the cinema and the literature as an important form of expression of social reminiscence, the political texts-exposed perfection of power to establish the urban image-, supply and demand of the 'new', brochures, advertisements, posters, can be used to understand the reproduced urban reality and urban culture. This study about the relationship between popular culture and urban discourse proposed to forecast to the achievements constituted by advanced determination of the relevant intersection ended with the comment about the relation between social memory, to remember / to forget and to write. Most of the present theorists uttered that several social, cultural, and economical changes affected the formation of the architectural discourse, and the architectural discourse could not stand within the individual autonomous information area. While the subjects and the methods of architectural research have been affected from the different disciplines, popular culture area have not discussed deeply yet. Most of the researchers who wanted to make critical readings, kept a negative place against the study area even at head of the beginning with the pre-acceptance of being opium of the crowd. In this study, three discourses (globalization, metropolitan, nostalgia) were illustrated by popular print media within the intersection of popular culture and urban discourse. Keywords: Popular culture, urban discourse, eighties-Istanbul, globalization, metropolization, nostalgia
Informality in architectural design education
Full text link‘Mimari tasarım eğitiminde enformellik’ başlıklı bu çalışmada, mimari tasarım dersinde enformellikten nasıl yararlanılabileceği incelenmiştir. Üniversite eğitiminin sadece somut olan bilgiyle uğraşmadığı, günümüzde daha çok tanımlanması zor olana, belirsiz olana kaydığı ve mimarlığın geleceğe odaklanan, açık uçlu, belirsiz, değişken, çelişkili karakteri göz önünde bulundurularak mimarlık eğitiminin farklı alanlarla içiçe olması gerektiği, ‘topluma dışardan bakış’ veya ‘geleceğe ait spekülasyon yapabilme’ gibi tavırları kapsadığı ve mimarlığın değerlendirildiği bir ders olarak mimari tasarım dersinin mimarlığın somut ve objektif yönleri dışındaki özelliklerini de ele alması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. Enformellik konusu esnek, spontane ve sezgisel davranışların kaynağı olan oyuncu tavrı serbest bırakan bir durum olarak ele alınmıştır. Mimari tasarım eğitiminde enformellik konusu, uygulanmış örnekler yardımıyla değerlendirilmiştir.This article, 'informality in architectural design education', focuses on the potential of utilizing the concept of 'informality' as a method in the architectural design studio - an integral part of architectural education. It focuses on the idea that higher education is not only interested in concrete knowledge, but more and more concerned about the indefinable and the vague. In a more ambiguous world where education is becoming more personal and open-ended, the importance of abstract concepts such as instincts, intuition, emotional intelligence, responsibility, flexibility, creativity and the feeling of righteousness increase. Architectural education also concentrates on the open-ended, changing, contradictory and ambiguous character of architecture, which is interested in the unknown future. It is suggested that architectural education shall integrate different fields; that it contains approaches such as 'evaluating the society from the outside' and 'speculating about the future'. Architectural design studio as the main territory for architectural judgment shall integrate aspects of architecture other than concrete and objective ones. It is rather difficult to utilize the abstract concepts in education, however they can be open to discussion through the informality. The concept of 'informality' is discussed as the source of flexible, spontaneous and intuitive behaviour, which gives a break to the usual hierarchy and accepted patterns of the society. Informality in architectural design education is discussed with examples such as workshops, multiple workshop programs, programs organized by the students and short informal works in formal architectural education
An evaluation method for the landscape planning of Istanbul Bosphorous area
No full textDoğaya ve yaşama yönelik bilinçlenme sürecinde ortaya konan çevre, ekoloji, sürdürülebilirlik gibi temel kavramlar çerçevesinde Boğaziçi’nin ekolojik peyzaj planlamasına temel oluşturacak bir yöntem aracılığıyla, alanın doğal, tarihsel, kültürel ve sosyal değerlerini ortaya koymak, alana ilişkin yasal düzenlemelerin neler olduğunu ve alanı nasıl etkilediğini belirlemek, peyzaj ve şehir ekolojisi kavramları doğrultusunda mevcut durumun hem fonksiyonel hem de görsel yapı üzerinde meydana getirdiği sonuçları CBS yardımıyla ifadelendirmek, elde edilen sonuçları da kişisel algılama verileriyle birlikte değerlendirilerek planlama önerilerinde bulunmak bu çalışmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır. In the frame of basic terms like environment, ecology and sustainability which came into being in the conscience period regarding nature and life, expressing the natural, historical, cultural, social values of the area, by the means of a method which will be a base for the ecological landscape of Bosphorus; besides, determining what the legal regularities are and how these affect the area, expressing the negative and positive results of the existing situation on functional and visionally structure regarding the terms of landscape and city ecology by means of maps on computerized environment using a GIS based program, evaluating the results coming out of these together with personal perceptional data once again and suggesting the solutions are put forward as goals. The basics of the thesis, environment, ecology and sustainability concepts are founded upon the creation of nature friendly settlements or making current settlements harmonic with nature and secure its continuity. Related to the common view of these concepts and the goal stated above, an ?Ecological Landscape Evaluation Method? for Bosphorus Area, which was decided as the activity platform, is prepared. Before discussing the Bosphorus Area according to this method, ecology and sustainability concepts and the general view of Bosphorus were presented in relation to these concepts
Sanayi çalışanlarının konut/konut alanı özellikleri ve yeni yer seçme eğilimleri
Full text linkLocation tendency and preference, interrogated according to the subjective evaluations and behaviours seems as an important interest area at current studies. In this study, it is aimed to examine the location preferences of industrial employees according to their housing/housing area characteristics and it is aimed to interrogate the relocation tendency of industrial employees in the context of three different tendency processes. These processes are; (1) Adaptation process to existing/dwelled housing: It is the tendency to continue to stay in the same house in the same neighbourhood. (2) Changing process of the existing/dwelled housing: It is the tendency of changing the existing/dwelled housing in the same/dwelled neighbourhood or it can be determined as choosing tendency of another housing in the same neighbourhood. (3) Relocation process: This process can be determined with two different tendencies. The tendency of choosing another neighbourhood and another housing in the same city or the tendency of choosing another city to move. The main purpose of this study is to determine the factors and reasons which revealed the different relocation tendencies and to determine the planning indicators of housing/housing areas devoted to the preferences and demands of industrial employees. Research study is realized at Organized Industrial Zone in Kayseri City. Industrialization processes that realized after 1980's are caused the development of middle-scaled cities which have certain accumulations. These cities are called as "New Industrial Districts". The main development reasons of New Industrial Cities are; cheap labour, certain capital base, nearness to raw material, benefit from the public investments. Among the "New Industrial Districts", Kayseri has an important position at the economy of country. It is seen that with the spatial distribution and location of industry, labour increased seriously in Kayseri City. For this reason, it is chosen as the sample city. To classify general tendencies, the survey is implemented among the employees of the "I. Organized Industrial Zone" which consist of the significant part (66.2%) of the industrial workforce in Kayseri. A questionnaire study consist of 37 questions is applied to the 1000 industrial employees (approximately 2% of employees) in this zone. The questionnaire consists of 6 different question profiles. These are; working life, social status and income, household profile, housing location-working area accessibility, ownership, relocation expectations and demands. According to the results of the questionnaire study, first of all, the profile of industrial employees special to sample city is determined and the characteristics of housing/housing area are revealed in this article. And then, in the context of these different characteristics; preferences, choices and satisfaction levels of industrial employees are evaluated with the aid of a "Comparative Point Model" according to their main location tendencies. At the end of the study, it is determined that, as a determinative factor," cheap housing" can be more important than "near location to the working area" for industrial employees which reduce the cost of housing as the opportunity of free housing or housing ownership (host level) in the whole city scale. And in the city scale/at the city centre, "arrival comfort of housing/housing area to working area" (location near to the working area and/or existence and sufficiency of public transport possibilities to the working area) and "the physical criterion of housing" (housing size, building newness, sufficiency of comfort conditions, existence and sufficiency of infrastructure) are determined as dependent variables at the preference of housing/ housing area for industrial employees. At the same time, these are determined as the reducing factors of relocation demand for industrial employees. Cause of the special characteristics to the sample city (existence of regular housing areas planned with the development of industrial areas), industrial employees can find appropriate housing/housing area devoted to their demand and preferences. For this reason, "adaptation process to existing/dwelled housing" is determined as the dominant location tendency and the level of relocation demand is very low among the employees. Keywords: Industrial employees, housing area, location tendency, Kayseri.Süreç içerisinde, öznel değerlendirmeler ve davranış biçimlerine görece sorgulanan yerseçim tercihlerinin, güncel çalışmalarda giderek artan bir ilgi alanı oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sanayi çalışanlarının ikamet etmekte oldukları konut/konut alanı özellikleri üzerinden yer seçim özelliklerinin (tercihlerin) incelenmesi ve öznel tercihler ve davranış biçimlerine göre yeni yer seçme (yer değişikliği yapma) eğilimlerinin üç temel süreç üzerinden (mevcut konuta uyum sağlama, mevcut konut değişikliği yapma ve yeni yerseçme) sorgulanmasıdır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada, farklı eğilimlerin ortaya çıkmasındaki etken ve nedenler belirlenerek, planlamaya girdi sağlanmakta ve sanayi çalışanlarının tercih ve taleplerine yönelik uygun konut/konut alanı geliştirme göstergeleri belirlenmektedir. Araştırma, 1980 sonrası yaşanan sanayileşme süreçlerine bağlı olarak, ülke ekonomisinde söz sahibi Yeni Sanayi Odaklarından biri haline gelen Kayseri Kentinde; sanayi işgücünün %66.2’sini oluşturan Organize Sanayi Bölgesi’nde, anket soruşturması yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Alanda %2 oranında örneklem sorgulanarak, yüz yüze görüşme tekniği ile toplam 1000 anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, il ölçeğinde çalışma alanının konumlanmasına bağlı olarak sanayi çalışanlarının bu alana en yakın ilçeleri öncelikli olarak tercih ettikleri bununla birlikte mülk sahipliği düzeyi ve bedelsiz konut elde etme olanaklarını bulan sanayi çalışanları için ucuz konutun işyerine yakınlıktan daha belirleyici bir ölçüt olduğu; mülk sahibi olma ve bedelsiz konut elde etme gibi konut maliyetini azaltan olanakların il ölçeğinde ve konut-işyeri erişim kolaylığı ile konuta ilişkin kalite ve konfor koşullarının ise kentsel ölçekte yer değişikliği yapma talebini düşüren etkenler ve konut/konut alanı seçiminde sanayi çalışanları için bağımlı değişkenler/belirleyici göstergeler olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sanayi çalışanları, konut alanı, yerseçme eğilimi, Kayseri
Bilgisayar destekli ve geleneksel mimari tasarım süreçlerinde tasarım kararları
Full text linkThis publication is derived from a PhD thesis that aims to explore the possible reflections of the design domains on the students design behavior by analyzing the similarities and differences between the computer-aided and conventional architectural design process. The focus of this study is on conceptual and overall design decisions in these two different cases. A comprehensive literature review was conducted before starting to design the research method. Theoretical concepts and empirical findings were revised with the focus on possible dimensions of measurement, analysis and evaluation methodologies. It was concluded that there is a lack consensus in the research area. Although there is a variety of unstructured observations and assumptions about computer-aided design process, only a limited number of empirical studies have been carried out in the related research area. In all of the empirical studies, computer aided architectural design (CAAD) process was evaluated in comparison to the conventional design process. Thus, different descriptions of the design activity by different researchers were reviewed and considered in all research phases, especially while determining the preliminary and final dimensions of measurement. A hybrid theoretical model is used to combine two major approaches to design research (rational problem solving by Herbert A. Simon and reflection-in-action by Donald A. Schön) for investigating the design process. After the general survey of former empirical research on CAAD, it was decided to conduct a controlled experiment with two conditions: first experimental condition (E01), the subjects were obliged to design with the software they prefer while participants in the control condition (E02) were only allowed to utilize only conventional tools. The sample population was determined as senior students of Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture. This decision was based on the homogeneity of design expertise and software use among the students, shared design terminology between the researcher and the students, high accessibility of subjects and possibility of contributing to the architectural design approaches in ITU. The duration of the experiment was defined as 120 minutes, considering time length of the previous studies and feasibility issues. The experiments were conducted in ITU Faculty of Architecture and a total of 1890 minutes of protocol recordings were obtained. In terms of the number of participants and length of the experiments, this research is one of the most comprehensive studies ever undertaken among the indexed publications. The design problem for the experiment was formulated considering the characteristics of the research question, sample population, the duration of the experiment and the problems that were used in similar surveys. The problem description is decided to be relatively short in order to motivate the participants to restructure and redefine requirements. Analysis of the experiments revealed that there is significant difference between the means of total number of design decisions in conventional design and CAAD conditions. Moreover, in certain experimental sessions, the design decisions were found to be differently organized in time. These observations may be related to the unique properties of CAAD media. The potential of the medium to create automated reproductions, complex representations and rich visual content may have led the subjects to focus more on the design process and the medium itself. The expertise level of the students that participated CAAD experiments may also have affected the findings, as their awareness in this area is lower than professional architect. Another possible reason of the difference in the mean number of decisions on design process can be the fact that sketching is a goal-directed automatic behavior. In contrast, CAAD processes require human computer interaction, conscious reasoning, thinking about the tools and process planning. The interactive nature of the medium may be shifting the focus of the subjects to the process itself, as they are obliged to use a certain format, which can be transformed, processed and stored by the computer. It is important to note that findings of this study are generalizable only to a limited domain as they are limited with the number and profiles of participating students and specific to the design problem and setup used in the experiments. All of the observations reflect the conceptual design phase; therefore, they cannot be generalized to the whole design process. Further research on the use of digital domains in the design process is needed for a clearer insight into architectural education and professional practices. Keywords: Design research, computer aided architectural design, protocol analysis.Bu çalışma, mimari tasarım öğrencilerinin bilgisayar destekli ve geleneksel tasarım süreçlerinde aldıkları tasarım kararları ve gerçekleştirdikleri eylemlerin benzerlik ve farklılıklarının deneysel olarak incelenmesinin amaçlandığı bir doktora tezinden üretilmiştir. Doktora tezinde ölçülen boyutlar ve tartışılan kavramlar sayıca tek bir makalede değerlendirilemeyecek kadar çok olduğundan bu makalede toplam ve kavramsal tasarım kararları ve bunların üretilen temsiller ile ilişkilerine odaklanılmıştır. Araştırma hipotezi, bilgisayar destekli ve geleneksel mimari tasarım süreçlerinde mimarlık öğrencilerin verdiği toplam tasarım kararları arasında niceliksel farklılıklar bulunduğunu öngörmektedir. Bu hipotezi test etmek amacıyla, iki değişik deneysel durum içeren kontrollü bir deney yürütülmesi kararlaştırılmıştır: birinci deneysel durumda (E01) denekler tercih ettikleri yazılım(lar)la tasarım yaparken, ikinci deneysel durumda (E02) deneklerin yalnızca kalem, kağıt, cetvel gibi geleneksel tasarım araçları ile tasarım yapmalarına izin verilmiştir. Deneyler İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi’nde gerçekleştirilmiş ve toplam 1890 dakikalık protokol kaydı elde edilmiştir. Deney çalışmasında yer alan deneklerin tamamı İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi son sınıf öğrencisidir. Eğitimsel ve mesleki deneyim farklılıklarını en aza indirgemek için deneklerin tamamı benzer demografik yapılarda seçilmiştir. Bu bağlamda yürütülen deneysel çalışma -indekslenmiş yayınlar göz önüne alındığında- şimdiye kadar gerçekleştirilmiş en kapsamlı tasarım deneyi olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu da sonuçların güvenilirliğini pozitif yönde etkilemiştir. Elde edilen kayıtlar, protokol analizi yöntemi ile nitel ve nicel olarak değerlendirilmiş ve yapılan istatistiksel testler sonucunda iki grubun ortalamaları arasındaki farklar anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bilgisayar ortamında tasarım yapan deneklerin kararlarının zaman içindeki organizasyonunda da farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tasarım araştırmaları, bilgisayar destekli mimari tasarım, Protokol analizi
Toplu konut üretiminde kullanıcı tatmini yönelimli bir veri toplama modeli: Kalite Fonksiyon Yayılımı
Full text linkAlong with the concept of globalization, the competition among the world markets has become stronger and as a result, customer satisfaction has become the most important way for companies to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Thus, the companies must accurately determine the customers' needs and requirements in order to achieve perfect and permanent customer satisfaction. Because of the complex nature of the construction process and the unique characteristics of the industry, it is quite difficult to determine the customers? needs and expectations accurately. However, according to today's business trends, customer satisfaction is the key factor of quality, and customers are the ones who determine and rate the quality. Therefore, construction companies must adopt customer focused systems to evaluate the customers' requirements and to transform these requirements into the production process. Supposing that the performance of a mass-housing producer could be evaluated by customer satisfaction, it is explored what percentage of the customers' needs and expectations has been concerned and adapted in accordance with today?s mass housing trends. With the guidance of this evaluation, the applicability of the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology to mass housing sector has been questioned and a sample model has been proposed for its adaptation to the sector. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a planning methodology of TQM for transforming the customers? needs and requirements through the production processes into the completed facility. Within the context of this study, an attempt has been made to contribute to developments pertaining to the adaptation of QFD to the construction industry. Supposing that mass house production is the most similar type of building construction to the industrial type serial production; it is claimed that mass housing sector can propose a suitable practice platform for QFD adaptations to construction. Therefore, a suggestion has been proposed for the implementation of QFD in mass housing sector and a case study has been driven by which the basic customer expectations and requirements have been associated with the mass house producers' main activities and operations of the project process. Subsequently, the steps of the QFD process are followed and the House of Quality (HOQ) chart has been developed. The focus and the findings of this study are limited to the mass housing sector, however the concepts of the proposed model could be implemented to the other sectors of the construction industry. Since the study targets mass housing sector, the referred customer is at the same time supposed to be the end-user of the completed product. Taking in consideration the diversity of the customer profile in the mass housing sector, the focus of the study is limited to the middle and high income people and the companies which are producing housing areas with social facilities to target this customer profile. In this study, an attempt has been made for the adaptation of QFD methodology to the mass housing sector. The sample implementation has been made to question the applicability of the methodology and to constitute a precedent for the mass house producer which might eventually like to use QFD. It is important to understand that the developed matrix within the case study presents a system approach and a decision making/planning tool. That is the reason why the producers need to concentrate on the methodology of the study instead of the content of the sample matrix. It should be taken in consideration that the case study has been driven with the participation of the companies and customers which are located in Istanbul, Turkey. QFD methodology is peculiar to project and one of its major characteristics is its flexibility in terms of scope and contents. Consequently, the results of the matrix will vary for each particular practice. The geographical conditions of the country, the economical situations of the moment, the direction of technological developments, and the various special aspects will certainly affect the results of the later implementations. However, it has been predicted that QFD methodology is adoptable to the mass housing sector and the companies could benefit by using it as a strategic planning tool to become more customer focused. As the approach assuming the quality "in the eye of the customer" is accepted more in the construction sector, it is anticipated that QFD methodology will become widespread and the number of implementations will increase. Keywords: Quality Function Deployment (QFD), customer satisfaction, mass housing sector.Günümüz konut sektöründeki rekabetçi ortam, uzun dönemde kalıcı olmayı hedefleyen firmaların müşteri tatminine odaklanmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Kaliteyi belirleyen müşteridir; dolayısıyla konut üretimi sektöründe gerek sürecin gerekse de bitmiş ürünün kalite gereksinimleri müşteri tarafından şekillendirilmektedir. Bu da, her bir proje için hedef kitlenin belirlenerek özgün talep ve beklentilerin tespit edilmesi gereğini doğurmuştur. Konutta kullanıcı tatmininin, konut üreticilerinin performansının göstergeleri arasında önemli bir yeri olduğunu savunan bu çalışmada, günümüzün toplu konut eğilimleri doğrultusunda müşteri ihtiyaç ve beklentilerinin projelere ne oranda yansıtıldığı araştırılmıştır. Değerlendirmeden çıkan sonuçlar ışığında, Kalite Fonksiyon Yayılımı metodolojisinin (KFY) konut üretim sektörüne uyarlanabilirliği sorgulanmış ve bunu deneyen bir örnek model geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada KFY’nin inşaat sektörüne uyarlanması için yapılan çalışmalara bir katkı sağlamak hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla, TOKİ’nin gelir paylaşımı modeli çerçevesinde çeşitli yüklenici firmalar tarafından orta ve üst gelir grubuna yönelik olarak gerçekleşen toplu konut üretimi için, temel müşteri beklentilerinin firmaların üretim serüvenlerindeki kritik eylem ve adımlarıyla ilişkilendirildiği bir alan çalışması yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, konut üretim sektörünün KFY metodolojisinden belirgin şekilde yarar sağlayabileceğini göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, bazı sınırlayıcı ve zorlayıcı faktörlere rağmen KFY’nin konut sektöründe müşteri memnuniyetini arttırmak için stratejik bir araç olarak kullanılabilirliğini göstermenin yanı sıra, firmalara kendi özgün projeleri için değişik kapsam ve boyutlarda uyarlayabilecekleri bir sistem ve metot önerilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kalite fonksiyon yayılımı (KFY), müşteri tatmini, toplu konut sektörü
A decision making approach to dispute resolution method selection
Full text linkAlmost all researchers working in the field of construction dispute resolution agree that disputes are inevitable and may become destructive in the construction projects. Disputes between project participants have also been identified as the principal causes of poor performance in construction projects. Disputes are held liable for prolonged delays in implementation, interruptions and sometimes suspensions. Other detrimental effects of construction disputes are listed as increase in project costs, undermining the team spirit, and above all, damaging business relationships. Selection of dispute resolution method to be used is regarded as the key component of the dispute resolution process by many researchers. However, the complex, ever-changing and multi-dimensional structure of the construction projects render the selection of appropriate dispute resolution methods, which require the consideration of multiple and conflicting criteria regarding technical, financial, social, economic and legal issues, a very complicated task for a human's cognitive abilities. Thus, without the appropriate support, the selection of dispute resolution is made based on personal experience and knowledge (subjective approach) rather than a consideration of the requirements of the dispute and project (objective approach) in the existing practice of project managers. Along with the theoretical analysis of dispute resolution process in construction, a workshop conducted with participants from the Turkish construction industry have both revealed the need for decision making support in dispute resolution method selection. Vigorous models to cope with this need, however, appear to be lacking. In recognition of this inadequacy, development of a model to support the decision making of the project managers in the selection of appropriate dispute resolution method in construction projects is required. In this context, the aim of this research is to develop a decision making model that (1) can offer solutions in the presence of contradictory criteria, (2) is capable of considering the ever-changing conditions of projects by allowing the user to assign different weights to the criteria, (3) enables the users to analyze and construct the dispute systematically, (4) can be used in different phases and conditions of projects and (5) is comprehensible and practical for project managers, in order to help the project managers identify the most appropriate dispute resolution method in given conditions.The development of the model is realized in two phases; development of the approach adopted in the model by theoretical research and determination of the model components by empirical research. While the approach adopted in the model is structured as a universal approach and is applicable in all jurisdictions, determination of the model components by field surveys enables adaptation of the model to the specific conditions of the jurisdiction in which it will be used. This paper focuses on the development of the approach adopted in the model by theoretical research. The research steps in this phase are (1) selection of the decision making method, (2) selection of the analysis technique, (3) determination of the model construct and (4) design of the methodology for determination of the model components in specific jurisdictions. As a result of the extensive analysis of various decision making methods, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology is found to be the most suitable for the model aims determined above. Investigation of different analysis techniques in terms of consistency, comprehensiveness and quantity of operations required, revealed that weighted sum technique (WSM) is compatible with the aims identified for the model. Modular construct is adopted so that the model can be used in all phases and conditions in a construction project. Determination of decision criteria and alternatives are designed as a survey to enable adaptation of the model to the specific conditions of the jurisdiction / industry in which it will be used. On the other hand, determination of the utility factors is designed as an expert panel in order to embed opinions of the experts into the model. The results show that the approach formulated with multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method, weigted sum technique (WSM), modular construct and the combined survey and expert panel methodology to determine the components is compatible with the aims identified for the model. Keywords: Dispute resolution, multi-criteria decision making, model building.Uyuşmazlık çözüm sürecinin kuramsal analizi ve çalışma kapsamında Türk inşaat sektöründen katılımcılarla gerçekleştirilen çalıştay, inşaat projelerinde uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemi seçimi sürecinde problemler bulunduğunu ve karar verme modellerine gereksinme olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ancak, literatürde bu amaçla kullanılabilecek etkin modeller mevcut değildir. Bu eksikliği dikkate alarak, çalışma kapsamında (1) çelişkili kriterlerin bulunduğu karmaşık uyuşmazlık durumlarında çözüm üretebilen, (2) inşaat projelerinde sürekli değişen gereksinimleri değerlendirebilen, (3) uyuşmazlığın kullanıcı tarafından analitik olarak incelenmesine ve yapılandırılmasına imkân veren, (4) projelerin çeşitli aşama ve koşullarında kullanılabilen ve (5) proje yöneticileri için kavraması kolay ve kullanışlı bir karar verme modeli geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Modelin geliştirilmesi; kuramsal çalışmalarla modelde benimsenen yaklaşımın oluşturulması ve alan çalışmalarıyla model bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi olarak iki aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Benimsenen yaklaşım tüm hukuk sistemlerinde geçerli evrensel bir yaklaşım olarak yapılandırılmış olmakla birlikte, model bileşenlerinin alan çalışmalarıyla belirlenmesi, modelin kullanılacağı hukuk sistemine özgü koşullara adapte edilmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu makalede, uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemi karar verme modelinde benimsenen yaklaşım açıklanmaktadır. Bu kapsamdaki araştırma adımları; modelin hedefleri doğrultusunda karar verme metodunun seçimi, modelde kullanılacak analiz tekniğinin belirlenmesi, işleyişin kurgulanması ve alan çalışmalarının metodolojisinin tasarlanmasıdır. Sonuçlar, çok kriterli karar verme metodu, ağırlıklandırılmış toplam tekniği ve modüler kurgu ile geliştirilen yaklaşımın, model için belirlenen hedeflere en uygun yaklaşım olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uyuşmazlık çözümü, çok kriterli karar verme, model geliştirme
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