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Comparative evaluation of artificial intelligence models GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 in clinical decision-making in sports surgery and physiotherapy: a cross-sectional study
Get PDFBackground The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has rapidly expanded, particularly in clinical decision-making. Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 have shown potential in various medical applications, including diagnostics and treatment planning. However, their efficacy in specialized fields like sports surgery and physiotherapy remains underexplored. This study aims to compare the performance of GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 in clinical decision-making within these domains using a structured assessment approach. Methods This cross-sectional study included 56 professionals specializing in sports surgery and physiotherapy. Participants evaluated 10 standardized clinical scenarios generated by GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 using a 5-point Likert scale. The scenarios encompassed common musculoskeletal conditions, and assessments focused on diagnostic accuracy, treatment appropriateness, surgical technique detailing, and rehabilitation plan suitability. Data were collected anonymously via Google Forms. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests for direct model comparisons, one-way ANOVA to assess performance across multiple criteria, and Cronbach's alpha to evaluate inter-rater reliability. Results GPT-4 significantly outperformed GPT-3.5 across all evaluated criteria. Paired t-test results (t(55) = 10.45, p < 0.001) demonstrated that GPT-4 provided more accurate diagnoses, superior treatment plans, and more detailed surgical recommendations. ANOVA results confirmed the higher suitability of GPT-4 in treatment planning (F(1, 55) = 35.22, p < 0.001) and rehabilitation protocols (F(1, 55) = 32.10, p < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha values indicated higher internal consistency for GPT-4 (alpha = 0.478) compared to GPT-3.5 (alpha = 0.234), reflecting more reliable performance. Conclusions GPT-4 demonstrates superior performance compared to GPT-3.5 in clinical decision-making for sports surgery and physiotherapy. These findings suggest that advanced AI models can aid in diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and rehabilitation strategies. However, AI should function as a decision-support tool rather than a substitute for expert clinical judgment. Future studies should explore the integration of AI into real-world clinical workflows, validate findings using larger datasets, and compare additional AI models beyond the GPT series
Biodegradation of Some Lignocellulosic Wastes during Composting and Their Valorization as Plant Growth Media
Get PDFPurposeThe purpose of this study was characterization of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes biodegradation during composting process and evaluating composts as alternative growth media.MethodsIn this study, agricultural wastes such as spent mushroom (reishi) substrate (SMS), hazelnut pruning waste (HPW), and spent coffee grounds (SCG) were used for composting. K1, K2, and K3 composts were obtained from mainly SMS, HPW, and SCG, respectively. Chemical content and FTIR and TGA evaluation of final composts were compared to initial mixtures or agricultural wastes as controls. Height and dry biomass of tomato seedlings and fresh weight of shoots, fresh yield, and dry biomass of microgreens cultivated in growth media with different proportions of compost fertilizers were compared to those cultivated in peat moss (control).ResultsHolocellulose/lignin of all initial mixtures decreased in final compost fertilizers. Absorption bands belonging to carbohydrates, aliphatic and nitrogen compounds that changed were evaluated between agricultural wastes and final composts. Dry biomass of tomato seedlings in growth media of SMS1 (90% K1 + 10% sand), SCG1 (90% K3 + 10% sand), SCG2 (45% K3 + 45% peat + 10% sand) and 15 + 15 + 15 (compound fertilizer) was higher than the control. Fresh yield of Lepidium sativum microgreens was higher in growth media of SCG1, SCG2, and SCG3 (20% K3 + 70% peat + 10% sand) at 1.890, 1.908, and 1.799 kg m-2 compared to control.ConclusionsBiodegradation of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes could be characterized by chemical and analytical methods. As peat moss is not a sustainable source, all compost fertilizers in this study could be used sustainably as growth media for soilless cultivation.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK)Open access funding provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK)
Effectiveness of protected areas in the Caucasus Mountains in preventing rangeland degradation
Get PDFAs land use intensifies globally, it increasingly exerts pressure on protected areas. Despite open, nonforested landscapes comprising up to 40% of protected areas globally, assessments have predominately focused on forests, overlooking the major pressures on rangelands from livestock overgrazing and land conversion. Across the southern Caucasus, a biodiversity hotspot extending over 5 countries, we conducted a broadscale assessment of the extent to which protected areas mitigate land-use pressure on rangelands in them. Using satellite-based indicators of rangeland vegetation greenness from 1988 to 2019, we assessed the effectiveness of 52 protected areas. This period encompassed the collapse of the Soviet Union, economic crises, armed conflicts, and a major expansion of the protected area network. We applied matching statistics combined with fixed-effects panel regressions to quantify the effectiveness of protected areas in curbing degradation as indicated by green vegetation loss. Protected areas were, overall, largely ineffective. Green vegetation loss was higher inside than outside protected areas in most countries, except for Georgia and Turkey. Multiple-use protected areas (IUCN categories IV-VI) were even more ineffective in reducing vegetation loss than strictly protected areas (I & II), highlighting the need for better aligning conservation and development targets in these areas. Mapping >10,000 livestock corrals from satellite images showed that protected areas with a relatively high density of livestock corrals had markedly high green vegetation loss. Ineffectiveness appeared driven by livestock overgrazing. Our key finding was that protected areas did not curb rangeland degradation in the Caucasus. This situation is likely emblematic of many regions worldwide, which highlights the need to incorporate degradation and nonforest ecosystems into effectiveness assessments.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [PArCS GH 149/1-1]German Research Foundation (DFG) [SoMo 01DK21003]German Federal Ministry of Education and Science (BMBF)We gratefully acknowledge funding by the German Research Foundation (DFG; PArCS GH 149/1-1) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Science (BMBF; SoMo 01DK21003). We thank K. Gackstetter for her help with the digitization of livestock corral data. We truly appreciate the support and acknowledge the contributions of A. Heidelberg, K. Manvelyan, and the late N. Zazanashvili in the early stages of this study
Antik Mirasın Orta Çağ ve Rönesans Avrupa’sında Kurumsal ve Kültürel Dönüşümü
Get PDFBu çalışma, Antik Yunan ve Roma medeniyetlerinin kültürel, felsefi ve kurumsal mirasının Orta Çağ Avrupası’nda nasıl korunduğunu, dönüştürüldüğünü ve yeniden yorumlanarak Rönesans’a evrildiğini incelemektedir. Skocpol’ün uzun vadeli tarihsel süreçlerin analizine verdiği önemden yola çıkarak, antik miras ile Orta Çağ ve Rönesans arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiyi ele almaktadır. Makale, Roma İmparatorluğu’nun çöküşünden başlayarak, Germen istilalarının etkisini, Britanya’nın özgün konumunu ve manastırların bilgi aktarımındaki rolünü incelemektedir. Ayrıca, Hristiyanlığın yükselişiyle birlikte antik mirasın nasıl yeniden yorumlandığını, edebiyat ve sanatta nasıl yansıtıldığını araştırmaktadır. Çalışma, Orta Çağ toplumunda kralın ve kilisenin rolüne özel bir önem atfederek, dünyevi ve dini otorite arasındaki karmaşık ilişkinin Avrupa’nın siyasi ve kültürel manzarasını nasıl şekillendirdiğini analiz etmektedir. Bu dinamik, Chaucer’ın Canterbury Hikâyeleri ve Malory’nin Arthur’un Ölümü gibi edebi eserlerin incelenmesiyle ortaya konmakta, bu eserlerde antik ve Hristiyan unsurların nasıl iç içe geçtiği gösterilmektedir. Rönesans döneminde antik mirasın yeniden keşfinin bilimsel devrim ve modern siyasi düşüncenin gelişimindeki etkisi de ele alınmaktadır. Araştırma, antikiteden Orta Çağ’a geçişin basit bir gerileme değil, karmaşık bir dönüşüm süreci olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Germen istilalarının yıkıcı etkilerine rağmen, antik metinler ve düşünceler özellikle manastırlar ve kilise kurumları aracılığıyla korunmuş ve aktarılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma antik mirasın Avrupa medeniyetinin şekillenmesindeki sürekli ve dinamik rolünü ortaya koymakta, antik mirasın geçmişin statik bir kalıntısı değil, sürekli olarak yeniden şekillenen ve güncel tartışmalara katkıda bulunan canlı bir gelenek olduğunu vurgulamaktadır
Generalized ruled surfaces in Myller configuration
Get PDFIn this paper, we introduce a quite big ruled surface family, which is called generalized ruled surfaces with Frenet-type frame in Myller configuration for Euclidean 3-space. This paper especially improves the theory of surfaces with respect to ruled surfaces and presents the relationships between the usual theory of curves and the theory of surfaces with Myller configuration. We investigate some special type ruled surfaces, such as rectifying-type ruled surfaces, osculating-type ruled surfaces, tangent-type ruled surfaces and trajectory ruled surfaces with Frenet-type frame in Myller configuration for E3 . We also give some particular cases of these ruled surfaces, as well. Since the geometry of versor fields along a curve with Frenet-type frame in Myller configuration for E3 is a generalization of the usual theory of curves in classical Euclidean space, the surface theory of versor fields along a curve with Frenet-type frame in Myller configuration for E3 is a generalization of the usual theory of surfaces in classical Euclidean space, as well. Then, we establish some numerical examples with some illustrative figures with respect to the ruled surfaces in Myller configuration in order to solidify and concretize the given results. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
HERMITE-HADAMARD TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR PREINVEX FUNCTIONS WITH APPLICATIONS
Get PDFIn this article, we establish new Hermite-Hadamard Type inequalities for functions whose first derivative in absolute value are preinvex. Further, we give some application of our obtained results to some special means of real numbers. Moreover, we discuss several special cases of the results obtained in this paper.BHU-UGC Non-NET fellowship [R/Dev./Sch./UGC Non-Net Fellowship/2022-23/58420]IoE Scheme [6031]The first author is financially supported by BHU-UGC Non-NET fellowship R/Dev./Sch./UGC Non-Net Fellowship/2022-23/58420. The second author is financially supported by Research Grant for Faculty (IoE Scheme) under Dev. Scheme NO. 6031
Different Approaches, Common Goals: Analyzing Medical Educators' Teaching Styles
Get PDFBackgroundMedical education requires the combined use of several different methods due to its involvement of theoretical and clinical educational practices. In general, educators, including those in the field of medical education, adopt teaching styles that they shape based on their personal preferences, skills, and beliefs, in which they apply these methods for the sake of quality education.ObjectiveIn this study, it was aimed to identify the teaching styles of medical educators at medical schools.MethodThe sample of this descriptive study consisted of 272 medical educators working at medical faculties in T & uuml;rkiye. The data of the study were collected using the Teaching Styles Inventory. The Inventory has 5 teaching styles: expert, formal authority, personal model, facilitator, and delegator. The analyses included frequencies, means, t-tests, the Mann-Whitney U test, one-way ANOVA, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and correlation analyses.ResultsIt was determined that 53.8% of the participants were women, 34.6% were professors, 80.9% were working at public institutions, 56.6% were in internal medicine branches, 37.8% had a work experience of 16 years or more in the profession, and 68.8% did not have administrative duties. The mean numbers of projects and articles in which the participants took part within the last 5 years were 4.29 and 15.16, respectively, while their mean number of teaching hours per week was 9.16. The participants were found to use the expert, facilitator, and delegator teaching styles at high rates, while they used the other teaching styles at moderate rates. Gender, institution of employment, and title were not significantly associated with the teaching styles of the participants, whereas their administrative duties and experience were significantly related to their teaching styles. Accordingly, the participants with more experience in the profession preferred the personal model, delegator, and facilitator styles more, and those who had administrative duties preferred the facilitator style more. The teaching styles of the participants were not significantly related to their age, the number of articles or projects in which they were involved, or their weekly teaching hours.ConclusionIt was determined that medical educators working at medical schools possessed the knowledge and expertise needed by students, and they preferred the personal model, facilitator, and delegator teaching styles, which indicate a democratic environment in educational processes
Read-aloud practices with children's picture books in Turkish first-grade classrooms
Get PDFThe current study aimed to explore the read-aloud experiences of Turkish first-grade elementary school teachers. This study employed a cross-sectional survey design, with a total of 61 first-grade elementary school classroom teachers constituting the research sample. A teacher questionnaire was used to collect the data. The research findings revealed that first-grade teachers included read-aloud practices in their teaching processes. They carried out various activities to enhance interaction during read-aloud sessions and utilized texts from both textbooks and picture books for this purpose. Moreover, the teachers employed read-aloud practices more frequently in Turkish language arts lessons and provided advice to families on incorporating read-aloud activities at home. Additionally, some teachers expressed a need for more guidance on how to effectively implement read-aloud practices. By providing effective scaffolding to first-grade teachers, it can be ensured that they utilize read-aloud practices more effectively in classroom teaching processes, thereby supporting children's language skills
Engineering properties and thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete with polyester-coated pumice aggregates
Get PDFPumice aggregates stand out with their low density and high porosity. However, their high water retention capacity and low mechanical strength are the primary disadvantages limiting their use in lightweight concrete production. In this study, pumice aggregates with particle sizes ranging from 4 to 16 mm were coated with polyester, known for its superior adhesion and insulation properties, to produce polyester-coated pumice aggregates. Subsequently, five different lightweight concrete mixtures were prepared using 450 kg/m(3) cement, incorporating coated and non-coated pumice aggregates as coarse aggregates at replacement ratios of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Aggregate tests included specific gravity and water absorption, while fresh concretes were evaluated for unit weight and slump. Hardened concretes were tested for dry unit weight, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, freeze-thaw resistance, and thermal conductivity. The results revealed that the polyester coating increased the specific gravity of pumice aggregates by up to 45% and reduced water absorption by 85%. The use of coated aggregates increased the unit weight of the concrete but resulted in a reduction in compressive strength and UPV. Despite a compressive strength reduction of up to 58% depending on the coated aggregate content, concrete specimens produced with polyester-coated aggregates exhibited the highest performance in terms of freeze-thaw resistance and thermal conductivity
Tokat/Reşadiye yöresinde icra edilen uzun havaların “ezgi çekirdeği” yöntemiyle analizi
Get PDFReşadiye region has an important place in the music culture of Tokat. Three of the seven “Uzun Hava” collected in the region belong to this region. It is known that the geographical region covering the districts of Reşadiye; Almus, Başçiftlik, Niksar and Akkuş (Ordu) has its own musical structure. In particular, “Uzun Hava” with a Çargâh tone (karar sesi) have melodic structure and motifs unique to the region. When the “Uzun Hava” sung in the region are examined, it is seen that the pitch of Çargâh is generally used as the central defining pitch, and the common defining pitch is used in two different ways as hüseyni and nim hisar. The works in which Hüseyni is the common defining pitch are generally “Uzun Hava” called “Efilo, Fadik, Canım havası”. “Uzun Hava” in which the nim hisar pitch is the common defining pitch are called “Nezük”. This distinction essentially reveals that the change of a single pitch in the melody structures in the local music causes the “Uzun Hava” to be expressed with a different name and the importance of the smallest melody structures. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the Reşadiye “Uzun Hava”, which contain the characteristic local motifs of the music culture of Tokat region, with the melody nucleus method. In the study, three “Uzun Hava” registered to Reşadiye region in TRT repertoire were analyzed with the melody nucleus method. The sentence structures of the pieces and the melody nucleı in these structures were determined and their form structures were shown on the table. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that Çargâh pitch is the central defining pitch, hüseyni and nim hisar pitches are common defining pitches in different “Uzun Hava”, and Çargâh in one “Uzun Hava” and Bayati Şiraz melody nucleus structures are dominant in the others. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved