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An Updated Review on Ziziphora L.: A Valuable Source of Phytoconstituents for Potential Health Benefits
Full text linkZiziphora L. (Lamiaceae) is a genus of annual or perennial medicinal plants. These species are characterized by their aromatic features and are widely distributed across Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, and North-West Africa. In T & uuml;rkiye, the genus comprises eleven taxa, namely Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam., Z. subsp. taurica, and Z. taurica Bieb. subsp. cleonioides (Boiss.) Davis. Ziziphora species have been used in Turkish, Kazakh, and Iranian folk medicine, especially in the form of infusion, decoction and maceration, owing to their antiseptic, expectorant, stomachic, carminative, and sedative effects. Ziziphora species have also been used against the common cold, coughing, migraine, fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and depression. There is a high number of studies documenting the phytochemical features and biological activities of Ziziphora species. Although the essential oil composition of the Ziziphora genus was the primary focus of earlier studies, these species also contain triterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. They were demonstrated to display antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. Given their diverse biological activities and phytoconstituents, Ziziphora species represent a promising candidate for further pharmacological research. In the present review, ethnobotanical records, phytochemical profiles, and bioactivities of Ziziphora species will be extensively presented
Electrochromic properties of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate-doped polypyrrole/ nanocellulose composite films
Full text linkThis study investigates electrochromic properties of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP)-doped polypyrrole (PPy) and PPy/Nanocellulose (NC) composite films, where TBAP-doped PPy/NC composites were synthesized with various NC content ranging from 0 % to 100 % by volume in 0.1 M pyrrole solution and deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass using potentiostatic polymerization. The optimum polymerization time for depositing a uniform, adhesive and stable films on FTO with higher optical contrast between bleached and colored states are found to be 10 s at a constant voltage of 1.2 V. To compare the electrochromic properties of NC-free and NC-containing TBAP-doped PPy films, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and optical transmittance spectroscopy were carried out in 0.1 M TBAP electrolyte. A reversible color change from yellow at - 0.6 V (bleached state) to blue gray at + 0.6 V (colored state) is observed for %40 NC-containing TBAP-doped PPy composite film. CV measurements at the potential between - 0.8 V and + 0.8 V show an increase at the oxidation and reduction peak currents up to 60 % NC in TBAP-doped PPy, but the highest optical contrast and uniformity is observed for 40 % NC-containing composite film. And scanning electron microscopy images reveal that surface morphology changes and cluster/agglomerations on the surface of the films are formed when the %NC value exceeds 60 %. Of the NC-containing composite films, the 40 % NC-containing TBAPdoped PPy composite film exhibits the best adhesion to FTO substrate. Furthermore, the highest optical contrast (25.9 % at 700 nm) is observed for %40 NC-containing TBAP-doped PPy when compared to NC-free TBAP-doped PPy film (18.7 % at 700 nm). Therefore, PPy/NC composite with 40 % volume ratio of NC in PPy was selected for further CV and CA experiments. Compared to NC-free films, 40 % NC-containing TBAP-doped PPy exhibits faster switching time (1.16 s), higher optical contrast (25.9 % at 700 nm), higher coloration efficiency (65.6 cm2/C), and better uniformity on FTO. Our results may lead to the design of a high-performance electrochromic devices using NC-Conductive Polymers, with electrochromic and mechanical properties that can be adjusted through NC composition, especially to create flexible composites with enhanced mechanical strength.Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University [34216]This work is supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University (Project Number 34216)
Comparison of changes in total oxidant and antioxidant capacities in colostrum in vaginal delivery cases with and without oxytocin induction
Full text linkAmaç: Oksitosin indüksiyonu ile vajinal doğum yapan gebeler ve spontan takip ile vaginal doğum yapan gebelerin kolostrumlarındaki total oksidatif stres ve total antioksidatif stres belirteçlerinin incelenerek, oksitosin kullanımının kolostrumda oksijen radikallerinin üretimi üzerine olan etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya Ekim 2024-Aralık 2024 tarihleri arasında Düzce Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum kliniğinde indüksiyon ile vajinal doğum yapan 36 gebe, spontan vajinal doğum yapan 36 gebe olmak üzere toplam 72 gebe dahil edildi. Katılımcılardan yaklaşık 5 ml kolostrum manuel olarak toplandı. Kolostrumdaki antioksidan aktivite demir iyonu çözeltisi ve hidrojen peroksit çözeltisinin karıştırılmasıyla üretilen hidroksil radikalinin başlattığı serbest radikal reaksiyonlarına karşı gelişen etkiler kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Oksidatif stres, ferrik iyonun asidik ortamda ksilenol oranj ile oluşan kompleksindeki renk yoğunluğunun spektrofotometrik olarak incelenmesi ile değerlendirildi. Maternal özellikler, fetal birinci ve beşinci dakika APGAR değerleri, fetal doğum ağırlığı, kolostrumdaki TAS, TOS, OSİ değerleri kaydedildi. Elde edilen veriler istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Gebelerin 36 (%50) tanesi spontan vajinal doğum, 36 (%50) tanesi indüksiyon ile vajinal doğum yaptı. Spontan vajinal doğum ve indüksiyon ile vajinal doğum yapan katılımcıların anne sütlerinde TAS , TOS ve OSI değerlendirilmesinde istatiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık izlenmemiştir (sırasıyla p=0.660, p=0.928, p=0.866). Oksitosin indüksiyon süresi ile TAS arasında anlamlı bir korelasyon yokken (rs=0,163; p=0,342), TOS (rs=0,378; p=0,023) ve OSI (rs=0,345; p=0,040) ile pozitif yönlü zayıf düzeyde korelasyon bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Doğum travayında arrest olması durumunda ya da maternal/fetal endikasyonlarla doğum eyleminin başlatılması gereken durumlarda oksitosin ile doğum indüksiyonu uygulanmasının anne sütünde serbest oksijen radikallerinin üretiminde anlamlı artışa yol açmadığı gösterilmiştir.ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to investigate the levels of total oxidative stress (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in the colostrum of pregnant women who delivered vaginally with oxytocin induction and those who delivered spontaneously. The goal was to evaluate the effect of oxytocin use on the production of oxygen radicals in colostrum. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 pregnant women who delivered vaginally at Düzce University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, between October 2024 and December 2024 were included in the study. Of these, 36 underwent vaginal delivery with induction, while 36 had spontaneous vaginal deliveries. Approximately 5 mL of colostrum was collected manually from each participant. Antioxidant activity in the colostrum was assessed based on the effects against free radical reactions initiated by hydroxyl radicals produced through the mixture of iron ion solution and hydrogen peroxide solution. Oxidative stress was evaluated spectrophotometrically by measuring the color intensity of the complex formed between ferric ions and xylenol orange in an acidic environment. Maternal characteristics, fetal first and fifth minute APGAR scores, fetal birth weight, and TAS, TOS, and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels in the colostrum were recorded and statistically compared. Results: Among the participants, 36 (50%) had spontaneous vaginal deliveries, while 36 (50%) delivered vaginally with induction. Statistical analysis of TAS, TOS, and OSI levels in the colostrum showed no significant differences between the two groups (p=0.660, p=0.928, p=0.866, respectively). No significant correlation was observed between the duration of oxytocin induction and TAS (rs=0.163; p=0.342), while a weak positive correlation was found with TOS (rs=0.378; p=0.023) and OSI (rs=0.345; p=0.040). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the use of oxytocin induction in cases where labor arrest occurs or when labor needs to be initiated due to maternal or fetal indications does not lead to a significant increase in the production of free oxygen radicals in breast milk
Ruderal Bitki Türlerinin Kentsel Bitkisel Tasarımda Kullanım Potansiyeli
Full text linkRuderal bitkiler, doğal ekosistemlerde antropojenik etkiler sonucunda ortaya çıkan bitki türleridir; boş araziler, yol kenarları ve inşaat alanları gibi bölgelerde sıklıkla görülürler. Uzun yıllar zararlı ve istenmeyen olarak kabul edilen bu bitkiler, günümüzde çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve doğal kaynakların korunması konularının önem kazanmasıyla ilgi görmeye başlamıştır. Ruderal türler, kentsel habitatlarda varlıklarını sürdürebilmek için biyolojik olarak uyumlu özelliklere sahiptir; bu özellikler arasında hızlı tozlaşma, estetik çekicilik ve su stresine dayanıklılık öne çıkmaktadır. Kentsel bitki örtüsü üzerine yapılan araştırmalar, ruderal bitkilerin dağılımının iki temel parametreyle ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir: toprağın su içeriği ve insan müdahalesinin sıklığı ve yoğunluğu. Bu parametreler, kentsel alanlardaki ekosistemlerin yapılandırılması ve korunması açısından önemli rollere sahiptir. Toprağın su içeriği, bitkilerin büyüme ve gelişmesini doğrudan etkilerken, insan müdahalesinin yoğunluğu ise bitki örtüsü üzerindeki baskıyı belirler. Bu bağlamda, ruderal bitkilerin kentsel alanlardaki dağılımı ve çeşitliliği, kentsel peyzaj planlamasında dikkate alınması gereken önemli bir faktördür. Ayrıca, bu araştırmalar, kentsel bitki örtüsünün sürdürülebilirliği ve çeşitliliği üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak için temel bilgi sağlar. Bu bilgiler, kentsel alanlardaki yeşil alanların tasarımı ve yönetimi konusunda karar vericilere rehberlik etmek için kullanılabilir. Bu çalışma, ruderal bitki türlerinin kentsel peyzajlarda bitkisel tasarımda kullanılma potansiyellerine odaklanarak, kentsel alanlarda biyoçeşitlilik açısından olası avantajlarını ve dezavantajlarını incelemekte ve potansiyel uygulama alanlarını aktarmaktadır
Dielectric property enhancement of glass fiber-reinforced concrete via TiO? nanocomposites
No full textThis study addresses the critical gap in traditional glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC), which lacks tailored electrical properties for modern energy-related applications. We introduce a novel approach by incorporating a TiO?-based hybrid composite (TiO?-@) into GFRC to develop multifunctional composites with enhanced dielectric, mechanical, and energy storage capabilities. Experimental results demonstrate that TiO?-@ doping at 2 % concentration achieves the most significant improvements: a dielectric constant increase to ~420 at 100 Hz (compared to ~180 for undoped GFRC), capacitance enhancement to 71 pF at 100 Hz (versus 18 pF in the reference), and AC conductivity elevation by 205 % after aging. The 2 % TiO?-@ sample also exhibited a Leeb hardness increase to 486 HLD (from 159 HLD pre-aging), highlighting its structural robustness. Frequencydependent analyses revealed modified polarization mechanisms and charge transport dynamics, with ColeCole plots and impedance spectroscopy confirming reduced capacitive reactance and enhanced interfacial interactions. These results establish TiO?-@ as a transformative additive for GFRC, bridging the gap between structural performance and energy functionality. The work pioneers the integration of TiO? nanocomposites into cementitious matrices, offering a dual-purpose material for smart construction systems and embedded energy storage devices
Comparative investigation of the effects of litz wire usage on the energy efficiency, thermal and magnetic performance of i̇nduction motor windings
Full text linkBu çalışma, asenkron motorların sarım yapılarında kullanılan geleneksel bakır tel yerine, yüksek frekanslı uygulamalarda ortaya çıkan skin ve proximity (deri ve yakınlık) etkilerinin yol açtığı enerji kayıplarını minimize etmek amacıyla Litz telinin kullanımının performans parametreleri üzerindeki etkilerini kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Çalışmada, motor sarımlarında kullanılan tel tiplerinin elektriksel özelliklerindeki farklılıklar, manyetik alan dağılımı ve frekans bağımlı direnç değerleri gibi temel parametreler, Matlab programı kullanılarak geliştirilen model ve simülasyonlarla detaylı biçimde analiz edilmiştir. Özellikle, yüksek frekanslı asenkron motor uygulamalarında gözlemlenen deri ve yakınlık etkisi nedeniyle meydana gelen direnç artışları, geleneksel bakır tel kullanımında ortaya çıkan sorunları artırmakta ve enerji verimliliğini düşürmektedir. Litz telinin bu olumsuz etkileri nasıl minimize edebileceği üzerine yapılan hesaplamalar ve karşılaştırmalar, enerji kayıplarının önemli ölçüde azaltılabileceğini göstermiştir. Ek olarak, farklı tel yapılandırmalarının motor dinamikleri üzerindeki etkileri, performans ve termal davranışlar açısından detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş; böylece Litz telinin kullanımının, sadece enerji verimliliğini artırmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda motor ömrünü uzattığı ve bakım maliyetlerini düşürdüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, endüstride asenkron motorların tasarım ve üretim süreçlerinde alternatif tel teknolojilerinin benimsenmesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, elde edilen sonuçlar, ileri araştırmalar için yeni perspektifler sunarak, deneysel uygulamalar ve prototip geliştirme çalışmalarında rehber niteliğinde bir referans oluşturacaktır. Litz telinin asenkron motor sarımlarında kullanılması, performans artışı, enerji verimliliği ve uzun ömür gibi kriterlerde belirgin iyileşmeler sağlayarak, modern elektrik motor teknolojilerinde önemli bir potansiyel sunmaktadır.This study comprehensively examines the impact of using Litz wire on the performance parameters of asynchronous motor windings instead of traditional copper wire, aiming to minimize the energy losses caused by the skin and proximity effects observed in high-frequency applications. In this study, fundamental parameters—such as the differences in the electrical properties of the wire types used in motor windings, magnetic field distribution, and frequency-dependent resistance values—were analyzed in detail through models and simulations developed using Matlab. In particular, the resistance increases that occur due to the skin effect and proximity effect observed in high-frequency asynchronous motor applications exacerbate the issues associated with conventional copper wire usage and reduce energy efficiency. Calculations and comparisons regarding how Litz wire can minimize these adverse effects have demonstrated that energy losses can be significantly reduced. Additionally, the effects of different wire configurations on motor dynamics were examined in detail from the perspectives of performance and thermal behavior, thereby revealing that the use of Litz wire not only increases energy efficiency but also extends motor life and reduces maintenance costs. These findings emphasize the importance of adopting alternative wire technologies in the design and production processes of asynchronous motors in the industry. Furthermore, the results obtained provide new perspectives for further research and serve as a valuable reference for experimental applications and prototype development studies. The use of Litz wire in asynchronous motor windings offers significant improvements in performance, energy efficiency, and longevity, presenting considerable potential for modern electric motor technologies
Dynamic Impedance-Based Monitoring of St37 Carbon Steel Corrosion in Sterilized Manganese Broth Medium
Full text linkMicrobiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of metals is a serious challenge where manganese oxidizing bacteria (MOB) can play a relevant role. However, there is no consensus on how MOB influences corrosion mechanisms. This arises from the complexity of the corrosion process and the challenge of distinguishing the effects of chemicals from the biological contributions. In this work, the electrochemical characteristics of St37 carbon steel in a bacteria-free Mn broth medium were monitored for 5 h using the new Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (DEIS) technique. The results were compared with those from the classical electrochemical methods to validate the new technique. DEIS accurately tracked corrosion processes in the media and analysis of the variation of parameters such as the polarization resistance (Rp), corrosion potential (E), and constant phase elements (n, and Y0) proved valuable insight in understanding the corrosion processes. The study reveals that, in a sterile Mn broth medium, the corrosion resistance of St37 steel improved over time due to the adsorption of yeast and (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 on the surface. SEM and EDX results confirm the adsorption of protective deposits on the steel surface. The polarization resistance of St37 steel increased up to 12,000 Omega cm2 at 5 h of measurement. The results from the DEIS technique conform with those from the classical methods. The work therefore established the DEIS technique as reliable for corrosion measurements in a dynamic system. The results obtained can serve as a suitable baseline for future MIC studies induced by MOB.COST Action European MIC Network-New Paths for Science, Sustainability, and Standards (Euro-MIC) [CA20130]STMS [E-COST-GRANT-CA20130-b9d8fa36]RSC Researcher Collaborations Grant [C25-2462454988]The authors thank the COST Action European MIC Network-New Paths for Science, Sustainability, and Standards (Euro-MIC) [CA20130] for supporting this research, which was carried out within the framework of a STMS (E-COST-GRANT-CA20130-b9d8fa36) . The authors also express their gratitude to RSE (Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico S.p.A.) and the Universita degli Studi di Milano for their kind support. MMS has submitted application for the RSC Researcher Collaborations Grant (C25-2462454988) under this project
Multi-Objective Optimization of Machinability and Energy Consumption of Cast Iron Depending on Cooling Rate
Full text linkCooling rates in cast iron significantly impact its microstructure, leading to bainitic transformation instead of ferritic structures, resulting in microstructures with higher pearlite content and even cementite formation. Consequently, this transformation causes hardness values to vary between 160 and 320 HB, directly affecting the material's machinability. Energy efficiency has become a critical focus in sustainable production techniques and cost-effective machining processes. This variation directly influences machinability, with higher hardness generally improving surface quality. Energy efficiency in machining is crucial for sustainable production, and Specific Cutting Energy Consumption (SCEC) has become a key metric in evaluating machinability. Using genetic algorithms (GA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), this study optimized machining parameters for energy consumption and surface finish. GA results indicated that a cutting speed of 200 m/min and a feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev minimized surface roughness to 1.359 Ra while reducing Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) from 3.25 to 2.83 Wh/mL. The lowest surface roughness (1.0 mu m) was observed at a hardness of 320 HB, with the same cutting parameters. RSM analysis identified optimal parameters as a cutting speed of 150-200 m/min, a feed rate of 0.2 mm/rev, and a hardness of 220-245 HB, balancing energy efficiency and surface quality. ANOVA showed that cutting speed and feed rate contributed to 30% of the surface roughness variability and 45% of the energy consumption variability
Assessment of serum oxidative stress parameters in migraine patients
Full text linkObjectives This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between serum oxidative stress parameters and clinical characteristics of patients with migraine by measuring total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), ischemia- modified albumin (IMA), and thiol/disulfide homeostasis levels. Materials and Methods The study included a total of 152 individuals, of whom 76 were diagnosed with migraine and 76 were controls. Disease duration, attack duration, attack frequency, Visual Analog Scale scores, comorbidities, were recorded in the migraine group. Using the serum samples of the patient and control groups, oxidative stress parameters were analyzed by colorimetric methods and evaluated together with clinical findings. Results In the patient group, the measured total thiol, native thiol, IMA, TOS, and OSI levels were statistically significantly higher than those in the control group (for each group; p < 0.01). The mean TAS level of the patient group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between the frequency of attacks and the measured IMA levels (r: 0.244; p = 0.034; p < 0.05). Conclusions This study found that TAS levels decreased, while TOS, OSI, and IMA levels increased during the interictal period in patients with migraine. These parameters shifting toward an oxidant balance may indicate that oxidative stress also plays a role in the pathogenesis of migraine. In addition, the significant positive correlation between the frequency of attacks and IMA levels are likely to indicate that secondary ischemic mechanisms may play a role in the pathophysiology of this condition
MERYEM SÛRESİNİN 59. ÂYETİNİN ANLAMI ÜZERİNDE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Full text linkAfter the names of 12 prophets are mentioned in the Surah Maryam, it is stated in the 59th verse that a "bad generation" came after these prophets, that this generation wasted prayers and followed their lusts, and that these people will suffer the punishment for their transgres-sion in the afterlife. خَلْفٌ mentioned in the verse means "bad generation". Two characteristics of this generation are stated in the verse: Wasting the prayer and being subject to lust. It is not clear who is meant by the sentence "They wasted the prayer". In this respect, there has been disagreement about who the "those who waste prayer" are, and three different views have been put for-ward: Those who do not believe that prayer is obligatory, those who believe but do not per-form it due to negligence, laziness or other reasons, and those who do not pay attention to the conditions and pillars of prayer. There were those who defended all three meanings. Howev-er, according to the majority of Islamic scholars, what is meant by those who "waste" prayer is those who do not perform prayer because they do not believe that prayer is obligatory. The context of the verse also expresses this meaning. Those who do not accept that prayer is obligatory are not believers and Muslims. Because it does not accept an obligation that is established by the verse. Although there were those who said that those who accept that prayer is obligatory but do not perform prayer without any excuse such as forgetting, "became an unbeliever", the majority of Islamic scholars did not adopt this view. Those who do not pray because they do not believe, if they die without re-penting, they will stay in hell forever in the afterlife. As for those who believe but do not pray, their situation is left to Allah. If Allah wishes, He will forgive, and if He wishes, He will punish. There are verses and hadiths expressing this issue. اتَّبَعُوا الشَّهَوَاتِ Those who are meant by the sentence "They followed their lusts" are those who act contrary to the orders and prohibitions, principles and provisions of religion, and those who indulge in haram and sins such as adultery, drinking, gambling and theft. The word غَيّ used at the end of the verse means indignity in the dictionary. غَيّ Abdullah b. According to Ab-bas, it is the name of a valley in hell. The pus of the people of hell flows here.Meryem sûresinde 12 peygamberin ismi zikredildikten sonra, 59. âyette bu peygamberlerin ardından “kötü bir nesil” geldiği, bu neslin namazı zayi ettiği ve şehvetlerine tabi olduğu, bu kimselerin azgınlıklarının cezasını ahirette çekecekleri bildirilmektedir. Âyette geçen خَلْفٌ “kötü nesil” demektir. Âyet-i kerîme’de bu neslin iki özelliği bildirilmiştir: Namazı zayi etmek ve şehvetlerine tabi olmak.اَضَاعُوا الصَّلٰوةَ “…Namazı zayi ettiler” cümlesi ile kast edilenlerin kimler olduğu açık değildir. Bu ihtilaf edilmiş, üç farklı görüş ortaya konulmuştur: Namazın farz olduğuna inanmayanlar, inandığı halde ihmal, tembellik veya başka sebeplerle namazı kılmayanlar ve namazın şart ve rükünlerine özen göstermeyenler. Her üç anlamı da savunanlar olmuştur. Ancak İslam âlimlerinin çoğunluğuna göre “namazı zayi edenler” ile kastedilenler, namazın farz olduğuna inanmadığı için namaz kılmayanlardır. Âyetin bağlamı da bu anlamı ifade etmektedir. Namazın farz olduğunu kabul etmeyenler, mümin ve Müslüman değildir. Çünkü âyetle sabit olan bir farzı kabul etmemektedirler. Namazın farz olduğunu kabul ettiği halde unutma gibi herhangi bir mazereti olmadan namaz kılmayanlar için de “kâfir olur” diyenler olmuşsa da İslam âlimlerin çoğunluğu bu görüşü benimsememiştir. İnanmadığı için namaz kılmayanlar, tövbe etmeden ölürlerse cehennemde ebedi olarak kalırlar, inandığı halde namaz kılmayanların ise hali Allah’a kalır, Allah dilerse affeder, dilerse cezalandırır. Bu hususu ifade eden âyet ve hadisler vardır. اتَّبَعُوا الشَّهَوَاتِ “Şehvetlerine tabi oldular” cümlesi ile kast edilenler, dinin emir ve yasaklarına, ilke ve hükümlerine aykırı hareket edenler, zina, içki, kumar, hırsızlık gibi haram ve benzeri günahlara dalanlardır. Âyetin sonunda geçenغَيّ kelimesi sözlükte azgınlık anlamındadır. غَيّ Abdullah b. Abbas’a göre cehennemde bir vadinin adıdır. Buraya cehennemliklerin irinleri akar