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Detection of Heterobasidion Root Rot on Pinus brutia Ten. Using Different Vegetation Indices Generated from Sentinel-2 A Satellite Imagery
Get PDFThe genus Heterobasidion includes some of the most destructive pathogens of conifers in the Northern hemisphere. Heterobasidion root rot leads to loss of root function and visible symptoms in the crowns of most Pinus spp., including Turkish red pine (P. brutia). Infected pines will eventually die. Wind-thrown trees with decayed roots or open gaps in the stand often indicate the presence of Heterobasidion root rot. Satellite imagery has recently been utilized regularly to detect damaged areas in order to apply early management procedures to pests or diseases in forests, reducing spread within an affected site and to other places. In the work described here, Sentinel-2 A satellite imagery was tested for detecting Heterobasidion root rot in P. brutia regeneration in an area in south-western Turkiye, using different vegetation indices. Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI) indices were calculated from Sentinel-2 A satellite images in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to detect disease. Calculated indices as synthetic band were added to the Sentinel-2 A satellite image on the GEE platform. Images with the added bands were classified using Random Forest (RF) before evaluation using the Kappa Coefficient and Overall Accuracy. Based on a statistical analysis, NDRE was the most useful index for detecting the disease with an overall accuracy of 89% and a Kappa Coefficient of 0.84, followed by NDVI and PSRI, respectively. After evaluation of General Accuracy and Kappa Coefficient, disease incidence in the area was determined (affected hectares), based on the indices. NDRE detected 7.21 affected hectares, NDVI 7.9 hectares and PSRI 6.49 hectares in a total of 67.8 hectares. Sentinel-2 A bands, which allow the measurement of various land and vegetation health parameters, the effect of bands on RF classification was determined according to the indices used. The most important band for classification of NDRE and NDVI was the B2 (BLUE) band of Sentinel-2 A, and the most important band with PSRI was the B5 (RED EDGE) band. Based on these bands, the best wavelengths for detecting H. annosum diseased areas were in the range 492.4-740.5 nm in Sentinel-2 A. The system enabled the detection of differences in crown deterioration and also wind-thrown trees with decayed roots or open gaps in the stand. This study is the first to show that Sentinel-2 A satellite imagery can be applied successfully for the detection of Heterobasidion root rot on P. brutia
The crime and punishment of non-Muslims for insulting the prophet
Get PDFIn recent years, there has been a systematic increase in the number of verbal and actual insults against the holy places of Muslims. It is seen that a significant portion of these insulting and humiliating activities are directed against the Prophet Muhammad. No one has the right to engage in verbal or actual acts that hurt the honor and dignity of another person. Words and behaviors that violate personal rights are considered as crimes by all legal systems and criminal sanctions are envisaged. Since the offense of insulting the Prophet is not only a violation of personal rights, but also against the sacred values of all Muslims, it is more appropriate to consider it as a qualified crime. Since the crime of insulting the Prophet by a Muslim person is considered within the scope of apostasy, which is a separate type of crime, the study is limited to the crime of insulting the Prophet by non -Muslims. In the Islamic legal literature, the crime of insulting the Prophet by a non -Muslim is mostly dealt with outside the heading of uk & umacr;b & amacr;t within the framework of the dhimma contract/citizenship law. Detached works have also been written on the subject. Although there are different opinions, there is a general opinion that the penalty for the crime of insulting the Prophet is death. In this context, Hanafis, unlike other schools of fiqh, express their opinion that the crime of a non -Muslim citizen in this context will not harm the dhimmah contract, which is an important breakthrough on the subject. This article focuses on the bases of the death penalty for the crime of insulting the Prophet. In addition, the issue is discussed in terms of crime -punishment compatibility and a new approach to the punishment for the crime of insulting the Prophet is presented. In this context, it is revealed that the death penalty envisaged within the scope of the crime in question is incompatible with the crime -punishment compatibility
A Qualitative Analysis on the Experiences of Mothers of Children in Burn Intensive Care Unit: She burned on the outside, me inside...
Get PDFMothers closely follow the complex process due to the burning of their children. Caring for and supporting the child can pose various challenges for mothers. With the phenomenological method, this study was conducted to investigate mothers' experiences staying with their children in the pediatric burn intensive care unit. Twelve mothers participated in the study. The semistructured face-to-face interviews obtained data. After each interview, the research team transcribed the interviews verbatim. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyze the data. The experiences of the mothers were classified in four contexts as a result of the interpretative phenomenological analysis; first reactions to burn trauma related to the awareness that the child has been burned, being a mother in the burn intensive care unit related to caring for the child as a companion in the burn intensive care unit, coping related to how they cope with the problems throughout the whole process, and requirements regarding the subjects it needs in the process. It was determined that mothers went through a physically and emotionally challenging process from the beginning of the burn trauma and throughout the intensive care unit. During this challenging process, it was observed that mothers could not use effective coping methods and did not receive the necessary professional support. In line with these results, it is recommended that psychological support programs be applied to the mothers and that care focused on the needs of the mothers should be provided
The effect of the enzymes trypsin and DNase I on the antimicrobial efficiency of root canal irrigation solutions
Get PDFThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of using 2.5% NaOCl, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), Irritrol, and chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles (AgCNPs) alone or in combination with deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) and trypsin pre-enzyme applications in dentin samples contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) by CLSM. 144 dentin blocks with confirmed E. faecalis biofilm formation were divided randomly according to the irrigation protocol (n = 12): NaOCl, CHX, Irritrol, AgCNPs, trypsin before NaOCl, CHX, Irritrol, AgCNPs, and DNase I before NaOCl, CHX, Irritrol, AgCNPs. Dentin blocks were stained with the Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit and viewed with CLSM after irrigation applications. The percentage of dead and viable bacteria was calculated using ImageJ software on CLSM images. At a significance level of p 0.05). AgCNPs showed a higher percentage of dead bacteria when trypsin was applied as a pre-enzyme compared to other irrigation solutions (p 0.05). No irrigation protocol tested was able to eliminate the E. faecalis biofilm. While the application of trypsin as a pre-enzyme improved the antimicrobial effect of AgCNPs, it did not make any difference over other irrigation solutions.Abant Izzet Baysal niversitesiNo Statement Availabl
Lower Free T3 Levels Linked to Poorer Outcomes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients with Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
Get PDFAim of the Study Non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is often observed in critically ill patients. This study aimed to examine thyroid hormone changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experiencing acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF) and to evaluate the impact of these alterations on clinical outcomes.Materials and Methods This retrospective investigation involved 80 COPD patients (age 71.5 +/- 9.5 years; 57.5% male) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to AHRF. NTIS was identified when free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels were below the lower limit, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) levels were within the normal range or below the lower limits.Results NTIS was detected in 63.7% of the patients. Decreased fT3 levels were found in 36.3% of the patients, reduced T4 levels in 33.8%, and diminished TSH levels in 15%. Patients with low fT3 levels exhibited elevated C-reactive protein levels, white blood cell counts, and APACHE II scores, necessitated vasopressor infusion more frequently during their ICU stay, and had increased mortality. The in-hospital mortality rate was 28.8%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that fT3 level (odds ratio [OR]., 0.271; 95% confidence interval [CI]., 0.085-0.865; p=0.027), APACHE II score (OR, 1.155; 95% CI, 1.041-1.282; p=0.007), and vasopressor use (OR, 5.426; 95% CI, 1.439-20.468; p=0.013) were crucial predictors of in-hospital mortality.Conclusions A high prevalence of NTIS is observed in COPD patients with AHRF, with low fT3 levels frequently observed. The presence of lower levels of fT3 is associated with a greater severity of the disease and a significant prognostic indicator
3D-printed polylactic acid-microencapsulated phase change material composites for building thermal management
Get PDFThe integration of phase change materials (PCM) into architectural elements is an emerging strategy to enhance thermal energy storage in modern buildings. This research examines 3D-printed polylactic acid structures incorporated with microencapsulated PCM, targeting a more efficient thermoregulation in foundational architectural sections such as walls, floors, and ceilings. Through rigorous evaluations, the polylactic acid-PCM composite revealed promising thermoregulatory properties. Notably, latent heat values stood at 198.4 J/g for melting and 197.9 J/g for freezing. Real-world experiments demonstrated a distinct advantage, maintaining temperatures 3.2 degrees C-3.3 degrees C higher than standard polylactic acid at night and exhibiting a cooler range of 10.4 degrees C-13.3 degrees C during daylight. Within specific geographical contexts, like the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas coastline, 0.026 m thick polylactic acid-PCM panels stood out, registering 100 % energy savings. The findings consistently showed that an increase in panel thickness correlated with a decrease in building heating needs. Further analysis explored the carbon emissions landscape. Coal, when utilized with 0.05 m-thick polylactic acidPCM panels, was identified as particularly effective, yielding a reduction of 34 kg/m2 in annual CO2 emissions. Collectively, the findings underscore the transformative potential of polylactic acid-PCM composites, positioning them as pivotal tools for advancing architectural energy efficiency and fostering sustainable building innovations
Literature analysis of the location selection studies related to the waste facilities within MCDM approaches
Get PDFThe increase in waste and related environmental problems is one of the major problems compromising health and environmental quality in urban and rural areas. There are a number of policies that can be implemented to reduce waste, but since it cannot be completely eliminated, recycling and disposal facilities for waste will always be required. Researchers and professionals are currently grappling with the issue of where to locate waste facilities. In the light of all this information, a literature review is presented so that researchers can easily access and systematically review previous studies on the waste facility location selection problem. At this point, in order to reduce the reviewed studies to a reasonable level and to conduct a more organized research, this literature research has conducted within the framework of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches, which is one of the most applied methods in location selection problems. The subsequent strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis delves into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the field, offering a concise guide for future research in waste facility location selection problem. The SWOT analysis highlights the strengths of global environmental awareness and versatile MCDM approaches, while addressing weaknesses in emerging technology integration and potential biases. Opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and integration of sustainability metrics provide strategic pathways, but threats such as regulatory changes and limited funding underscore challenges. This analysis serves as a concise guide for future research in waste facility location selection. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, KTU, (FBA-2023-10771
Price forecasting in the electricity spot markets with artificial intelligence and time series models
Get PDFGlobal piyasada artan enerji ihtiyacı, ülkemiz içinde bir takım hızlı reaksiyonlara neden olmuştur. Reaksiyonların sonucunda piyasa içindeki tüm etkileyen ve etkilenen faktörlerin birlikte olduğu yeni bir yapı meydana gelmiştir. Bu durum işin ekonomik boyutunda özelleşmeye ve rekabete sebebiyet vermiştir. Enerji ihtiyacı karşılanırken bunu piyasa koşullarında verimli ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde ele almak gerekir. Hızlı bir şekilde değişkenlik gösterebilen enerji üretim metotları, şebeke sistemleri, dağıtık enerji sistemleri ve bu sistemlerin kontrolü çok yönlü bir yapıyı beraberinde getirmiştir. Literatürdeki ve piyasadaki boşluklarını giderecek şekilde, modern analiz yöntemleriyle elde edilen çıkarımların teklif vericilere sunulması, daha sonrasında son kullanıcıya hizmet verecek kurum ve kişilere ise yaklaşık maliyetlerin ve planlamaların tespiti için gerekli ortamın sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Piyasalar optimum fiyatı sağlamak için birçok kriteri değerlendirmek zorundadırlar. Doğru analiz, spot piyasada risk yönetimi için büyük bir referans olacaktır. Dünyadaki gelişmelere paralel olarak Türkiye'deki elektrik enerjisi piyasası da kendi arasında farklı alt piyasalara ayrılmıştır. Çalışmada EPİAŞ şeffaflık platformundan elde edilen verilerle zaman serilerinin geleneksel ve makine öğrenmesine dayalı modelleri kullanılarak elektrik spot piyasaları için kısa dönemli gün öncesi ve gün içi fiyat çıkarımlarında bulunulmuştur. Daha sonra modellemeler, piyasa kullanıcısının dinamik bir şekilde bu işlemleri tekrarlayabilmesi amacıyla web tabanlı bir uygulama haline getirilmiştir. Literatür karşılaştırması ve şeffaf verilerle yapılan testler sonucunda gün içi piyasa için en iyi modelin ARMA; gün öncesi piyasa için en iyi modelin Prophet olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma ticari faaliyetlerde bulunulmak üzere kullanılacaktır. Ayrıca birden fazla uluslararası akademik yazı ve patent alma amaçlanmaktadır.The increasing energy demand in the global market has caused a number of rapid reactions within our country. As a result of the reactions, a new structure has emerged in which all the influencing and affected factors in the market are together. This situation has led to privatization and competition in the economic dimension of the business. It is necessary to address this in an efficient and sustainable way in market conditions while meeting the energy need. Energy production methods, grid systems, distributed energy systems and the control of these systems, which can vary rapidly, have brought about a versatile structure. It is aimed to present the inferences obtained with modern analysis methods to the bidders in a way that will eliminate the gaps in the literature and the market, and then to provide the necessary environment for the determination of the approximate costs and plans for the institutions and persons that will serve the end user. Markets have to evaluate many criteria to ensure the optimum price. Accurate analysis will be a great reference for risk management in the spot market. In parallel with the developments in the world, the electrical energy market in Turkey is also divided into different sub-markets. In the study, short-term day-ahead and intraday price inferences were made for electricity spot markets by using traditional and machine learning-based models of time series with the data obtained from the EPİAŞ transparency platform. Then, the models were turned into a web-based application for the market user to dynamically repeat these transactions. As a result of the literature comparison and tests conducted with transparent data, it has been determined that the best model for the Intraday Market is ARMA; and the best model for the Day Ahead Market is Prophet. The work will be used for commercial activities, and it is also intended for obtaining multiple international academic papers and patents
The relationship between reproductive coercion, gender roles attitude and fertility desire in married women
Get PDFÜreme baskısı, kişilerarası bir ilişkide güç ve kontrol aracı olarak kullanılan ve kadının üreme özerkliğine müdahale eden davranışları içeren cinsiyete dayalı bir şiddet biçimidir. Araştırma, evli kadınların üreme baskısı, toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutumları ve çocuk sahibi olma isteği arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı desende yapılan araştırma, Eylül 2022-Eylül 2023 tarihleri arasında aile sağlığı merkezlerine başvuran, 18-49 yaş aralığında 480 kadın ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler Kişisel Tanıtım Formu, Üreme Baskısı Ölçeği (ÜBÖ), Çocuk Sahibi Olma İsteği Ölçeği (ÇSOİÖ) ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği (TCRTÖ) ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Spearman's Rho Korelasyon Katsayısı, PATH analizi ve ADF yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 35,65±7,39, gebelik sayısı ortalaması 2,4±1,41, doğum sayısı ortalaması 1,97±1,05'dir. Katılımcıların %3,1'i istenmeyen gebelik yaşamıştır. Aile planlaması yöntemi kullanan katılımcıların oranı %51,2'dir, en yaygın kullanılan yöntem ise kondom (%42,4) olarak belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların, ÜBÖ puan ortalaması 0,1±0,45, ÇSOİÖ ölçeği puan ortalaması 58,54±9,67 ve TCTRÖ puan ortalaması 121,92±15,14 bulunmuştur. ÜBÖ ve ÇSOİÖ puanları arasında pozitif yönlü zayıf bir ilişki vardır (r=0,172; p<0,001). ÜBÖ ve TCRTÖ puanları arasında pozitif yönlü zayıf bir ilişki vardır (r=0,119; p=0,009). ÇSOİÖ genel puanı bir birim arttığında ÜBÖ puanı 0,205 artmaktadır. Araştırmaya katılan kadınlarda üreme baskısı düşük, çocuk sahibi olma isteği orta düzeyde ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin eşitlikçi tutuma sahip oldukları görülmektedir. Üreme baskısı ile çocuk sahibi olma isteği ve toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri arasında pozitif yönlü zayıf bir ilişki bulunsa da üreme baskısı arttıkça çocuk sahibi olma isteği artmaktadır.Reproductive coercion is a form of gender-based violence involving behaviors used as a means of power and control in interpersonal relationships and intervening in a woman's reproductive autonomy. This study has been conducted to determine the relationship between reproductive coercion, fertility desire and gender roles attiutades among married women. The study employed descriptive and correlational research design. The sample included 480 women aged between 18 and 49 who get healtcare from family health centers between September 2022 to September 2023. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, the Reproductive Coercion Scale (RCS), the Fertility Desire Scale (FDS) and the Gender Roles Attitude Scale (GRAS). Descriptive statistics, Spearman's Rho Correlation Coefficient, PATH analysis, and the ADF method were employed for data analysis. The average age of the participants is 35.65±7.39, with an average number of pregnancies of 2.4±1.41 and an average number of births of 1.97±1.05. About 3.1% of the participants have experienced unwanted pregnancies. The rate of participants using a family planning method is 51.2%, with the most commonly used method is condoms (42.4%). The participants have an average score of 0.1±0.45 on the RCS, 58.54±9.67 on the FDS, and 121.92±15.14 on the GRAS. There is a weak positive correlation between RCS and FDS scores (r=0.172; p<0.001). There is also a weak positive correlation between RCS and GRAS scores (r=0.119; p=0.009). When the overall score of FDS increases by one unit, the RCS score increases by 0.205. The participants in this research, reproductive coercion appears to be low, fertility desire is moderate, and they exhibit an egalitarian attitude towards gender roles. Although there is a weak positive correlation between reproductive coercion and fertility desire, as reproductive coercion increases also fertility desire
Treatment of Burn Wounds with a Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Dressing Containing Artemisia absinthium L.: A Comprehensive In Vivo Study
Get PDFObjective: Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) is a valuable medicinal plant that has been used for the wound healing since ancient times. Hydrogel dressings are often preferred for wound care in treatment. In this study, the effects of chitosan-based hydrogel dressings containing wormwood were investigated in rats with a burn wound model for the first time. Material-Method: Certain phenolic compounds in wormwood extracts were detected by LC-MS/MS and antioxidant activities were calculated using the DPPH. The antibacterial activity of the dressings was tested using the disk diffusion method. Tissues taken from 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats were histopathologically examined at days 3rd and 21st. Skin tissue Il-1?, Il-6, TNF-? and Il-10 levels were measured using ELISA. All data obtained from histopathological examination and cytokine levels were statistically evaluated. Results: Fifteen phenolic compounds were quantitatively determined in wormwood extracts. The antioxidant activities of high-, medium-, and low-dose wormwood extracts were 91.1% ± 0.054, 89.6% ± 0.012 and 84.1% ± 0.02, respectively. The hydrogel dressings showed no antibacterial activity against S. aureus (ATCC 29213) or P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). Granulation tissue formation, collagen increase, and regular scar appearance were higher in all three wormwood groups. Wound contraction was completed and remodeling phase started at day 21st, especially in the high-dose wormwood treatment group. Tissue cytokine levels were determined in pg/ml in all groups. Conclusion: It was determined that A. absinthium L. can promote wound healing through various mechanisms of action and shows immunomodulatory effects, and is appropriate for use as a wound dressing in the form of a chitosan-based hydrogel