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Simile structures in the Adyghe language
Get PDFÇalışmamızda Adıge dilinde karşılaştırmalı yapıları inceledik. Dilbilimdeki karşılaştırma, dilin farklı seviyelerinde bulunur: sözcüksel, morfolojik, sözdizimsel. Bu, imgeler yaratmak ve karakterize etmek için dilin en canlı resimsel araçlarından biri olan dünyayı, çevreyi bilmenin yollarından biridir, bu nedenle karşılaştırma, sanatsal tanımlamanın sıklıkla kullanılan bir tekniğidir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmamızın konusu karşılaştırmayı içeren çeşitli dil birimleridir: atasözleri, deyimler, sanatsal metindeki sözdizimsel karşılaştırmalı yapılar (I. Mashbash'ın «Bziyuk Savaşı» adlı romanına dayanarak). Tanımlayıcı, karşılaştırıcı, seçici yöntemlere dayanarak, Adıge dilinin karşılaştırıcı deyimlerini, çeşitli karşılaştırma biçimlerini içeren atasözlerini analiz edip tanımladık, bileşimlerini inceledik ve karşılaştırma formülünü çıkardık. Karşılaştırmayı sözdizimsel bir fenomen olarak incelemek için tarihi roman «Bziyuk Savaşı» metnine güvendik, romandaki karşılaştırmalı devrimlerin üslup yükünü belirledik ve bunları kompozisyon, anlam, gerçekleştirilen işlevler açısından analiz ettik. Adıge ve Türkçe'nin farklı dil ailelerine (Kafkas ve Ural-Altayca). ait olmasına rağmen, her iki dilde de karşılaştırma da dahil olmak üzere birçok ortak dil olgusu vardır. Bu nedenle, bu dillerde karşılaştırmalı yapıların oluşum yollarını karşılaştırmaya karar verdik. Hem Adıge'de hem de Türkçe'de karşılaştırma esas olarak üç bileşendir: karşılaştırmanın öznesini, karşılaştırmanın nesnesini veya standardını ve karşılaştırmayı ifade eden bir bağlaç olan kelimeyi içerir. Karşılaştırmalı bir dönüş, konuşmanın çeşitli kısımlarını içerebilir: isimler, sıfatlar, zamirler, fiiller. Karşılaştırmalı yapılar hem düzyazıda hem de şiirde kullanılmaktadır. Yazarlar ve şairler, karakterleri, aksiyonun yerini daha eksiksiz karakterize etmek için genellikle bu yöntemi kullanırlar. Sözdizimi açısından karşılaştırmalı yapılar, cümlenin yapısını karmaşıklaştıran unsurlara atıfta bulunur. Anahtar Sözcükler: Adıge Dili, Karşılaştırma, Karşılaştırmalı Deyimler, Atasözleri, Karşılaştırmalı YapılarIn our study, simile structures in the Adyghe language were examined. Comparison in linguistics is found at different levels of language, namely; lexical, morphological, and syntactic. Analogy is one of the ways of knowing the world, the environment; one of the most vivid pictorial means of language to create and characterize images, so simile is a frequently used technique of artistic description. In this context, the subject of our study is various language units, more specifically proverbs and sayings, and syntactic comparative constructions in an artistic text that involve comparisons. Based on descriptive, comparative, selective methods, simile constructions in various idioms of the Adyghe language were identified by examining proverbs and sayings containing various forms of comparison. The constructions were examined and the structures for simile were devised. In order to examine comparison as a syntactic phenomenon, the artistic text of the historical novel «Battle of Bziyuk» by I. Mashbash was examined. The use of simile as a stylistic device in comparative structures in the novel was determined and they were analyzed in terms of form, meaning, and functions performed. Although Adyghe and Turkish belong to different language families (Caucasian and Ural-Altaic), both languages have many common linguistic phenomena, which also include similes. For this reason, the formation of simile structures in the two languages were compared. Comparison in both Adyghe and Turkish consists mainly of three components. It contains the subject of the comparison, the object or standard of the comparison, and the word, which is a conjunction expressing the comparison. A simile may include various parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs. Comparative constructions are used in both prose and poetry. Writers and poets often use this method to more fully portray the characters and the place of action. Syntactically, simile constructions employ elements that complicate the structure of the sentence
Investigation engineering properties of internal resistance cured fiber-reinforced concrete (GRC)
Get PDFBu çalışmada dahili rezistans ile kürlenmiş cam lifi takviyeli beton (CTB) numunelerin üretimi ve mühendislik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Numunelerin üretiminde 50x50x4 cm ebatlarında MDF kalıplar kullanılmıştır. Farklı termal seviye oluşturmak amacıyla kalıplar 5, 6 ve 7 cm olmak üzere üç farklı aralıklarda matkapla yaklaşık 1 mm çapında delinerek 0.2 mm çapında sürekli rezistans teller yerleştirilmiştir. Rezistans tel yerleştirilen kalıplara CTB karışımı dökülmüştür. Beton içerisinde kalan rezistans tellerin iki ucu arasında potansiyel farkı uygulanarak CTB numuneler ilk 24 saat boyunca dahili rezistans ile kür yöntemine tabi tutulmuştur. Güç miktarının etkisini araştırmak amacıyla 25, 35 ve 45 V olmak üzere üç farklı potansiyel farkı uygulanmıştır. Üç farklı tel aralığı bulunan kalıplara üç farklı voltaj uygulanarak 9 adet beton numune ve karşılaştırma yapabilmek adına rezistans teli bulunmayan ve havada kür edilen 1 adet referans beton numune üretilmiştir. Bu sayede 10 adet farklı beton numunesi elde edilmiştir. Üretilen betonlar kürlendikten sonra tellerin arasından tellere paralel olarak kesilerek 16cmx4cmx4cm boyutlarında CTB deney numuneleri hazırlanmıştır. Elde edilen numuneler üzerinde 7, 14 ve 28 günlük beton basınç dayanımı, eğilme dayanımı, birim hacim ağırlık ve ultrases geçiş hızı deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. CTB numunelerinin mikroyapılarının incelenmesi amacıyla Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM), Termogravimetrik Analiz (TGA) ve Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FT-IR) analizleri yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak dahili kürleme yöntemi ile üretilmiş CTB numunelerin 7 günlük numuneleri incelendiğinde, erken dayanım özelliklerinin referans numuneye kıyasla kısmi olarak iyileştiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte 14 ve 28 günlük dayanım karşılaştırmalarında ise dahili rezistans ile kürleme yapılan numunelerin eğilme dayanımında artış olduğu görülmüştür. Ortaya çıkan verilere göre 35 volt elektrik akımı uygulanan numunelerin özellikle erken yaşlarda referans numuneye kıyasla daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür. Farklı voltajlar ile meydana çıkan ısı enerjisi numunelerin hidratasyon sıcaklığını etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.In this study, the aim was to produce glass fiber reinforced concrete (GRC) samples cured using internal resistance and to investigate their engineering properties. MDF molds with dimensions of 50x50x4 cm were used in the production of the samples. To create different thermal levels, the molds were drilled at three different intervals of 5, 6, and 7 cm with a drill, creating holes approximately 1 mm in diameter, and continuous resistance wires with a diameter of 0.2 mm were placed into these holes. The GRC mixture was poured into the molds with the resistance wires. By applying a potential difference between the two ends of the resistance wires embedded in the concrete, the GRC samples were subjected to the internal resistance curing method for the first 24 hours. To investigate the effect of power, three different potential differences of 25, 35, and 45 V were applied. By applying three different voltages to the molds with three different wire intervals, 9 concrete samples were produced, and for comparison, 1 reference concrete sample without resistance wire and cured in air was produced. Thus, a total of 10 different concrete samples were obtained. After curing, the produced concrete samples were cut parallel to the wires to prepare GRC test samples with dimensions of 16x4x4 cm. On the obtained samples, tests for concrete compressive strength, flexural strength, unit weight, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were performed at 7, 14, and 28 days. To examine the microstructures of the GRC samples, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses were conducted. As a result, when examining the 7-day samples of GRC produced by the internal curing method, it was observed that the early strength properties showed partial improvement compared to the reference sample. Additionally, in the 14 and 28-day strength comparisons, an increase in the flexural strength of the samples cured with internal resistance was observed. According to the obtained data, it was found that the samples subjected to 35 volts of electrical current yielded better results, especially at early ages, compared to the reference sample. It was determined that the heat energy generated by different voltages affected the hydration temperature of the samples
The problem of visibility in art and the construction of self through appropriation
Get PDFBu tez çalışmasında, sanatta ifade ve görünür olma kavramlarını kendisine mal etme üzerine konumlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda klasik dönemin belirgin yapıtları üzerinden başlayarak, çağdaş sanata uzanan süreçte, sanatın geçirdiği dönüşüm ele alınmaktadır. Modern ve post-modern dönemde meydana gelen gelişmeler, dijitalleşme ile birlikte sanatta görünürlük sorununa yeni boyut kazanmıştır. Klasik ve modern sanatın başlangıcından itibaren sanatın geldiği konum, dijital alanda sanat eseri üretimi ve paylaşımını mümkün kılan teknolojik yeniliklere borçlu olmuştur. 20. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren sanatçıları etkileyen teknolojik yenilikler, multidisipliner çalışmalara zemin hazırlamıştır. İmgelerin dijitalleşmesiyle birlikte, birçok sanatçı üretimlerini yeni bir çerçevede sunmaya başlamışlardır. Bu tez çalışmasında, teknolojik gelişmelerin ve dijitalleşmenin, resim sanatı içinde ele alınışı kendine mal etme eyleminin dönüşüm süreci kronolojik iz düşümlerle incelenmektedir. Nitel bir araştırma kapsamında, günümüze kadar gelen süreçte dijital sanat sisteminin ve görünürlüğün amacı ve etkisi değerlendirilmektedir. Teknoloji ve sanat arasındaki ilişki ve etkileşim, insanlık tarihiyle birlikte gelişim göstermiştir. Sanat, insanın kendini ifade etme ve tanıma aracı olarak ortaya çıkarken; teknoloji, bilimsel birikimin ilerlemesiyle ortaya çıkan gelişmelerdir. Özellikle 20. yüzyılın başlarında ortaya çıkan sinema, fotoğraf ve arttırılmış gerçeklik gibi teknolojik gelişmeler, sanatın kavram, içerik ve biçim dilini değiştirmiştir. Sanatçılar, çağın teknolojik imkânlarını kullanarak yeni sanat türleri ve ifade biçimleri geliştirmişlerdir. Sanatçılar başkalarına ait unsurları kendi yapıtlarına dâhil etmesi anlamına gelen kendine mal etme kavramı, modern ve çağdaş sanat tarihi boyunca sıklıkla kullanılmıştır. Kendine mal etme, sanatçılara yaratıcılıklarını ifade etme konusunda daha geniş imkânlar sunarken görünürlük sorununu da beraberinde getirmiştir. Çalışmanın uygulama bölümünde, post modern sanat uygulamaları içerisinde yer alan yeniden üretim, görünürlük ve dijitalin sanatta kullanımı bir yöntem olarak benimsenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, fotoğraf sanatı da dahil olmak üzere geleneksel ve modern çalışmalarda yeniden üretim örnekleri sunulmaktadır. Bu tez çalışması, sanatta görünür olma kavramını ve bireyin kendine mal etme sürecini, teknolojik gelişmeler ve dijitalleşme bağlamında ele alan üretim süreçlerinin yansımasıdır.This thesis focuses on appropriating the concepts of expression and visibility in art. In this context, starting with the prominent works of the classical period and extending to contemporary art, the transformation of art is discussed. Developments in the modern and post-modern period, together with digitalization, have added a new dimension to the problem of visibility in art. Since the beginning of classical and modern art, the position of art has been indebted to technological innovations that enable the production and sharing of artworks in the digital field. Since the early 20th century, technological innovations affecting artists have paved the way for multidisciplinary works. With the digitalization of images, many artists have started to present their productions in a new framework. In this thesis, the transformation process of the act of appropriation of technological developments and digitalization in the art of painting is examined through chronological projections. Within the scope of a qualitative research, the purpose and impact of the digital art system and visibility in the process until today are evaluated. The relationship and interaction between technology and art has developed throughout human history. While art emerged as a means of self-expression and self-recognition, technology is the developments that emerged with the advancement of scientific knowledge. Technological developments such as cinema, photography and augmented reality, which emerged especially in the early 20th century, have changed the concept, content and form language of art. Artists have developed new types of art and forms of expression by using the technological possibilities of the age. The concept of appropriation, which means that artists incorporate elements belonging to others into their own works, has been frequently used throughout the history of modern and contemporary art. While appropriation offers artists wider opportunities to express their creativity, it has also brought along the problem of visibility. In the application part of the study, reproduction, visibility and the use of digital in art, which are among the postmodern art practices, are adopted as a method. In this context, examples of reproduction in traditional and modern works, including the art of photography, are presented. This thesis is a reflection of production processes that address the concept of visibility in art and the process of appropriation in the context of technological developments and digitalization
Bullen-Mercer type inequalities for the h-convex function with twice differentiable functions
Get PDFBullen-type inequalities for h-convex functions using conformable fractional operators are established in this study on the cone of twice-differentiable functions. This is a novel fractional version of the existing Bullen-type inequalities with simple procedures using the B-function. Furthermore, new results on Bullen-type inequalities are presented for several specific cases of convexity, generalizing existing inequalities known in the literature
Long-term exposure of sucralose induces neuroinflammation and ferroptosis in human microglia cells via SIRT1/NLRP3/IL-1β/GPx4 signaling pathways
Get PDFMicroglia serve as the primary defense mechanism in the brain. Artificial sweeteners are widely used as dietary supplements, though their long-term effects remain uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effects of sucralose on microglia during prolonged exposure via the neuroinflammatory and ferroptosis pathways. Initially, human microglial clone 3 (HMC3) cells were exposed to sucralose (0-50 mM) for 24, 48, and 72 h to investigate the short-term effects. Subsequently, HMC3 cells were treated with 1 mM sucralose for 7, 14, and 21 days to examine long-term effects. We measured levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx4), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), ferrous iron (Fe2+), and caspase 3/7. Additionally, we analyzed the impact of sucralose on cell morphology, migration, and expression levels of IL-1 beta, NLRP3, SIRT1, and GPx4. Sucralose inhibited cell viability and proliferation in HMC3 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and induced membrane and nuclear abnormalities. Moreover, sucralose significantly reduced the cell migration rate. Long-term sucralose treatment decreased Fe2+, GPx4, GSH, and SIRT1 levels in HMC3 cells while increasing IL-1 beta, MDA, NLRP3, 8-OHdG, and caspase 3/7 activity. Sucralose treatment also enhanced microglial activation and neuroinflammation by upregulating IL-1 beta and NLRP3 and downregulating SIRT1 and GPx4, thereby inducing ferroptosis and suppressing cell viability. Consequently, high concentrations or long-term sucralose treatment may induce neuroinflammation and ferroptosis by targeting the SIRT1/NLRP3/IL-1 beta/GPx4 pathway in HMC3 cells
Reshaping global energy policy through brics+ and seeking a new equilibrium in energy markets
Get PDFBRICS+ countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and the recently expanded bloc of Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, and Egypt) hold significant potential to reshape global energy policy. This expanding alliance is positioned to become a decisive force in the supply of traditional energy resources such as oil and natural gas, particularly given the inclusion of energy-rich nations. With Russia and Saudi Arabia-two of the world's largest energy producers-as well as major energy consumers like China and India, BRICS+ is poised to drive a new equilibrium in energy markets. Enhanced cooperation and increased trade volumes among the bloc members can foster a more balanced distribution of energy resources both regionally and globally. This study analyzes the role of BRICS+ countries in global energy policy and examines the potential impact of these evolving power dynamics on energy markets. Notably, it highlights BRICS+ leadership in renewable energy investments and the global energy transition. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Investigation of the relationship between fluconazole susceptibility, proteinase activity and ERG11-SAP2 Expression in Candida albicans strains isolated from clinical samples
Get PDFBackground and Purpose: Candida albicans is currently recognised as an opportunistic pathogen that can cause many invasive infections. Resistance mechanisms and fungal virulence factors play an important role in the effectiveness of treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between fluconazole resistance, proteinase activity and ERG11 (sterol 14-demethylase)- SAP2 (secreted aspartic protease 2) gene expression levels in C.albicans strains. Materials and Methods: Candida albicans strains isolated from patient samples sent to Medical Microbiology laboratory of Düzce University from various clinics were included in the study. Fluconazole susceptibilities of the isolates were determined by broth microdilution method. The increase in fluconazole MIC values at 48 hours and proteinase activities of the isolates were analysed. ERG11 and SAP2 gene expression levels were measured by real time qPCR. Results: Fluconazole resistance rate was found to be 3.14% in 127 C. albicans strains. A moderate positive correlation was found between ERG11 and SAP2 values (p=0.029, r:0.655, p<0.001). There was no correlation between SAP2/ERG11 expression levels and fluconazole resistance. Proteinase positivity was detected in 81.1%, of 127 strains and no statistically significant correlation was found between proteinase activities and SAP2/ERG11 expression levels. While there was a statistically significant relationship between ERG11 expression levels and 48th hour MIC elevation, there was no statistically significant relationship between SAP2 levels and 48th hour MIC elevation. Conclusion: In addition to the moderate positive correlation between ERG11 and SAP2 values, a significant correlation was found between ERG11 expression and fluconazole tolerance. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Determination of optical and dielectric parameters of cholesteric liquid crystals: the study on chiral dopant concentration effect
Get PDFIn this study, optical and dielectric parameters of cholesteric liquid crystals were investigated. 4-pentyl-4 '-cyanobiphenyl nematic liquid crystal and 4 '-[(S)-2-methylbutyl]biphenyl-4-carbonitrile right-handed chiral dopant materials were used in the preparation of cholesteric liquid crystals. Furthermore, so as to determine the influence of chiral dopant, three samples were formed by combining 4-pentyl-4 '-cyanobiphenyl and 4wt.%, 8wt.%, and 16wt.% 4 '-[(S)-2-methylbutyl]biphenyl-4-carbonitrile. Optical parameters, such as wavelength-dependent transmittance and absorbance, were obtained with Ultraviolet/Visible spectroscopy. Dielectric parameters were also determined with dielectric spectroscopy. An increase in the value of dielectric constant for 1 kHz from 4.486 to 5.774 was observed with the increasing 4 '-[(S)-2-methylbutyl]biphenyl-4-carbonitrile concentration. Moreover, an increase in optical band gap value from 3.791 to 3.801 eV was seen with increasing 4 '-[(S)-2-methylbutyl]biphenyl-4-carbonitrile concentration. Results indicated substantial changes in optical and dielectric parameters depending on chiral dopant concentration. In this regard, it is considered that current study will contribute insight to scientists who continue their research on optical and dielectric characterizations of cholesteric liquid crystal-based composites and its technological applications
Optimization of the Brushed DC motor for Automotive Applications by the use Taguchi method
Get PDFProgress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), JUN 24-28, 2024, Koscielisko, POLANDThis paper presents an analysis and optimal design of the brushed permanent magnet motor for automotive applications. The mathematical model describing the phenomenon in the design motor was developed in the 2D finite element method (FEM). The optimization was made using the Taguchi method. Taguchi method optimization requires solving the analysis task for a determined number of experiments, and the number of experiments is closely related to the number of design variables. The optimized brushed permanent magnet motor was described by three design variables. In the conducted research the objective function is constructed by three or four components described the motor parameters and mass of permanent magnet material used to construction of the motor. Selected results of optimization were presented and discussedInst Elect & Elect Engineers,Warsaw Univ Technol,Polish Soc Theoret & Appl Elect EngnPolish Government [0212/SBAD/0594]This research was funded by the Polish Government. grant number [0212/SBAD/0594]
Some New Improvements for Fractional Hermite-Hadamard Inequalities by Jensen-Mercer Inequalities
Get PDFThis article's objective is to introduce a new double inequality based on the Jensen-Mercer JM inequality, known as the Hermite-Hadamard-Mercer inequality. We use the JM inequality to build a number of generalized trapezoid-type inequalities. Moreover, in addition to the JM inequality, we also use the H & ouml;lder inequality and the power mean inequality. Finally, a few examples are given to highlight the main points of our outcomes.King Khalid University [RGP.2/82/45]Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid UniversityThe authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through the Research Groups Program under grant (RGP.2/82/45)