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Slovenski razvoj besedotvornih pomenov pri izglagolskih samostalnikih, posebno pri glagolniku
Full text linkThe verbal noun with the word-formational meaning of Action (De) as an ordinary substantival derivative from a verb by suffixation was classifed as early as A. Bohorič, who used the term glagolje. Acertain stagnation and deviation from progress toward a theory of word-formation is the treatment of substantival derivatives based on gender by M. Pohlin and O. Gutsman. Nevertheless, the fact that gender as a distributional criterion of a complex word is such a recurrent feature also demonstrates the importance of the syntactic base with expressed gender -- so the syntactic base represents an intermediate grammatical transformational phase between a complex word and its semantic base.
The true beginning of Slovene word-formation is represented by V.Vodnik with the description of word-formational meanings of substantival derivatives from verbs. Further developments in word-formation are observed in Dajnko's and Metelko's grammars. F. Metelko had taken J. Dobrovsky as a model, and P. Dajnko introduced the term Ableitung for ordinary derivation by suffixation.
A normative view of the treatment of the verbal noun is represented by F. Levstik with the terms glagolšček or glagolsko ime, which may substitute for the infinitive.
Slovene word-formation was recognized as an independent linguistic field by F. Miklošič. His theory of word-formation revealed the relationship meaning : form. A comprehensive inventory of suffixal formants represents all word-formational meanings, including the possible metonymic meaning shifts of derivatives. Miklošič had also pointed out of the relationship between word-formation andsyntax, and thus to him we may ascribe the concept of syntactic word-formation.
The formational peculiarities of verbal nouns and of other substantival derivatives with respect to verbal aspect and (in)transitive verbs are presented by R. Perušek, A. Breznik and A.Bajec. Finally, all suffixal formants are classified in twenty-four groups.
Today the research of J. Toporišič and A. Vidovič Muha are based on the cause and effect relationship between syntax and word-formation and their research opens new possibilities for further research in Slovene word-formation theory.Glagolnik z besedotvornim pomenom dejanja (De) je kot izglagolsko tvorjenko med glagolske oblike uvrščal že A. Bohorič in ga poimenoval glagolje. Zastranitev besedotvorne problematike pomeni obravnava izglagolskih tvorjenk glede na spol pri M. Pohlinu in O. Gutsmanu. Vendar tolikokrat ponovljeni spol kot delitveno merilo tvorjenk dokazuje in opravičuje obstoj skladenjske podstave tvorjenke z izraženim spolom - tako skladenjska podstava predstavlja vmesno slovnično pretvorbeno stopnjo med tvorjenko in njeno pomensko razlago.
Pravi začetek besedotvorja je pri V. Vodniku, ki je opisnopredstavil besedotvorne pomene izglagolskih tvorjenk. Nadaljnji razvoj besedotvorja je opazen pri P. Dajnku in F. Metelku. Slednjise je zgledoval po J. Dobrovskem. Pri P. Dajnku pa prvič zasledimo poimenovanje za besedotvorno vrsto izpeljava -- Ableitung.
Levstik je obravnaval glagolnik s stališča jezikovne norme in ga poimenoval glagolšček ali tudi glagolsko ime, ki naj bi v stavkih nadomeščalo nedoločnik.
Miklošič je besedotvorje postavil kot samostojno problemskopodročje. Pri njegovih razčlembah tvorjenk stopa v ospredje razmerjepomen : oblika. Zobsežnim številom priponskih obrazil je Miklošič predstavil vsebesedotvorne pomene z možnimi metonimičnimi pomenskimi premikitvorjenk, posredno pa je opozoril na povezavo besedotvorja inskladnje in na njuno medsebojno odvisnost. To pa so že zametkiskladenjskega besedotvorja.
Na tvorbene posebnosti glagolnika in tudi drugih izglagolskih samostalnikov s stališča glagolskega vida in glagolske(ne) prehodnosti so opozorili R. Perušek, A. Breznik in A. Bajec; slednji je priponska obrazila razvrstil v 24 t. i. pomenskih skupin.
Današnje raziskave J. Toporišiča in A. Vidovič Muhe patemeljijo predvsem na vzročno-posledičnem razmerju med skladnjo in besedotvorjem in odpirajo možnosti za nadaljnje raziskave na področju slovenskega besedotvorja
O produktivnosti izpeljave v slovenščini s pripombami o besedni pogostnosti in zavedanju norme
No full textThe major aim of the study reported here was to discover a way of measuring the productivity of derivative patterns or processes, a task which appears never to have been accomplished for any language before. As specific material for the study, two contrasting deadjectival verbal derivative patterns were chosen: the 'inchoative' -eti and the 'factitive' -iti, as occurring in, e.g., rjav 'brown', rjaveti 'to become brown', rjaviti 'to make (someone or something) brown.' The method involved psycholinguistic tests, administered in Ljubljana in 1993—94. The subjects for the tests in 1993 were 186 secondary and 180 post-secondary students. For the 1994 follow-up study the tests were limited to three groups of university respondents, totalling 116 in all. Cues comprised four questions: (1) Ali se po vašem beseda nahaja v knjižni slovenščini? (2) Ali vi to besedo kdaj uporabljate? (3) Ali je ta beseda po vašem možna in razumljiva? (4) Kako pogosto sami uporabljate to besedo? Subjects selected responses on five-point Likert scales; the data were analyzed statistically.
As far as productivity is concerned, there are three conclusions. First, it is clear that, at least for these derivative patterns, productivity is a "cline,'' but in two quite distinct meanings of the term. First and most obviously, one process may be synchronically more productive than another. Second, what may be called the productive strength of any one process also varies. To take just two examples from the mean responses to question (3), we see that the cue godneti was assessed, on average, as extremely "possible and understandable," while at the other end of the scale the cue plašeti was assessed, on average, as well nigh impossible and incomprehensible; the remaining cues are strung out along the cline in between the two.Poglavitni cilj pričujoče raziskave je ugotavljanje možnosti za merjenje produktivnosti besedotvornih vzorcev oz. besedotvornih postopkov, kar očitno še ni bilo izvedeno za noben jezik. Gradivo za študijo predstavljata dva nasprotujoča si izpridevniška besedotvorna vzorca: "inchoativno" obrazilo -eti in "faktitivno" obrazilo -iti, kot npr. rjav → rjaveti 'postajati rjav' proti rjaviti 'delati rjavo'. Analiza je bila izpeljana na osnovi psihološkega testiranja, ki je bilo izvedeno v Ljubljani v letih 1993—94. L. 1993 je bilo testirano 186 dijakov in 180 dodiplomskih študentov. V nadaljevanju l. 1994 je bilo testiranje omejeno na tri skupine univerzitetnih študentov, ki jih je sestavljalo skupaj 116 oseb. Zastavljena so bila štiri vprašanja: (1) Ali se po vašem beseda nahaja v knjižni slovenščini? (2) Ali vi to besedo kdaj uporabljate? (3) Ali je ta beseda po vašem možna in razumljiva? (4) Kako pogosto sami uporabljate to besedo? Testirani so izbirali med petimi možnostmi, ki so bile rangirane po Likertovi lestvici, in podatki so bili nato statistično obdelani.
Kar zadeva produktivnost, se je izkazalo — vsaj za ta dva besedotvorna vzorca —, da jo lahko opišemo kot poševni potek, vendar v dveh različnih pomenih tega izraza. Prvi pomen je samoumeven: en postopek je lahko bolj produktiven kot drugi. Drugi pomen je ta, da t.i. "produktivna moč" lahko variira. Če vzamemo dva primera iz srednjih odgovorov na vprašanje (3), je razvidno, da je bila beseda godneti povprečno ocenjena kot skrajno "možna in razumljiva", medtem ko je bila na drugem koncu lestvice beseda plašeti ocenjena kot skorajda nemogoča. Med tema dvema skrajnostma se vrstijo vse druge vprašane besede
Slovarček središkega govora (na osnovi zapisov Karla Ozvalda)
Full text linkThe present contribution gives a glossary of all of the attested forms in four works by Karol Ozvald (3 of which remain unpublished), written between 1895 and 1904, describing the phonetics, morphology, and lexicon of the microdialect of Središče (ob Dravi), a dialect of Prlekija (Pannonian dialect group). Brief synchronic and diachronic sketches of the phonology of the microdialect, as well as a description of the principles on which the glossary was compiled, are also given.Pritujoči prispevek podaja slovarček vseh izpričanih oblik v štirih razpravah Karla Ozvalda (od njih so tri neobjavljene), datiranih od 1895 do 1904, ki vsebujejo opis glasoslovja, oblikoslovja in besedišča govora Središča (ob Dravi) v Prlekiji (panonska skupina). Navedeni so tudi sinhrona in diahrona skica glasoslovja govora ter opis natel, uporabljenih ob sestavljanju slovarčka
Internacionalizmi med slovenščino in angleščino
No full textThe major aim of the survey here reported was to establish whether internationalisms, words which are used internationally, may be used by Slovene and English language users as lexical items with a total meaning overlap.
For the purpose of the study, a corpus comprising 895 Slovene lexical items beginning with the letter L and their English-language counterparts was created. The lexical items in the corpus were then compared to verify their similarities in meaning, both on the conceptual, connotational, collocational and stylistic levels, and in form, both in terms of their morphological structure, pronunciation and orthography.
The study showed that only a limited number of internationalisms between Slovene and English share enough semantic, morphological, phonetic and orthographic characteristics to be used in the foreign language without falling into the trap of committing interlingual errors.
With most of the analysed lexical pairs, differences in meaning, morphological structure, pronunciation and/or spelling could be observed. Often, lexical pairs differed on more than one level. Semantic false friends, for example, may differ in meaning, morphology, pronunciation and spelling. With morphological false friends, the meanings of the lexemes are the same - the lexical pairs would differ in their morphological structure. Often, morphological differences would be accompanied by phonological and orthographical divergences as well. Finally, while with phonological false friends differences in pronunciation may be supported also by different spelling, divergences among orthographical false friends are restricted to orthography.
Although it is true that internationalisms are words which are used internationally, it has been proven that they are not used in the same way in the Slovene-English language pair. Yet, it is their apparent similarities that often lead us to believe that they share their meaning and linguistic behaviour, thus inducing us to commit interlingual errors of false-friend type.Poglavitni cilj študije je bil ugotoviti, ali govorci slovenščine in angleščine lahko uporabljajo internacionalizme, besede, ki so del mednarodnega besedišča, kot lekseme, ki se pomensko povsem ujemajo v obeh jezikih.
V ta namen je avtorica pripravila korpus, ki zajema 895 slovenskih internacionalizmov na l- in njihovih angleških ustreznic. Leksikalne pare je avtorica primerjala med seboj, da bi preverila, ali si izrazi ustrezajo pomensko, in sicer na konceptualni, konotacijski, kolokacijski in slogovni ravni, ter oblikovno, in sicer v morfološki sestavi, izgovarjavi in zapisu.
Rezultati študije so pokazali, da ima le omejeno število slovensko-angleških internacionalizmov dovolj skupnih semantičnih, morfoloških, fonetičnih in ortografskih lastnosti, da bi jih govorci tujega jezika lahko uporabljali v skladu s pravili maternega jezika, ne da bi v drugem jeziku naredili napako.
Pri večini preučevanih leksikalnih parov je avtorica opazila razlike v pomenu, morfološki sestavi, izgovarjavi oziroma pisavi. Pogosto so se leksikalni pari med seboj razlikovali na več ravneh. Pomenski lažni prijatelji se lahko med seboj razlikujejo na ravni pomena, morfologije, izgovarjave in pisave. Pomenski lažni prijatelji se sicer pomensko ujemajo, razlikujejo pa se v svoji morfološki sestavi. Morfološkim razlikam se lahko pridružijo tudi razhajanja v izgovarjavi in zapisu. Glasoslovne lažne prijatelje različno izgovarjamo, včasih pa tudi zapisujemo, medtem ko so razlike med ortografskimi lažnimi prijatelji omejene zgolj na zapis.
Čeprav so internacionalizmi del mednarodnega besedišča, jih v slovenščini in angleščini ne uporabljamo na enak način. Navzlic temu nas navidezne podobnosti med njimi pogosto zavedejo, in sklepamo, da gre za lekseme, ki imajo enak pomen in se v jeziku podobno obnašajo, prav na podlagi takšnega sklepanja pa lahko naredimo napake in se ujamemo v past lažnih prijateljev
Slovensko štepselj in štofeljc
No full textBoth Sn štepselj -na m 'a small, plump person' and Sn štofeljc -a m 1. 'something (e.g., a bung or cork) used to plug an opening' 2. expr 'a small person' are recent German loanwords, based on two etymologically connected words with different suffixes: Bav. Stepsl -s m 1. 'something (e.g., a bung or cork) used to plug an opening' 2. expr 'a small, plump person' and Bav Stoppel -s m 'idem' respectively. They are accompanied by a group of loaned verbs, which influence their phonetic features. There are similar loans in some other Slavic languages and in Hungarian, like Slovene all neighbors of Bavarian Austrian, which proves to be their direct source.Tako sln. štepselj -na m 'majhen, debelušen človek' kot Sn štefeljc -a m 1. 'zamašek' 2. ekspr. 'majhen človek' sta mladi nemški izposojenki, katerih predlogi sta etimološko povezani besedi z razlišnima sufiksoma: bav. n. Stepsl -s m 1. 'zamašek' 2. ekspr 'majhen, debelušen človek' in bav. n. Stoppel -s m 'isto'. Spremljajo ju izposojeni glagoli, ki vplivajo na njune fonetične lastnosti. V nekaterih drugih slovanskih jezikih in v madžarščini poznajo podobne izposojenke. Vsi ti jeziki so tako kot slovenščina sosedi bavarsko-avstrijske nemščine, ki mora torej biti neposredni jezik dajalec
Eurasian Kurgan Database – a citizen science tool for conserving grasslands on historical sites
Full text linkEurasian steppes have an essential role in conserving biodiversity, but due to the huge habitat loss in the past centuries they are often preserved only in small refuges. Among such refuges are the ancient steppic burial mounds (the so called ‘kurgans’) which have a high cultural and historical importance and are also essential sites of nature conservation. Despite their high number (approximately half million) and conservational importance there is a huge lack of knowledge on the locality and conservational state of the kurgans in most regions of Eurasia. To fill this knowledge gap, we built a public database which allows to record and query basic information on their cultural values and factors (such as land cover type, threatening factors, cover of woody species) that might serve as a basis for their effective conservation. The database provides a transparent, public and easy-to-use source for conservation managers and landscape planners focussed on grassland conservation. In addition, it also provides background information for other associate disciplines and public agencies dealing with the protection of cultural heritage
Полисемия агентивных суффиксов в славянских языках: когнитивно-семантический анализ
Full text linkThis article analyses the polysemy of agent noun suffixes in six Slavic languages (Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, and Slovenian) by using the “metonymic” approach to word formation developed by Laura Janda (2011). It discusses the semantic features of verbs that agentive suffixes can be attached to, and it describes the semantic types represented by the derived nouns. It is demonstrated that agentive suffixes serve to form nouns that belong to a broad range of categories other than agent, and that the formation of these nouns can be analyzed through the lens of metonymy patterns.Prispevek analizira večpomenskost priponskih obrazil s pomenom AGENT v šestih slovanskih jezikih (ruščini, ukrajinščini, poljščini, češčini, srbščini in slovenščini) z uporabo »metonimičnega« pristopa k besedotvorju, ki ga je razvila L. Janda (2011). Obravnavamo pomenske značilnosti glagolov, ki se jim lahko dodajajo priponska obrazila s pomenom AGENT, in opisujemo pomenske tipe, ki jih predstavljajo samostalniške izpeljanke. Pokažemo, da priponska obrazila s pomenom AGENT služijo za tvorbo samostalnikov, ki pripadajo širokemu spektru kategorij, razen AGENT, tvorbo teh samostalnikov pa je mogoče analizirati skozi prizmo metonimičnih prenosov
Kontrastivna primerjava slovenskega in italijanskega prevoda (1811) francoske slovnice Elémens de la grammaire françoise Charlesa Françoisa Lhomonda
Full text linkThis article compares some editions of Charles François Lhomond’s French grammar Élémens de la grammaire françoise (1780, 1810), with the Slovenian translation by Valentin Vodnik (1811), the first Slovenian textbook for learning a foreign language, and the Italian translation (1811) for grammar schools in the Illyrian Provinces. The grammars contain a brief phonological description and the basics of French morphology, syntax, prosody, and orthography. Some typical correspondences and differences between them are identified, confirming the connectionbetween the Slovenian and Italian translations.V prispevku so primerjane nekatere izdaje francoske slovnice Charlesa Françoisa Lhomonda Élémens de la grammaire françoise (1780, 1810) s slovenskim prevodom Valentina Vodnika (1811), prvim slovenskim učbenikom za učenje tujega jezika, in italijanskim prevodom (1811) za gimnazije v Ilirskih provincah. Slovnice vsebujejo kratek glasoslovni opis ter osnove francoske morfologije, skladnje, prozodije in pravopisa. Prepoznane so nekatere tipične skladnosti in razlike med njimi, ki potrjujejo povezavo med slovenskim in italijanskim prevodom
Notes on Abutilon (Malvaceae) in the Mediterranean area and Macaronesia
No full textNotes on Abutilon (Malvaceae) in the Mediterranean area and Macaronesia. Recent field- and herbarium studies in the genus Abutilon in the Mediterranean area and Macaronesia yielded some noteworthy results. The invasive South American weed A. grandifolium is reported for the first time from Algeria. A recent claim of A. grandiflorum from the Canary Islands is erroneous and referable to A. grandifolium. Historical records of the South African A. sonneratianum from Madeira are also discussed. This species is included in the list of invasive species in Portugal. However, it is shown that the invasive species in Portugal (Madeira) is A. grandifolium, not A. sonneratianum