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Jugoslovanski jedrski program v kontekstu hladne vojne (1948–1971)
Full text linkFollowing the end of the Second World War, Yugoslavia embraced the Soviet ideological conception of society as the ideal model for all spheres of life, including science. In accordance with this, scientific work in the country should be planned, centralized and defined by the party-line. After the break-up with the USSR in 1948, especially at first, Yugoslavia showed a strong geopolitical inclination toward the Western Bloc. This led to the formation of a new state system of “Socialist Self-Management,” but also brought about the rise of new discursive and organizational trends in Yugoslav science, which were compatible with certain elements of the perspective of science as autonomous – the hegemonic idea of science in the West. We will present the development of the Yugoslav nuclear program in the period from 1948 to 1971. Despite changes that occurred due to the geopolitical shift in the domain of scientific organization and scientific discourse in Yugoslav science, we will show that the established organization of the nuclear program was much more in line with the Soviet model. Only when the nuclear program began to lose its political importance was it directed towards greater autonomy, which implied a greater focus on investment efficiency, i.e. limiting state investments and control. Our aim is to analyse the function of two dominant Cold War perspectives on science in the context of geopolitical and socio-economic processes of the (semi)peripheral Yugoslav socialist system, and their manifest and latent functions on the example of the nuclear program.Po koncu druge svetovne vojne se je Jugoslavija oprla na sovjetsko ideološko pojmovanje družbe kot ideal za vsa življenjska področja, tudi za znanost. V skladu s tem naj bi znanstveno delo v državi potekalo plansko, centralizirano in opredeljeno s partijsko linijo. Po sporu z ZSSR leta 1948 se je Jugoslavija zlasti sprva geopolitično močno naslonila na zahodni blok. To je privedlo do oblikovanja novega državnega sistema »socialističnega samoupravljanja«, pa tudi do razmaha novih diskurzivnih in organizacijskih trendov v jugoslovanski znanosti, ki so bili združljivi z določenimi elementi pogleda na znanost kot avtonomen sistem – kar je prevladujoča predstava o znanosti na Zahodu. Predstavili bomo razvoj jugoslovanskega jedrskega programa v obdobju med letoma 1948 in 1971. Kljub spremembam, ki so se v državi zaradi geopolitičnega premika zgodile na področju organizacije znanosti in znanstvenega diskurza, bomo pokazali, da je bila zastavljena organizacija jedrskega programa še zmeraj pretežno skladna s sovjetskim modelom. Šele ko je jedrski program začel izgubljati politični pomen, se je usmeril k večji avtonomiji, kar je pomenilo večjo osredotočenost na investicijsko učinkovitost, tj. omejitev neposrednih vlaganj in nadzora države. Naš cilj je analiza delovanja dveh prevladujočih pogledov na znanost v času hladne vojne v kontekstu geopolitičnih in družbeno-gospodarskih procesov v (pol)perifernem jugoslovanskem socialističnem sistemu ter njunega odkritega in prikritega učinkovanja na primeru jedrskega programa
Zgodovina podnebne znanosti: kritični pregled
Full text linkStandard histories of climate science have illustrated the long and distinguished pedigree of research on anthropogenic global warming. Such accounts focus on lone physical scientists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries who learned that burning fossil fuels might produce a warmer Earth but who were apparently ignored by their contemporaries. This article will focus instead on elements that are missing from the standard narrative. It is organized around three historical trends that have indelibly shaped the science of climate: the theorization of human difference, empire-building, and industrialization. The geographic focus is Europe and its colonies. Historical accounts of climate science that ignore its ties to European colonialism and racial capitalism risk shoring up a scientific culture that perpetuates these forms of oppression. The article begins by considering how the meaning of “climate” shifted between the early modern era and the nineteenth century in response to geographical accounts from European travelers and physicians and in conjunction with the transformation of the atmosphere into an object of laboratory study. The final section takes this history up to the present, tracing the legacies of colonialism into the era of digital climate models.Standardne zgodovine podnebne znanosti prikazujejo dolgo in imenitno razvojno pot raziskovanja antropogenega globalnega segrevanja. Tovrstni opisi izpostavljajo posamične fizike iz 19. in 20. stoletja, ki so ugotovili, da lahko kurjenje fosilnih goriv privede do ogrevanja Zemlje, vendar so jih pri tem sodobniki na videz ignorirali. Ta zapis se bo namesto tega osredotočil na prvine, ki v standardni pripovedi umanjkajo. Organiziran je okoli treh zgodovinskih procesov, ki so neizbrisno zaznamovali zgodovino znanosti o podnebju: teoretskih razmišljanj o razlikah med ljudmi, širjenja imperijev in industrializacije. Geografsko se bomo pri tem osredotočili na Evropo in njene kolonije. Zgodovinski opisi podnebne znanosti, ki zanemarjajo njene povezave z evropskim kolonializmom in rasnim kapitalizmom, prinašajo nevarnost zacementiranja znanstvene kulture, ki te oblike zatiranja nadaljuje. Ta zapis se začenja s pregledom, kako se je pomen besede »podnebje« med zgodnjo moderno dobo in 19. stoletjem spreminjal v odgovor na geografska poročila evropskih popotnikov in zdravnikov ter v spregi s preobrazbo atmosfere v predmet laboratorijskega proučevanja. Zadnje poglavje to zgodovino privede do sedanjosti, pri čemer sledi dediščini kolonializma v dobo digitalnih podnebnih modelov
Pregled raziskav skladenjskih posebnosti govorjene slovenščine
Full text linkThis study provides a comprehensive overview of literature on syntactic characteristics of spoken Slovene, culminating in the first exhaustive inventory of speech-specific syntactic phenomena in Slovene. Our findings reveal a notable surge in research addressing this topic within various domains of Slovene linguistics, with only a partial overlap in the sets of syntactic features considered. To bridge this gap, this study introduces a consolidated inventory of speech-specific syntactic idiosyncrasies identified thus far, which demonstrates that these peculiarities span all levels of syntactic description. These include the most structurally salient or frequentlyoccurring phenomena, such as self-repairs, ellipsis and atypical word order, as well as numerous other grammatical peculiarities related to spontaneous speech and its analysis. Our review thus highlights the imperative for continued research in this area, but also identifies three significant limitations of its current state: excessive focus on identifying deviations from the norms of the written language, highly heterogeneous terminology, and lack of large-scale corpus-linguistic research.V prispevku predstavljamo pregled slovenističnih raziskav skladenjskih značilnosti spontano govorjene slovenščine in na njih temelječ popis skladenjskih posebnosti govorjenega jezika. Pregled potrjuje izjemen porast raziskav te problematike na različnih področjih slovenskega jezikoslovja, ki pa so v svojem naboru obravnavanih skladenjskih pojavov vsebinsko le deloma prekrivne. V drugem delu prispevka to vrzel zapolnimo z izčrpnim primerjalnim popisom doslej obravnavanih skladenjskih posebnosti slovenskega govora, ki razkriva, da govorjena slovenščina izkazuje številne posebnosti na različnih ravneh jezikoslovnega opisa, pri čemer poleg najpogosteje izpostavljenih, kot so samopopravljanja in posebnosti besednega reda, te vključujejo še številne druge, strukturno ali statistično manj izstopajoče skladenjske pojave. Ugotovitve pregleda tako potrjujejo nujnost nadaljnjih raziskav s področja, a obenem razkrivajo tudi tri pomembne omejitve njegovega trenutnega stanja: pretirano osredotočenost na opisovanje govora skozi prizmo pravil pisnega jezika, izrazito terminološko razdrobljenost ter manko obsežnejših korpusnojezikoslovnih raziskav
Študije znanosti z lokalnimi značilnostmi: dengovski poskus ažuriranja
Full text linkThe article situates this special issue of Filozofski vestnik within the state of research in history and philosophy of science. On the one hand, it highlights the lack of translation of sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) in Slovenian epistemology while, on the other hand, drawing attention to some unresolved problems of SSK that have been addressed by some recent trends in science studies, like the global turn and calls for decolonization. In the absence of coherent schools of thought, the aim of the issue is hence not to import “solutions from abroad,” but to update the discipline in Slovenia while simultaneously appraising the state of international research which should serve as the standard of this modernization, thus arriving at an epistemology with local characteristics. Three methodological shifts are outlined, which the articles in this issue develop in dialogue with established studies of science. First, they expand the geographical scope of case studies not just beyond the Global North, but also beyond the borders of the former British and French empires. Second, building on the principle of symmetry, the same approaches may and are productively used to analyze the conceptions of elite intellectuals, Yucatec housewives, Habsburg officials, Carniolan farmers, doctors, meteorologists, or members of the Yugoslav Federal Commission for Nuclear Energy. Thirdly, scientific practices are not treated merely as anthropological micro-objects, but are examined in connection with the specific power relations in which they unfold.Članek posebno številko Filozofskega vestnika umesti v stanje raziskav na področju zgodovine in filozofije znanosti. Na eni strani izpostavi pomanjkanje prevoda sociologije znanstvenega spoznanja (SZS) v slovenski epistemologiji, na drugi strani pa opozori na nekatere nerazrešene probleme SZS, na katere se odzivajo nekateri aktualni trendi v študijah znanosti, kot so globalni obrat in pozivi k dekolonizaciji. V odsotnosti koherentnih miselnih šol namen tako ni uvažati rešitev iz tujine, ampak ob posodabljanju izvajati tudi kritiko aktualnih raziskav, glede na katere naj bi se ta posodobitev izvedla, in tako priti do epistemologije z lokalnimi karakteristikami. Orisani so trije metodološki premiki, ki jih članki v številki razvijajo v polemiki z obstoječimi študijami znanosti. Prvič, razširjajo geografski razpon zgodovinskih primerov preučevanih znanstvenih praks ne samo onkraj globalnega severa, ampak tudi onkraj meja nekdanjega angleškega in francoskega imperija. Drugič, pokažejo, da je – navezujoč se na načelo simetrije – mogoče in smiselno z enakimi pristopi analizirati pojmovanja elitnih intelektualcev, jukateških gospodinj, habsburških uradnikov, kranjskih kmetov, zdravnikov, vremenoslovcev ali članov jugoslovanske Zvezne komisije za jedrsko energijo. Tretjič, znanstvenih praks ne obravnavajo le kot antropološkega mikroobjekta, ampak jih vedno preučujejo v povezavi s posebnimi odnosi moči, v katerih se odvijajo
Nastanek endemične in epistemične vrste: primer premestitve aksolotla
Full text linkA curious water-monster, a laboratory organism, a national symbol decorating Mexican pesos banknotes, the axolotl (Ambystoma Mexicanum) is an animal participant in many multispecies entanglements. Since its displacement from the lacustrine valley of Mexico to European laboratories in the mid-nineteenth century, much of the existing scholarship has primarily focused on documenting the transformation of this species into a model organism within scientific research. As a model organism, the axolotl has flourished under controlled conditions, yet in its natural habitat, it is classified as an endangered species. This article adopts a conjuncturalist approach to narrate the history of the axolotl, framing the analysis around its transition from an endemic environment (the lake) to an epistemic space (the laboratory). I argue that this displacement has led to a dissociation between the knowledge produced in its natural habitat and that generated in the artificial setting of the laboratory. By intertwining the narratives and contexts surrounding the axolotl in each environment, the article seeks to foster a dialogue between indigenous perspectives and scientific practices. Additionally, it will demonstrate that habitats are significantly shaped by external factors that often remain unacknowledged once an animal enters the laboratory. Addressing these complexities will reveal that our understanding of a species is intrinsically linked to the context in which it is studied and to the potential for convergence between the narratives of both environments.Aksolotl (Ambystoma Mexicanum), zanimiva vodna pošast, laboratorijski organizem, nacionalni simbol, ki krasi mehiške bankovce, je žival, ki nastopa v več medvrstnih prepletih. Odkar je bil v sredini 19. stoletja premeščen iz mehiške jezerske doline v evropske laboratorije, se je večina raziskovalcev osredotočala predvsem na beleženje preobrazbe te vrste v modelni organizem v znanstvenih raziskavah. Aksolotl uspeva kot modelni organizem v kontroliranih pogojih, medtem ko je v svojem naravnem okolju uvrščen med ogrožene vrste. V tem članku se zgodovine aksolotla lotim s pomočjo konjunkturalističnega pristopa, pri čemer se osredotočam na aksolotlov prehod iz njegovega endemičnega okolja (jezera) v epistemični prostor (laboratorij). Trdim, da je ta premik povzročil razdvojitev vednosti o aksolotlu, ki se je razvila v njegovem naravnem habitatu, od vednosti, proizvedene v umetnem okolju laboratorija. Prek prepletanja pripovedi in kontekstov, ki aksolotla obdajajo v različnih okoljih, članek poskuša spodbuditi dialog med avtohtonimi perspektivami in znanstvenimi praksami. Poleg tega bo pokazal, da habitate pomembno oblikujejo zunanji dejavniki, ki pogosto postanejo neprepoznavni po tem, ko žival vstopi v laboratorij. Obravnava teh zapletov bo razkrila, da je naše razumevanje neke vrste neločljivo povezano s kontekstom, v katerem se proučuje, in nakazala možnosti zbliževanja pripovedi iz različnih okoli
Schubertov mise-en-abîme: branje Copjecine pismenosti želje kot že izgovorjene
Full text linkIn honor of the thirtieth anniversary of Joan Copjec’s important and influential text, Read My Desire: Lacan Against the Historicists, this essay explores how the psychoanalytic conceptualization of desire operates musically as much as linguistically. If the unconsciousis structured like a language, then music is structured like a desire for a language to be already spoken for. Franz Schubert’s evocative lieder literally speak about music’s capacity to capture and tarry with desire as a force always to be reckoned with.V počastitev tridesete obletnice izida pomembne in vplivne knjige Joan Copjec Read My Desire: Lacan Against Historicists članek raziskuje, kako želja deluje v glasbi in jeziku. Če je nezavedno strukturirano kot govorica, potem je glasba strukturirana kot želja po govorici, ki je že bila izgovorjena. Schubertov evokativen samospev dobesedno govori o sposobnosti glasbe, da zajame in rokuje z željo kot silo, s katero je treba vedno obračunati
Branje (ni) zastalo: intervju z Joan Copjec
Full text linkThe following is a retrospective interview with Joan Copjec on her formative 1994 book, Read My Desire: Lacan Against the Historicists. The interviewer asks Copjec to reflect on the political and academic context surrounding the book’s initial publication, her personal inspiration for writing it as she did, and its enduring relevance after thirty years.
Copjec also situates Read My Desire with respect to her recent work concerning the films of Abbas Kiarostami; the changed cultural and intellectual status of psychoanalysis today; the uncanny dimension of American electoral politics and the unthought fantasies that structure it; and the history of the relation between psychoanalysis and Islam. The interview concludes with some indication of where Copjec’s research, teaching, and writing are headed now and into the future.Pričujoči intervju z Joan Copjec je retrospektiva njene formativne knjige Read My Desire: Lacan Against the Historicists. Spraševalec je Copjec povabil k refleksiji političnega in akademskega konteksta, v katerem je knjiga prvič izšla, njenega osebnega navdiha za to, da je knjigo napisala na takšen način, ter njene relevantnosti, ki traja že trideset let.
Copjec knjigo Read My Desire umesti tudi v razmerje z njenim novejšim delom, ki zadeva filme Abbasa Kiarostamija; s spremenjenim kulturnim in intelektualnim statusom psihoanalize; z grozljivo razsežnostjo ameriške volilne politike ter nemišljenimi fantazmami, ki jo strukturirajo; ter z razmerjem med psihoanalizo in islamom. Intervju se zaključi z nekaterimi namigi, kam se Copjecino raziskovanje, poučevanje in pisanje usmerjajo sedaj in v prihodnosti
Razvoj koncepta pasme in pasemskega razvrščanja goveda na Kranjskem v 19. stoletju
Full text linkThe paper examines the development of the breed concept and the breed classification of cattle in Carniola in the 19th century. Both processes are explored through the analysis of archival and published printed sources. The paper considers the modern breed concept and the system of breed classification as a form of knowledge that legitimised itself through methods of observation and measurement, thus distancing itself from previous classification systems. Breeds were more precisely defined and standardized by agricultural experts through the publication of farming manuals. These manuals described the characteristics of selected existing breeds, established criteria for an animal’s belonging to a particular breed, and proposed breeding practices to preserve the breeds. The discussed classification system evolved and became established under the influence of economic interests driven by the state, agricultural societies, agricultural experts, and large-scale livestock breeders. These actors displaced earlier classification systems and shaped, as well as institutionalized, the understanding of selected breeds.Prispevek obravnava razvoj koncepta pasme in pasemsko razvrščanje goveda na Kranjskem v 19. stoletju. Oba procesa sta raziskana z analizo arhivskih in objavljenih tiskanih virov. Članek moderni koncept pasme in sistem pasemskega klasificiranja obravnava kot obliko vednosti, ki se je legitimirala z metodami opazovanja in merjenja, s čimer se je tudi distancirala od drugih predhodnih in obstoječih sistemov klasificiranja kmečkih živali. Pasme so podrobneje opredelili in standardizirali kmetijski strokovnjaki z objavo kmetijske literature, ki je opisovala lastnosti izbranih obstoječih pasem, določala kriterije za pripadnost živali tem pasmam in predlagala rejske prakse za ohranjanje pasem. Obravnavano klasificiranje se je razvilo in bilo uveljavljeno pod vplivi ekonomskih interesov države, kmetijskih družb in kmetijskih strokovnjakov ter velikih živinorejcev, ki so spodrinili predhodne sisteme klasificiranja in oblikovali ter institucionalizirali pojmovanje izbranih pasem
Kvir fantomska bitja: raznolike vzročnosti v agentnem realizmu in psihoanalizi
Full text linkWhat are the contemporary forms of the Foucauldian historicism that Read My Desire sought to correct? In the theoretical humanities, the most insurgent variant is surely the revival of the turn not to the real, but to reality; to the material or phenomenal and, ultimately, to being as such. Generally speaking, this contemporary orientation of thought aims either to emancipate humanity from the determinative distortions of subjectivity, of the transcendental constitution of apperception, or else to dislodge this human function from the privilege of its presumed centrality, thereby relegating it to the same plane occupied by every other animate and inanimate being. As this paper argues, the agential realist’s definition of causality, despite its claims to complexity and indeterminacy (not to mention a lineage that connects back to the same structuralist linguistics that shaped Lacan’s thought), is ultimately guilty on the charge of historicism. Precisely in their allergy to the strange causal faculty of negativity, the argument’s conceptions of “material-discursive interactions” and “intra-agential spactimematterings” are the crime’s telltale clues. In short, the ambiguously defined relation of discourse to a consistently indeterminate idea of matter, and the subsequent disappearance of discourse’s non-closure or incompletion from the causal field, not only obfuscates the signifier’s retroactive creationist powers, but also renders illegible what we might call the desire of the empirical natural sciences in both their humanist-progressivist and properly unconscious forms.Katere so sodobne oblike foucaultovskega historicizma, ki ga je knjižni projekt Read My Desire poskušal popraviti? V teoretski humanistiki je danes zagotovo najbolj prodorna različica omenjenega historicizma oživitev obrata ne k realnemu, temveč k realnosti, skratka, k materialnemu oziroma fenomenalnemu in navsezadnje k biti kot taki. Na splošno je cilj te sodobne miselne usmeritve bodisi emancipirati človeštvo od določujočih popačenj subjektivnosti, od transcendentalne konstitucije apercepcije, bodisi tej človeški funkciji odvzeti privilegij njene domnevne osrednje vloge in jo s tem zvesti na raven, ki jo zasedajo vsa druga živa in neživa bitja. V članku avtor trdi, da definicija vzročnosti, kot jo poda agentni realizem, kljub trditvam o svoji kompleksnosti in nedoločenosti (da ne omenjam linije, ki se navezuje na isto strukturalno lingvistiko, ki je oblikovala Lacanovo misel), na koncu pade pod obtožbo historicizma. Prav zaradi svoje alergičnosti do nenavadne vzročne zmožnosti negativnosti so pojmovanja »materialno-diskurzivnih interakcij« in »znotraj-agentnih prostorsko-časovnih pomenov« v argumentu agentnega realizma indic njegovega zločina. Skratka, dvoumno opredeljeno razmerje diskurza do dosledno nedoločene ideje materije in posledično izginotje diskurzivne nezaključenosti oziroma necelosti diskurza iz polja vzročnosti ne le zamegljuje retroaktivno kreacionistično moč označevalca, temveč tudi dela neberljivo tisto, kar bi lahko imenovali želja empiričnih naravoslovnih znanosti, tako v njeni humanistično-progresivistični kot tudi v resnično nezavedni obliki
Ponovno premišljevanje arhivov: solarji kot žive zbirke v Sotuti na Jukatanu
Full text linkArchives have been central to history-making since at least the nineteenth century. However, studying domestic archives in Sotuta, Yucatán (México), demands a departure from traditional notions of archives as written papers because the region has been subjected to memoricide and the destruction of documentary heritage for centuries. What the peninsula does hold are solares, Maya garden or household plots, which preserve resources curated since ancestral times together with the knowledge to make use of them, patterned upon the landscape. This article explores the prospect of considering solares as archives, utilising the Yucatec Maya concepts of tsikbal, conversation, and ts’iib, writing, and my own experiences in Sotuta. It is informed by the notions of “pluriverse” and “archival multiverse” from Latin American social theory and archival studies respectively. This will show that questioning traditional notions of archives can allow us to recast historical practice in tune with the territories we study.Arhivi so za ustvarjanje zgodovine osrednjega pomena že vsaj od 19. stoletja. Toda proučevanje domačih arhivov v Sotuti na Jukatanu (Mehika) zahteva odmik od tradicionalnega pojmovanja arhivov kot popisanih papirjev, saj je bila regija stoletja žrtev memoricida in uničevanja dokumentarne dediščine. Kar pa polotok dejansko premore, so solarji, majevski vrtovi ali gospodinjska zemljišča, ki kot vzorec v krajini ohranjajo vire, oskrbovane že od davnih časov, skupaj z znanjem o njihovi uporabi. V tem članku raziskujemo možnost, da bi solarje obravnavali kot arhive, pri čemer se opiramo na pomembna koncepta jukateških Majev: tsikbal, pogovor, in ts‘iib, pisava, pa tudi moje osebne izkušnje v Sotuti. Besedilo je navdihnjeno s pojmoma »pluriverzuma« in »arhivskega multiverzuma« iz latinskoameriške družbene teorije oziroma arhivistike. Tako bomo videli, kako nam lahko preizpraševanje tradicionalnega pojmovanja arhivov omogoči, da zgodovinopisno prakso prilagodimo ozemljem, ki jih preučujemo.