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Comparing compound pairs and single stimuli during match-to-sample to establish arbitrary stimulus classes with adults of typical development
No full textEquivalence classes are typically established by teaching arbitrary conditional discriminations with discrete single stimuli as samples and comparisons. The current study was the first to use compound stimuli as both samples and comparisons during training of conditional relations. We compared compound-to-compound stimuli MTS training with the more typical single-to-single stimuli training to establish two 4-member arbitrary stimulus classes with adults. A pretest-train-posttest between-groups experimental design was used. Compounds consisted of side-by-side pairs of individual (single) abstract symbols. A pretest and posttest consisting of MTS trials evaluating all single-to-single, single-to-compound, compound-to-single, and compound-to-compound relations were used to compare the effectiveness of the two training procedures. In addition, participants sorted cards depicting all single stimuli into piles both before and after MTS training. Results showed that stimulus classes were established with similar accuracy regardless of the training used. However, the compound-to-compound group participants required significantly fewer trials and training blocks to demonstrate class emergence than participants in the single-to-single group. In addition, the compound-to-compound group participants emitted significantly fewer errors during MTS training. We discuss how these results may inform use of stimulus equivalence procedures in mainstream settings (e.g., teaching academic content)
‘This woman who predominated in all things’ Alice Barber Stephens’s drawings of Dorothea in George Eliot’s Middlemarch, 1899
No full textAlice Barber Stephens (1858–1932) was among the first to recognize Dorothea Brooke, the heroine of George Eliot’s Middlemarch (1872), as a modern woman, capable of asserting her own vision. Of the seventeen illustrations that Stephens contributed to the 1899 edition of Middlemarch, nearly half focus attention on key moments that chart Dorothea’s growing authority, from sisterhood through a difficult marriage to widowhood. These illustrations won Stephens a gold medal at the 1899 exhibition of Women’s Work at Earl’s Court, London, but the eight Dorothea drawings particularly highlight woman’s expanding sphere of experience. Importantly, the Middlemarch illustrations follow a very popular series on the ‘American Woman’ that Stephens had just completed for The Ladies Home Journal in 1897, a series in which she represented the growing freedom of the ‘New Woman’ to seek meaningful employment. This chapter provides close analysis of the Dorothea illustrations as they follow from the ‘American Woman’ series, arguing that Stephens’s drawings describe and advocate a progressive development of female agency. As such, Stephens offers one of the earliest feminist interpretations of Middlemarch
A Miserable Argument
No full textIn his arguments that science itself can answer moral questions, Sam Harris often appeals to our intuitions about the badness of suffering. If we share these intuitions, Harris argues, we’ve taken a significant step in conceding to a basically utilitarian worldview. In this chapter, I critically assess Harris’ arguments and find them deeply wanting
Pressure Injuries in Critical Care Patients in US Hospitals: Results of the International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence Survey
No full textPurpose: The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine pressure injury (PI) prevalence, PI risk factors, and prevention practices among adult critically ill patients in critical care units in the United States using the International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence™ (IPUP) Survey database from 2018 to 2019.
Design: Observational, cohort study with cross-sectional data collection and retrospective data analysis.
Subjects and setting: The sample comprised 41,866 critical care patients drawn from a sample of 296,014 patients in US acute care facilities who participated in the 2018 and/or 2019 IPUP surveys. The mean age among critical care patients was 63.5 years (16.3) and 55% were male. All geographic regions of the United States were represented in this sample, with the greatest percentages from the Southeast (47.5%) and Midwest (17.5%) regions.
Methods: Overall critical care PI prevalence and hospital-acquired PI (HAPI) rates were obtained and analyzed using the 2018/2019 IPUP survey database. Critical care PI risk factors included in the database were analyzed using frequency distributions. Prevention practices among critically ill patients were analyzed to evaluate differences in practices between patients with no PIs, superficial PIs (stage 1, stage 2), and severe PIs (stage 3, stage 4, unstageable, deep tissue pressure injury).
Results: The overall PI prevalence for critical care patients was 14.3% (n = 5995) and the overall HAPI prevalence was 5.85% (n = 2451). In patients with severe HAPIs, the most common risk factors were diabetes mellitus (29.5%), mechanical ventilation (27.6%), and vasopressor agents (18.9%). Significant differences between patients with no PIs as compared to those with superficial or severe HAPIs (P = .000) for all prevention practices were found.
Conclusions: Study findings support the gaps elucidated in previous critical care studies on PI development in this population. The 2 most persistent gaps currently challenging critical care practitioners are (1) accurate risk quantification in this population and (2) the potential for unavoidability in PI development among critically ill patients
A Newly Recognized Theropod Assemblage from the Lewisville Formation (Woodbine Group; Cenomanian) and its Implications for Understanding Late Cretaceous Appalachian Terrestrial Ecosystems
Full text linkWhile the terrestrial fossil record of the mid-Cretaceous interval (Aptian to Cenomanian) in North America has been poorly studied, the recent focus on fossil localities from the western United States has offered a more detailed picture of vertebrate diversity, ecosystem dynamics and faunal turnover that took place on the western landmass of Laramidia. This is in stark contrast to the terrestrial record from the eastern landmass of Appalachia, where vertebrate fossils are rare and consist mostly of isolated and fragmentary remains. However, a detailed understanding of these fossil communities during this interval is necessary for comparison of the faunal patterns that developed during the opening of the Western Interior Seaway (WIS). The Woodbine Group of Texas is a Cenomanian age (95–100 mya) deposit consisting of shallow marine, deltaic, and terrestrial communities, which were only recently separated from their western counterparts. These deposits have yielded a wealth of vertebrate remains, yet non-avian theropods are still largely unknown. Recently, multiple localities in the Lewisville Formation of the Woodbine Group have yielded new non-avian theropod material, including numerous isolated teeth and postcranial remains. While largely fragmentary, this material is sufficiently diagnostic to identify the following taxa: a large-bodied carcharodontosaur, a mid-sized tyrannosauroid, a large ornithomimosaur, a large dromaeosaurine, a small dromaeosaurid, a small troodontid, and a small coelurosaur. Some of these groups represent the first occurrence for Appalachia and provide a broader understanding of a newly expanded faunal diversity for the Eastern landmass. The Lewisville Formation theropod fauna is similar in taxonomic composition to contemporaneous deposits in Laramidia, confirming that these groups were widespread across the continent prior to extension of the WIS. The Lewisville Formation documents the transitional nature of Cenomanian coastal ecosystems in Texas while providing additional details on the evolution of Appalachian communities shortly after WIS extension
India as Kingmaker: Status Quo or Revisionist Power
No full textFrom publisher:
As India finds itself in the envious position of kingmaker, both the status quo and revisionist major powers are jockeying for India’s support for either upholding or revising the current world order. Using India’s bilateral treaties as a proxy measure of the strength of its relationship with other major powers, Slobodchikoff and Tandon determine whether India will remain neutral in its foreign policy approach or adopt a more assertive role in shaping the future global order. This book provides an in-depth analysis of India’s bilateral ties with major powers that include the United States, Russia, China, Japan, as well as the European Union (including the United Kingdom, France, and Germany) and uses network analysis to study India’s foreign policy positions with other major powers.https://digitalcommons.daemen.edu/faculty_books/1041/thumbnail.jp
Examining Faith and Work Integration Within Small, Entrepreneurial, Family-Owned and Faith-Based Businesses
No full textAre Mass Shooters a Social Kind?
No full textOn April 20, 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold shot and killed fifteen people at their high school in Columbine, Colorado. National media dubbed the event a “school shooting.” The term grimly expanded over the next several years to include similar events at army bases, movie theaters, churches, and nightclubs. Today, we commonly use the categories “mass shooter” and “mass shooting” to organize and classify information about gun violence. I will argue that neither category is an effective tool for reducing gun violence and use empirical data to show how these categories perpetuate a moral panic that harms already vulnerable demographics. I conclude that we should instead favor a narrower description of individuals and events, (e.g., “X shot Y people at Z”) because we can talk about all the relevant cases without contributing the undue harms
Incontinence Management and Pressure Injury Rates in US Acute Care Hospitals: Analysis of Data from the 2018–2019 International Pressure Injury Prevalence™ (IPUP) Survey
No full textThe influence of a solvent environment on direct non-covalent interactions between two molecules: A symmetry-adapted perturbation theory study of polarization tuning of π-π interactions by water
No full textHigh-level quantum chemical computations have provided significant insight into the fundamental physical nature of non-covalent interactions. These studies have focused primarily on gas-phase computations of small van der Waals dimers; however, these interactions frequently take place in complex chemical environments, such as proteins, solutions, or solids. To better understand how the chemical environment affects non-covalent interactions, we have undertaken a quantum chemical study of π-π interactions in an aqueous solution, as exemplified by T-shaped benzene dimers surrounded by 28 or 50 explicit water molecules. We report interaction energies (IEs) using second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, and we apply the intramolecular and functional-group partitioning extensions of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (ISAPT and F-SAPT, respectively) to analyze how the solvent molecules tune the π-π interactions of the solute. For complexes containing neutral monomers, even 50 explicit waters (constituting a first and partial second solvation shell) change total SAPT IEs between the two solute molecules by only tenths of a kcal mol-1, while significant changes of up to 3 kcal mol-1 of the electrostatic component are seen for the cationic pyridinium-benzene dimer. This difference between charged and neutral solutes is attributed to large non-additive three-body interactions within solvated ion-containing complexes. Overall, except for charged solutes, our quantum computations indicate that nearby solvent molecules cause very little tuning of the direct solute-solute interactions. This indicates that differences in binding energies between the gas phase and solution phase are primarily indirect effects of the competition between solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions