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The PIO Model (Principles, Indicators and Observables) on Duties and Rights: a self-assessment approach for compliance of Artificial Intelligence data and systems regulations within the European Union framework
No full textThe Observatory for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence (OEIAC) has developed an interactive tool, the PIO Model, to determine whether or not an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system and its data is ready and comply with current legislative requirements as well as ethical standards and recommendations. The PIO Model promotes compliance and readiness on responsible use of AI through a comprehensive self-assessment checklist. It identifies appropriate actions through several questions linked to regulations and ethical standards, and raises awareness to the quadruple helix on the responsible use of data and AI systems. Further, this free and comprehensive checklist helps to classify the risk level of an AI system and facilitates an understanding of what needs to be done under the EU AI Act. It is a resource open to everyone and currently available in Catalan, Spanish, English and French. The PIO Model developed is part of CATALONIA.AI, the Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Catalonia promoted by the Government of CataloniaL'Observatori d'Ètica en Intel·ligència Artificial (OEIAC) ha desenvolupat una eina interactiva, el Model PIO, per determinar si un sistema d'Intel·ligència Artificial (IA) i les seves dades estan preparats i compleixen amb els requisits legislatius actuals, així com amb els estàndards ètics i les recomanacions. El model PIO promou el compliment i la preparació en l'ús responsable de la IA a través d'una llista completa de comprovació d'autoavaluació. Identifica accions adequades a través de diverses preguntes vinculades a la normativa i als estàndards ètics, i sensibilitza a la quàdruple hèlix sobre l'ús responsable de les dades i els sistemes d'IA. A més, aquesta llista de comprovació gratuïta i comprensiva ajuda a classificar el nivell de risc d'un sistema d'IA i facilita la comprensió del que cal fer en virtut del reglament sobre IA de la UE. És un recurs obert a tothom i actualment disponible en català, castellà, anglès i francès. El Model PIO s'emmarca dins de CATALONIA.AI, l'Estratègia d'Intel·ligència Artificial de Catalunya impulsada per la Generalitat de Cataluny
Dieta i nutrició en el maneig del dolor en la fibromiàlgia: revisió bibliogràfica
No full textBACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition that is affecting an increasing portion of the population, leading to greater healthcare demand. FM is characterized, among other symptoms, by widespread chronic pain. This symptomatology significantly impacts on the quality of life of individuals with FM. There is still no clear consensus on the diagnostic criteria for FM, nor are there established treatment guidelines. A combination of pharmacological treatment alongside alternative therapies is essential to reduce pain and improve quality of life.
OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study is to analyze the beneficial effects of diet and nutrition on pain management in individuals with fibromyalgia, identifying specific dietary interventions and the role of nursing in the management of this condition.
METHODOLOGY: A literature search was conducted between January and March 2025. The selected articles were published between 2020 and 2025 and were sourced from databases including Cochrane, PubMed, Science Direct, CINAHL, Scopus, and SciELO.
OUTCOMES: A total of 12 articles were analyzed, including 9 systematic reviews and 3 clinical trials (2 randomized controlled trials and 1 clinical trial). All studies concluded that diet and nutrition have beneficial effects on pain management in FM. However, the authors agree on the need for further research to establish standardized dietary guidelines for FM treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that nutrition plays a key role in fibromyalgia treatment, highlighting the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory diets, supplementation, and gut microbiota modulation. Following dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet or a low-FODMAP diet is recommended to reduce pain, improve digestion, and enhance quality of life. Additionally, maintaining adequate levels of nutrients such as vitamin D, magnesium, omega-3, and coenzyme Q10 is emphasized. From a nursing perspective, these insights enable the implementation of complementary and personalized strategies to improve FM patients' quality of life, particularly through health education and the promotion of healthy eating habits2
Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad y su relación diagnóstica con el trauma complejo infantil. Una propuesta de diagnóstico diferencial
No full textENG- This doctoral thesis primarily focuses on the bidirectional relationship between ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) and complex childhood trauma. Some errors during the evaluation and diagnosis of ADHD may be related to undetected childhood traumas, whose symptoms could resemble those of ADHD. Therefore, it would be advisable to consider trauma during the initial evaluation and diagnosis, as the analyzed studies show a close similarity between some symptoms of ADHD and trauma. Differentiating between both disorders can be challenging due to their symptomatic overlap. Hence, a proper differential diagnosis and an accurate evaluation that considers the possibility of a previous traumatic event could help prevent false positives or false negatives in ADHD diagnoses.
The objective of this thesis is the design and expert validation of a screening tool that supports the differential diagnosis of childhood ADHD and complex trauma.
Method: For the design of the tool, an exhaustive review of the literature on ADHD and complex trauma was carried out, identifying key symptoms of both disorders. Based on this review, an initial set of items was developed based on established diagnostic criteria and previous studies. These items were then subjected to validation using the Expert Judgment method and the Delphi method.
The expert group consisted of 10 professionals in psychology, psychiatry, and neuropsychology with extensive experience in the evaluation and diagnosis of childhood ADHD and complex trauma. They were sent a questionnaire requesting them to evaluate each item for ADHD and complex trauma based on the criteria of Clarity and Importance. For an item to be considered valid, an 80% agreement level among participants was required. A first round was conducted following the criteria of the Delphi Method. In a second round, the experts were provided with a revised set of items based on their suggestions so they could reconsider their ratings if they deemed it appropriate. In our case, an item was considered valid if the average rating in Clarity and Importance reached an 80% consensus (CVI=0.8), indicating that the item was very clear and very important.
This method allowed for consensus not only on the number of items needed to evaluate ADHD and complex trauma but also on refining each item with greater precision from the perspective of Clarity and Importance.
The results were positive and favorable from the professionals who participated in the evaluation and review of the various items.
The first round identified clarity issues in some items, while in the second round, reformulated items were sent for review, based on an 80% consensus (CVI=0.8) for the validity of each item.
Eliminated and Modified Items: For ADHD screening, 25 items were initially selected. Of the 25, 24 remained in the second round after removing a duplicate. Of these, 16 exceeded the 80% consensus among experts, leading to the elimination of 7 items (in addition to the duplicate symptom). Regarding trauma diagnosis, 30 items were initially included, of which 15 reached the required consensus, implying the elimination of the remaining 15 items. Initially, 8 shared items were identified for ADHD, but after the evaluation process, this number was reduced to 5 shared items. Additionally, 7 exclusive symptoms of trauma were identified, which are rarely observed in ADHD.
As a result of this thesis, a screening tool has been developed in Excel to improve the differential diagnosis between ADHD and complex trauma. The tool is automated and provides diagnostic guidance so that the professional can determine which possible disorder is being assessed while also considering potential shared symptoms or signs.
Conclusions: The screening tool has the potential to effectively distinguish between ADHD and complex trauma symptoms. Although the initial validation results are favorable, additional empirical studies with patient samples are needed to confirm the predictive validity and effectiveness of the HECRI-TT tool in real-world settingsCAT- La present tesi doctoral se centra principalment en la relació bidireccional entre el TDAH (Trastorn per Dèficit d'Atenció i Hiperactivitat) i el trauma complex infantil. És possible que alguns errors durant l'avaluació i el diagnòstic del TDAH puguin estar relacionats amb traumes infantils no detectats, els símptomes dels quals podrien assemblar-se als del TDAH. Per tant, seria convenient contemplar el trauma durant l'avaluació i el diagnòstic inicial, ja que els estudis analitzats mostren una estreta similitud entre alguns símptomes del TDAH i del trauma. Pot ser complicat diferenciar entre ambdós trastorns degut, precisament, a la superposició simptomàtica. Així doncs, un correcte diagnòstic diferencial i una avaluació precisa que contempli la possibilitat d'haver patit algun esdeveniment traumàtic podria evitar falsos positius o falsos negatius en el diagnòstic del TDAH.
L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és el disseny i la validació per part d'experts d'una eina de cribratge que serveixi de suport al diagnòstic diferencial del TDAH infantil i del trauma complex.
Mètode: Per al disseny de l'eina, es va dur a terme una revisió exhaustiva de la literatura sobre el TDAH i el trauma complex, identificant-ne els símptomes clau. A partir d'aquesta revisió, es va elaborar un primer conjunt d'ítems basat en criteris diagnòstics establerts i en estudis previs. Posteriorment, aquests ítems van ser sotmesos a validació mitjançant el mètode de Judici d'Experts i el mètode Delphi.
El grup d'experts estava format per 10 professionals de la psicologia, psiquiatria i neuropsicologia amb àmplia experiència en l'avaluació i diagnòstic del TDAH infantil i el trauma complex. Se'ls va enviar un qüestionari en el qual es demanava que avaluessin cadascun dels ítems segons els criteris de Claredat i Importància. Perquè un ítem es considerés vàlid, es requeria un nivell d'acord entre els participants del 80%. Es va dur a terme una primera ronda seguint els criteris del Mètode Delphi. En una segona ronda, es va enviar al grup d'experts la relació d'ítems que havien estat reformulats segons les seves suggerències perquè poguessin reconsiderar la seva puntuació si ho consideraven oportú. En el nostre cas, es va estimar que un ítem seria vàlid si la puntuació mitjana en Claredat i Importància assolís el 80% de consens (IVC=0.8), la qual cosa indicaria que l’ítem és molt clar i molt important. Aquest mètode va permetre consensuar tant el nombre d'ítems necessaris per avaluar el TDAH i el trauma complex, com definir amb més precisió cadascun dels ítems a emprar des del punt de vista de Claredat i Importància.
Els resultats van ser positius i favorables per part dels professionals que van participar en l'avaluació i crítica dels diferents ítems. La primera ronda va identificar problemes de claredat en alguns ítems, mentre que en la segona ronda es van enviar ítems reformulats per a revisió, basant-se en un consens del 80% (IVC=0.8) per a la seva validesa.
Ítems eliminats i modificats: Per al cribratge del TDAH, es van seleccionar inicialment 25 ítems. Dels 25, en van quedar 24 en la segona ronda en eliminar un ítem duplicat. D'aquests, 16 van superar el 80% de consens entre els experts, fet que va comportar l'eliminació de 7 ítems (a més del símptoma duplicat). Pel que fa al diagnòstic del trauma, es va començar amb 30 ítems, dels quals 15 van assolir el consens requerit, implicant l'eliminació dels altres 15 ítems. Inicialment, es van identificar 8 ítems compartits per al TDAH, però després del procés d'avaluació, aquest nombre es va reduir a 5 ítems compartits. A més, es van identificar 7 símptomes exclusius del trauma que difícilment poden observar-se en el TDAH.
Com a resultat d'aquesta tesi, s'ha desenvolupat una eina de cribratge en Excel per millorar el diagnòstic diferencial entre el TDAH i el trauma complex. L'eina està automatitzada i ofereix una orientació diagnòstica perquè el professional pugui determinar de quin possible trastorn es tracta, tenint en compte també els possibles símptomes o signes compartits.
Conclusions: L'eina de cribratge permet potencialment discriminar entre els símptomes del TDAH i del trauma complex de manera eficaç. Tot i que els resultats de la validació inicial són favorables, es requereix realitzar estudis empírics addicionals amb mostres de pacients per confirmar la validesa predictiva i l'eficàcia de l'eina HECRI-TT en entorns realsPrograma de Doctorat en Psicologia, Salut i Qualitat de Vid
Polymer inclusion membranes for the separation, speciation and monitoring of inorganic pollutants in natural waters
No full textENG- Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) are a type of functionalized membrane mainly composed of an extractant embedded in a polymeric matrix. These membranes are easy to prepare and are highly versatile, enabling the separation of a wide range of analytes. This thesis has focused on the development of PIMs for both environmental and analytical purposes. On the one hand, the membrane composition has been optimized to enable the removal of inorganic pollutants from natural waters or industrial effluents. On the other hand, the thesis has investigated the use of PIMs as sensors to both assess metal complexation in natural waters, and to be used as passive samplers for the evaluation of metal pollution in rivers. Moreover, in light of current global challenges, particular emphasis has been placed on integrating sustainability principles into the design of PIM-based systems. This includes exploring the use of cost-effective and non-toxic alternatives for PIMs manufacturing, as well as developing novel functionalized membranes with better stability to reduce the environmental impact.
In a first stage, PIMs were prepared using commercial reagents, such as the extracting agent Aliquat 336, the plasticizer tributyl phosphate (TBP), and cellulose triacetate (CTA) as the base polymer. These PIMs were investigated for the removal of fluoride from natural waters. It was demonstrated that the addition of TBP enhanced the performance of the PIMs compared to other plasticizers. Furthermore, the developed PIMs proved effective in removing fluoride from natural water samples, reducing its concentration to levels that comply with World Health Organization standards.
Moreover, the preparation of functionalized membranes with enhanced sustainability has been investigated. In one approach, the plasticizer butyl stearate (BTS) was explored, for the first time, as a component for PIMs, offering a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to common reagents. In this case, PIMs were prepared using the polymers CTA and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), incorporating a task-specific ionic liquid as an extractant specifically designed to extract Hg, and different plasticizers. The measured properties of the PIMs containing BTS, such as hydrophilicity and mechanical properties, and the transport efficiencies of CTA-based PIMs, were within the range of those of PIMs with the other plasticizers tested. Thus, given the low cost and minimal environmental impact of BTS, it is an attractive alternative to consider for manufacturing PIMs.
Additionally, the possibility of using polymerizable ionic liquids (PILs) based on the imidazolium cation to produce stable membranes has been explored for the first time. The membrane containing the PIL 1-hexyl-3-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide was shown to effectively remove Cr(VI). The remarkable stability of the PIL-based membrane was demonstrated by its high reusability, with only a 15% decrease in the recovery efficiency after 18 cycles. Finally, this novel membrane was successfully employed for the recovery of Cr(VI) from industrial effluent waters, highlighting its potential to contribute to the development of a sustainable system for the removal and recovery of hexavalent chromium.
To advance the analytical applications of PIMs, a membrane incorporating the extractant di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid has been proposed as both a tool for speciation studies of metal complexation and a passive sampler for metal monitoring. First, laboratory experiments demonstrated that the accumulation of Zn and Cu in the receiving phase of the PIM sensor depended on the concentration of free metal ions in the donor phase. Finally, the aforementioned PIM was investigated as a passive sampler for determining the time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of free Zn in Catalan rivers. To achieve this, a novel calibration approach was described, based on kinetic studies conducted at the specific sampling point under investigation. The resulting calibration enabled the determination of TWA-free Zn concentrations in the Osor River. Furthermore, PIM-passive samplers were employed as a screening tool to detect Zn contamination in the waters of other Catalan rivers, revealing no evidence of pollution by this metalCAT- Les membranes d'inclusió polimèriques (PIMs) són un tipus de membrana funcionalitzada composta principalment per un agent extractant incorporat en una matriu polimèrica. Aquestes membranes són fàcils de preparar i són altament versàtils, permetent la separació d'una àmplia gamma d'analits. Aquesta tesi s'ha centrat en el desenvolupament de PIMs tant per a finalitats ambientals com analítiques. D'una banda, s'ha optimitzat la composició de les membranes per permetre l'eliminació de contaminants inorgànics d'aigües naturals o efluents industrials. D'altra banda, la tesi ha investigat l'ús de PIMs com a sensors per estimar la complexació de metalls en aigües naturals i per ser utilitzades com a mostrejadors passius per a l'avaluació de la contaminació per metalls en rius. A més, tenint en compte els reptes globals actuals, s'ha posat un èmfasi particular en la integració dels principis de sostenibilitat en el disseny de sistemes basats en PIMs. Això inclou l'exploració de l'ús d'alternatives econòmiques i no tòxiques per a la fabricació de PIMs, així com el desenvolupament de noves membranes funcionalitzades amb una millor estabilitat per reduir l'impacte ambiental.
En una primera fase, es van preparar PIMs utilitzant reactius comercials, com l'agent extractant Aliquat 336, el plastificant tributilfosfat (TBP) i el triacetat de cel·lulosa (CTA) com a polímer base. Aquestes PIMs es van investigar per a l'eliminació de fluorur de les aigües naturals. Es va demostrar que l'addició de TBP millorava el rendiment de les PIMs en comparació amb altres plastificants. A més, les PIMs desenvolupades van resultar efectives per eliminar el fluorur de mostres d'aigües naturals, reduint la seva concentració fins a nivells que compleixen amb els estàndards de l'Organització Mundial de la Salut.
A més, s'ha investigat la preparació de membranes funcionalitzades amb una major sostenibilitat. En un enfocament, es va explorar, per primera vegada, el plastificant butil estearat (BTS) com a component per a PIMs, oferint una alternativa més respectuosa amb el medi ambient i econòmicament més assequible que els reactius comercials habituals. En aquest cas, es van preparar PIMs utilitzant els polímers CTA i clorur de polivinil (PVC), incorporant un líquid iònic específic per a l'extracció de Hg i diferents plastificants. Les propietats mesurades de les PIMs que contenien BTS, com la hidrofilicitat i les propietats mecàniques, i l'eficiència del transport de les PIMs basades en CTA, estaven dins del rang de les PIMs amb altres plastificants provats. Així, donat el baix cost i l'impacte ambiental mínim del BTS, aquest és una alternativa atractiva a considerar per a la fabricació de PIMs.
A més, s'ha explorat, per primera vegada, la possibilitat d'utilitzar líquids iònics polimeritzables (PILs) basats en el catió imidazole per produir membranes estables. Es va demostrar que la membrana que contenia el PIL 1-hexil-3-(4-vinilbenzil)-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis((trifluorometilsulfonil)amida) era eficaç per eliminar Cr(VI). La notable estabilitat de la membrana basada en el PIL es va demostrar per la seva alta reutilització, amb només una disminució del 15% en l'eficiència de recuperació després de 18 cicles. Finalment, aquesta nova membrana es va utilitzar amb èxit per a la recuperació de Cr(VI) d'aigües d'efluents industrials, destacant el seu potencial per contribuir al desenvolupament d'un sistema sostenible per a l'eliminació i recuperació del crom hexavalent.
Per avançar en les aplicacions analítiques de les PIMs, s'ha proposat una membrana que incorpora l'agent extractant àcid di(2-etilhexil)fosfòric com a eina tant per a estudis d’especiació de la complexació de metalls com per a un mostrejador passiu pel monitoratge de metalls. En primer lloc, els experiments de laboratori van demostrar que l'acumulació de Zn i Cu a la fase receptora del sensor PIM depenia de la concentració dels ions de metall lliure a la fase donadora. Finalment, la PIM esmentada es va investigar com a mostrejador passiu per determinar les concentracions mitjanes ponderades en el temps (TWA) de Zn lliure a rius catalans. Per aconseguir-ho, es va descriure un nou enfocament de calibratge, basat en estudis cinètics realitzats específicament al punt de mostreig investigat. La calibració resultant va permetre determinar les concentracions TWA de Zn lliure al riu Osor. A més, els mostrejadors passius basats en PIMs es van utilitzar com a eina de detecció per a la contaminació per Zn en altres rius catalans, revelant que no hi havia proves de contaminació per aquest metallPrograma de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia de l'Aigu
La Parodia como eje narrativo en La Pícara Justina
No full textThe aim of this work is to offer an approach to the parodic resources found in El libro de entretenimiento de la pícara Justina, published in 1605. This piece, unique within the picaresque tradition, stands out for its female protagonist and its innovative structure, which explicitly parodies the narrative model of Guzmán de Alfarache. The study focuses on how
parody functions as the central axis of the narrative, which is presented as a burlesque story in both content and form through the use of irony, polyphony and humorous discourse.
Furthermore, the novel is examined in terms of how it subverts the literary conventions of its time, breaking with the traditional codes of the picaresque genre. Ultimately, this thesis analyzes how this parodic distortion becomes a key element for understanding the nature and purpose of the novel4
Assessing musculoskeletal complaints in para-athletes: A systematic review and critical appraisal of available Patient-Reported Outcome Measure
No full textObjective: To identify the available Patient-reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) for assessing musculoskeletal complaints in para-athletes and to evaluate their psychometric properties, ultimately providing recommenda tions for their use. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ProQuest, and COSMIN Database were searched until October 2024. Full report studies evaluating psychometric properties of PROMs in para-sport participants with musculoskeletal pain were included. The methodology followed the Consensus-based Stan dards for selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) and PRISMA-COSMIN for OMIs 2024 Guidelines. Results: Six articles reported information on Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI); Shoulder Pain Scale for Wheelchair Basketball (SPS-WB); and, Shoulder Pain Index for Wheelchair Basketball (SPI-WB). Content validity was inconsistent for WUSPI and SPS-WB. Structural validity was indeterminate for SPS-WB. Internal consistency was sufficient for SPS-WB but indeterminate for WUSPI and SPI-WB. Reliability was sufficient for WUSPI and SPI-WB. Convergent validity was sufficient for WUSPI but indeterminate for SPS-WB and SPI-WB. Discriminative validity was insufficient for WUSPI and SPI-WB and indeterminate for SPS-WB. Conclusions: Evidence on PROMs for musculoskeletal complaints in para-sports focuses on shoulder pain in wheelchair basketball, showing low to very low-quality evidence. The WUSPI and SPS-WB can be used considering their limitation
Diferenciación competencial e igualdad de derechos de los ciudadanos: técnicas para conseguir el equilibrio en los Estados descentralizados
No full textDifferentiation of competencies and equality of citizens' rights: techniques to achieve balance in decentralized states - The tension between political decentralization and equality of citizens' rights is an inherent element of every decentralized state. From the division of competencies among entities, a certain degree of asymmetry in the exercise of rights across the territory will arise. However, this asymmetry cannot be without limits, as it would endanger social and territorial cohesion and undermine the principle of equality. Therefore, in various decentralized states, formulas are established that make the state/federation responsible for ensuring a minimum and common equality of rights across the territory, from which diversity can emerge. The purpose of this paper is to analyze some of these formulas based on the experiences of the Spanish, Italian, and German legal system
Is climate change the problem? A feminist analysis of climate change discourses in Spain and Cataloni
No full textThe way climate change is framed and represented matters because it influences the type of actions and strategies promoted by climate-related policies. To understand how policies address climate change in the Spanish context, we performed an analysis of the discourse applying the “What’s the Problem Represented to be” Bacchi’s framework. We apply a feminist political ecology perspective, countering the dominant discourses around mitigation and adaptation to climate change, as well as identifying the silences on public policy at national (Spain) and regional (Catalonia) scales. Our results show that in both cases, the official policy discourse on climate change follows a techno-positivist and market driven narrative, mainly motivated by economic growth, not questioning much of the current economic model and without clearly addressing the responsibilities regarding the climate crisis and the resulting inequities associated to it. This representation presents climate change as a biophysical problem of increased concentration of greenhouse gases, which provides an opportunity for modernization and progress but at the same time, it is a threat to national security and a catalyst for existing vulnerabilities in the country. In contrast, the exploration of the silences of official public policy shows that climate change is represented as the visible consequence of a failed, patriarchal, and colonial system that needs to be solved under a social justice, human right and degrowth perspective. Alternative degrowth and ecofeminist discourses criticize the fallacy of greening the economic growth model and urge us to rethink the productive (and reproductive) current model, focusing on the sustainability of life as the central axis of transformation, “to live a life deserved to be lived”Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Elsevier51
La prueba pericial científica en manchas de sangre: una reflexión sobre su aplicación en el proceso español. Sesgos y recomendaciones
No full textScientific expert report, which is essential for decision-making, is characterized by being rigorous and objective and by being able to collect information of interest on issues outside of legal knowledge. Despite its procedural relevance, not all disciplines have the same development, and errors may occur in the preparation and evaluation of reports of those that are less in demand and, therefore, less supported by doctrine. It occurs with bloodstain pattern analysis; hardly expanded in practice even though its enormous value for the reconstruction of the facts. Through this arti-cle, its situation in Spain will be studied and presented, analyzing jurisprudence and regulations regarding both its content and the training required for its experts. With this, well-founded recom-mendations can be provided that facilitate the development of these expert reports in a guaranteed manner, by minimizing the obstacles and limitations observedLa prueba pericial científica, trascendental para la toma de decisiones, se caracteriza por ser rigurosa y objetiva y por recoger información de interés sobre cuestiones ajenas al conoci-miento jurídico. A pesar de su relevancia procesal, no todas las disciplinas cuentan con el mismo desarrollo, pudiendo producirse errores en la elaboración y valoración de informes de aquellas menos demandadas y, por ende, menos respaldadas por la doctrina, como ocurre con el análisis de patrones de manchas de sangre, apenas expandido en la práctica a pesar de su enorme valía para la reconstrucción de los hechos. Por medio de este artículo se estudiará y presentará su situación en España, analizándose jurisprudencia y normativa al respecto tanto de su contenido como de la formación requerida a sus expertos. Con ello, podrán aportarse recomendaciones fundamentadas que faciliten el desarrollo de estas pericias de forma garante, al minimizar los obstáculos y las limi-taciones observadas1