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La prueba preconstituida como medio de prevención de la victimización secundaria en menores
No full textENG- The criminal process has important shortcomings in the way it deals with the victim of the crime, who, when seeking justice with the expectation of obtaining an adequate institutional response and fair reparation for the crime suffered, is faced with a system centered on the exercise of the punitive power of the State, where their needs and desires are frequently left unattended. This disconnect between the victim's demands for justice and the institutional response offered by the criminal process gives rise to what is known as secondary victimization, defined as any harm additional to that caused by the crime that contributes to deepening the emotional, psychological, social and economic damage caused by the criminal system. This phenomenon, although it can affect any person without distinction, acquires special relevance in the case of minors, who, due to their condition as vulnerable subjects derived from the evolutionary moment in which they find themselves, together with the inadequacy of a justice system that is not adapted to their idiosyncrasies, are especially harmed as a consequence of their intervention in the criminal process. This problem has received special attention in recent decades, with a series of protective measures being implemented, among which pre-established evidence has become one of the most important.
Reflecting the growing prominence of pre-constituted evidence, the Ley Orgánica 8/2021, de 4 de junio, de protección integral a la infancia y la adolescencia frente a la violencia was approved in Spain in 2021. This regulation, within the framework of the comprehensive measures it promotes for tackling violence against children and adolescents, reinforces the normative organization of pre-constituted evidence and establishes its obligatory nature for all children under fourteen years of age, who will give evidence through this modality in order to avoid secondary victimization. However, along with the benefits that empirical evidence has shown, this figure has never been free of criticism. The proceduralist doctrine, despite the fact that the national legal system has contemplated this figure for centuries prior to the enactment of the LOPIVI, has been skeptical and suspicious, considering that its use undermines the structural pillars of the criminal process, particularly with regard to the principles of contradiction and immediacyCAT- El procés penal presenta importants mancances en la manera d’abordar la víctima del delicte, qui, en acudir a la justícia amb l’esperança d’obtenir una resposta institucional adequada i una reparació justa pel delicte sofert, s’enfronta a un sistema centrat en l’exercici de la potestat punitiva de l’Estat, on sovint les seves necessitats i desitjos queden desatesos. Aquesta desconnexió entre les demandes de justícia per part de la víctima i la resposta institucional que ofereix el procés penal origina el que es coneix com a victimització secundària, definida com tot perjudici addicional al causat pel delicte que contribueix a aprofundir el dany emocional, psicològic, social i econòmic a càrrec del sistema penal. Aquest fenomen, tot i que pot afectar qualsevol persona sense distinció, adquireix una rellevància especial en el cas dels menors d’edat que, per la seva condició de subjectes vulnerables derivada del moment evolutiu en què es troben, juntament amb la inadequació d’un sistema de justícia que no s’adapta a la seva idiosincràsia, resulten especialment perjudicats a conseqüència de la seva intervenció en el procés penal. Aquest problema ha rebut una atenció especial en les últimes dècades, havent-se desplegat una sèrie d’instruments de protecció, entre els que la prova preconstituïda esdevé un dels més importants.
Com a reflex del creixent protagonisme de la prova preconstituïda, l’any 2021 es va aprovar a Espanya la Ley Orgánica 8/2021, de 4 de junio, de protección integral a la infancia y la adolescencia frente a la violencia. Aquesta norma, en el marc de les mesures integrals que promou per a l’abordatge de la violència infantojuvenil, reforça l’ordenació normativa de la prova preconstituïda i estableix la seva obligatorietat per a tots els menors de catorze anys, que hauran de prestar declaració a través d’aquesta modalitat amb la finalitat d’evitar una victimització secundària. Ara bé, juntament amb els beneficis que l’evidència empírica ha posat de manifest, aquesta figura mai no ha estat exempta de crítiques. La doctrina processalista, tot i que l’ordenament jurídic nacional contempla aquesta figura des de segles abans de la promulgació de la LOPIVI, s’ha mostrat escèptica i recelosa per considerar que el seu ús atempta contra els pilars estructurals del procés penal, particularment pel que fa als principis de contradicció i immediacióPrograma de Doctorat Interuniversitari en Dret, Economia i Empres
Estudi dels materials arqueològics de les campanyes d’excavació dels anys 1946 i 1947 al castrum del Puig de les Muralles de Puig Rom
No full textA partir de la revisió dels materials arqueològics recuperats en les excavacions arqueològiques dutes a terme per Pere de Palol al jaciment del Puig Rom de Roses entre els anys 1946 i 1947, es vol intentar actualitzar l’estudi dels materials trobats traçant les principals característiques de les ceràmiques a nivell tipològic i formal permetent-nos ajudar a acotar millor la cronologia del poblat
La casa urbana a Girona durant el segle XIII a través de la documentació escrita
No full textEl panorama que ens ofereix la documentació escrita convencional durant el segle XII no deixa de ser una continuació del de l’etapa anterior amb petits canvis que se’ns van fent presents. Hi ha més material a l’abast, però, en general, amb poques notícies concretes en relació amb la casa urbana. No és gens rar, ans al contrari, l’ús de frases fetes, estereotipades, que es fan servir una vegada i una altra en els documents escrits. Si ja havien aparegut puntualment abans, ara sovintegen
Seasonal carbon fluxes from vegetation and soil in a Mediterranean non-tidal salt marsh
No full textSalt marshes are important ecosystems for carbon sequestration. However, while studies of atmospheric carbon exchange fluxes have broadly been performed in tidal salt marshes, they are scarce in non-tidal salt marshes. In this study we measured, throughout 1 year, instantaneous net carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange rates from four halophytes which are dominant species of their corresponding habitat (Sarcocornia fruticosa in a halophilous scrub, Halimione portulacoides and Elytrigia atherica in a salt meadow, and Salicornia patula in a glasswort sward) of a Mediterranean non-tidal salt marsh. Soil CO2 and methane (CH4) fluxes from these habitats were also measured. E. atherica, a perennial herbaceous species, showed the highest photosynthetic rates during the entire year, but S. patula, an annual succulent herb, also had remarkable photosynthetic rates in summer. Interestingly, the woody fraction of the two perennial shrubs, S. fruticosa and H. portulacoides, showed CO2 uptake during most of the daily measurements. Regarding the studied habitats, the halophilous scrub and the salt meadow showed higher soil CO2 emissions than the glasswort sward, and the overall emissions were higher than those reported for tidal salt marshes. Both soil absorption and emission of CH4 were detected. In particular, CH4 emissions were remarkably high, similar to those found in low-salinity marshes and, in general, higher than those reported for salt marshes with a high water table salinity. Soil mineralization quotients of the halophilous scrub and the salt meadow were lower than those measured at the glasswort sward, suggesting a higher soil carbon sequestration potential of the first two habitatsThis research has been supported by the Life+ Program of the European Commission (Life Pletera; grant no. LIFE13NAT/ES/001001). Lorena Carrasco-Barea held a PhD grant (grant no. IFUdG2015) from the University of Girona1
Contractació privada i nous entorns digitals
No full textJornades de Dret Català a Tossa (23: 2025: Tossa de Mar, Catalunya)La ponència analitza com la transformació digital ha alterat profundament el dret de contractes europeu i, en particular, la contractació amb consumidors. S’hi exposa que les dades personals —element essencial dels mercats digitals— configuren noves dinàmiques precontractuals, contractuals i postcontractuals, i esdevenen instrument clau per a l’automatització i personalització de les transaccions. El treball examina el marc europeu de protecció de dades (RGPD) i les seves limitacions davant la creació de datasets complexos, sovint alimentats per fonts indirectes o inferències algorítmiques. A continuació, s’analitza la paradoxa entre l’estandardització contractual i la personalització automatitzada, que genera noves formes d’asimetria informativa i pot situar el consumidor en una «posició sistèmica» difícil de conèixer, qüestionar o modificar. Finalment, es plantegen els riscos de discriminació algorítmica, la dificultat d’obtenir remeis efectius i la necessitat d’un dret de contractes capaç de respondre a les transformacions tecnològiques, garantint transparència, equitat i protecció real dels consumidors en entorns digitalsThe paper examines how digital transformation has profoundly reshaped European contract law and, in particular, consumer contracts. It argues that personal data—now an essential component of digital markets—structures new pre‑contractual, contractual and post‑contractual dynamics, becoming a key instrument for automating and personalising transactions. The study reviews the European data protection framework (GDPR) and highlights its limits when facing complex datasets often built from indirect sources or algorithmic inferences. It then analyses the paradox between contractual standardisation and automated personalisation, which generates new forms of informational asymmetry and may place consumers in a “systemic position” that is difficult to know, challenge or modify. Finally, the text addresses the risks of algorithmic discrimination, the difficulty of obtaining effective remedies, and the need for a contract law capable of responding to technological transformations while ensuring transparency, fairness and real consumer protection in digital environmentsAquest capítol ha rebut el suport dels projectes «Protecting consumers in digital platforms» PID2021-127258NA-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, UE, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spanish Research Agency i «Artificial Intelligence, automated decision making and justice Systems», CNS2023-145543 Consolidación Investigadora (2023)131
Going Smaller: Attention-based models for automated melanoma diagnosis
No full textComputational approaches offer a valuable tool to aid with the early diagnosis of melanoma by increasing both the speed and accuracy of doctors’ decisions. The latest and best-performing approaches often rely on large ensemble models, with the number of trained parameters exceeding 600 million. However, this large parameter count presents considerable challenges in terms of computational demands and practical application. Addressing this gap, our work introduces a suite of attention-based convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures tailored to the nuanced classification of melanoma. These innovative models, founded on the EfficientNet-B3 backbone, are characterized by their significantly reduced size. This study highlights the feasibility of deploying powerful, yet compact, diagnostic models in practical settings, such as smartphone-based dermoscopy, and in doing so revolutionizing point-of-care diagnostics and extending the reach of advanced medical technologies to remote and under-resourced areas. It presents a comparative analysis of these novel models with the top three prize winners of the International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) 2020 challenge using two independent test sets. The results for our architectures outperformed the second and third-placed winners and achieved comparable results to the first-placed winner. These models demonstrated a delicate balance between efficiency and accuracy, holding their ground against larger models in performance metrics while operating on up to 98% less number of parameters and showcasing their potential for real-time application in resource-limited environmentsThis work was partially funded through the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 program through the iToBoS project (grant number SC1-BHC-06-2020-965221) and the IFUDG 2022 grantOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Elsevier
Flexural performance of RC beams strengthened with HB CFRP plates: Experimental study and theoretical model based on the intermediate crack debonding
No full textThis paper presents a study on the flexural performance of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams strengthened with Hybrid Bonded (HB) Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates. Single-shear tests and flexural tests on RC beams strengthened with CFRP are examined, comparing both Externally Bonded (EB) and HB strengthening techniques with different anchor spacings. Results show that hybrid bonding improved the bond and flexural capacity in single shear and beam tests, respectively. A numerical model is developed to predict Intermediate Crack Debonding (ICD) in RC beams strengthened with HB CFRP laminates. The methodology is based on considering two different bond-slip laws, one for the EB and another for the HB CFRP portions. The proposed model is validated applying the bond-slip laws calibrated from the EB and HB CFRP single-shear tests to the flexural test results, demonstrating accurate prediction of ICD failure for both EB and HB CFRP specimensThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN/AEI) under project PID2020-119015GB-C22 (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/5011000011033) and the Generalitat de Catalunya, under the Grant number 2020_FISDU 00476Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Elsevie
Analytical criterion to prevent thermal overshoot during dynamic curing of thick composite laminates
No full textLocal overheating during curing of thermosetting resins is likely to occur for thick laminates or during fast curing. Overheating may lead to heterogeneous mechanical properties along the laminate thickness or even to an uncontrolled reaction. To avoid overheating, most thermoset resin manufacturers recommend a 'safe' cure cycle. However, these cure cycles can be improved to shorten cure times in thin laminates and may not be good enough to avoid overheating in thick laminates. In this paper, we propose a new analytical model to determine the critical thickness above which thermal runaway occurs when the laminate is heated at a constant rate up to a constant temperature. The model considers different thermal boundaries between the mould and the laminate, i.e., from a perfect thermal contact to a contact of infinite resistance. The analytical model was corroborated through the numerical integration of the equations governing it and experimental data from the curing process of a thick laminate composed of the commercial VTC401 epoxy resin and M55J carbon fiber system. Model predictions indicate that, under the manufacturer's recommended cure cycle, which includes an initial heating rate of 2 K/min, thermal runaway occurs in laminates thicker than 12.4 mm, aligning with experimental observations. A 20-mm-thick laminate, exceeding this threshold, was cured using a reduced heating rate of 0.3 K/min based on our criteria, successfully preventing overheating. The maximum temperature gradient recorded experimentally remained below 1 °C, confirming the model's prediction of uniform thermalizationOpen Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Elsevie
Soledad Amena: edición crítica y digital de la obra poética de Garcilaso de la Vega: Pronapoli (Dir. Eugenia Fosalba, 2024)
No full textSoledad Amena es una edición crítica digital de los textos poéticos de Garcilaso de la Vega. Para ello, se ha tenido en consideración la estructura de los textos, se ha elaborado un aparato crítico a partir del cotejo minucioso de los ejemplares existentes, se llevado a cabo una codificación semántica de nombres de personajes y conceptos relevantes que enriquecen el contenido textual. Asimismo, los editores filológicos han llevado a cabo una extensa anotación crítica, dividida en notas aclaratorias, comentarios de carácter más erudito, y la detección de loci similes, y se han creado una serie de paratextos conectados a cada una de las composiciones en lo relativo al contexto histórico y la métrica. Además, se han codificado las referencias bibliográficas, tanto las pertenecientes a fuentes primarias (autores clásicos o contemporáneos utilizadas por el mismo autor), como la bibliografía crítica secundari
Effects of adding fampridine to conventional rehabilitation therapy in the treatment of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B: a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial
No full textBACKGROUND: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B is a neurodegenerative disease with
autosomal dominant inheritance that represents one of the leading causes of idiopathic
late-onset ataxia. There are currently no approved treatments for its primary cerebellar
symptoms, such as instability, gait disturbances, incoordination or dysarthria, which
significantly impair the functionality and quality of life of those affected.
Recent publications suggest that fampridine, a drug approved for improving gait in multiple
sclerosis, may reduce the severity and duration of these cerebellar symptoms, but available
evidence is limited. To address this, this placebo-controlled trial aims to evaluate the efficacy
and safety of fampridine in SCA27B patients, using both clinician and self-reported
measures, to provide robust evidence for regulatory approval and optimised patient care.
OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the study is to demonstrate the efficacy of fampridine in
reducing the severity of ataxia symptoms, as measured by the Scale for the Assessment and
Rating of Ataxia (SARA). Secondary objectives include assessing whether fampridine reduces
symptom duration, decreases the risk of falls, and improves patients’ quality of life, as well
as evaluating the safety profile of the drug in these patients. It will be analysed whether
downbeat nystagmus and alcohol consumption may alter the response to the medication.
DESIGN AND SETTING: This is a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,
6-months clinical trial. It will be conducted across several hospitals in Catalonia.
PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The study population will consist of symptomatic patients
(SARA scale ≥1) aged 18 years or older with a confirmed diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia
type 27B. A total of 84 participants will be selected based on predefined inclusion and
exclusion criteria. Of these, 42 will be randomized to receive fampridine, and 42 will receive
a placebo. Both groups will undergo rehabilitation therapy, as this constitutes the standard
clinical management for these patients