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Burnout in the lawyer : an investigation on lawyers in Lombardy
No full textStress lavoro-correlato e burnout sono parole di uso comune al giorno d’oggi: la ricerca
scientifica, inizialmente indirizzata a medici e infermieri, si è ormai rivolta ad indagare la
presenza di burnout in molteplici gruppi professionali.
Gli avvocati, secondo la letteratura, rappresentano in tutto il mondo una categoria
particolarmente a rischio sia per quanto riguarda stress e burnout che per altre condizioni
patologiche come ansia e depressione, alcolismo e abuso di sostanze. La presenza di burnout
negli avvocati italiani rimane però un’incognita: ad oggi, infatti, non risultano ricerche in
merito.
Il presente elaborato si propone di indagare la presenza di burnout in un campione di avvocati
italiani esercitanti la professione in Lombardia e di analizzare possibili fattori implicati in tale
fenomeno.
Dopo una prima rassegna delle principali ricerche riguardanti la storia e le caratteristiche del
burnout, esso è stato descritto per quanto riguarda la categoria degli avvocati: sintomi, fattori
predittivi e possibili interventi.
Sono stati quindi descritti e discussi ipotesi e risultati della ricerca: tra gli 80 avvocati
partecipanti è stata riscontrata una presenza di burnout ed una compromissione del benessere
non trascurabili. Sono state confermate le relazioni tra burnout e soddisfazione globale e
soddisfazione per lo status socioeconomico, benessere personale, ansia e depressione. Il
burnout è inoltre risultato associato positivamente all’intenzione di cambiare lavoro. Infine,
sono stati riscontrati significativi effetti del genere e all’esperienza: con riguardo al primo le
avvocate hanno riportato un livello maggiore di burnout; rispetto al secondo, i giovani
avvocati si sono dimostrati più stressati rispetto ai colleghi con più anni di esercizio della
professione.
I risultati emersi, pur considerando le limitazioni della ricerca, fanno luce su un fenomeno
ormai innegabilmente presente ma ancora poco indagato in Italia.
Sebbene il presente studio non possa considerarsi rappresentativa della popolazione degli
Avvocati Italiani, è auspicabile possa essere un punto di partenza per future ricerche ma anche
per una maggiore consapevolezza da parte degli Ordini Professionali e degli Studi Legali al
fine di avviare possibili interventi per il miglioramento delle condizioni degli avvocati.Work-related stress and burnout are commonly used words nowadays: scientific research,
initially addressed to doctors and nurses, it has now gone to investigate the presence of
burnout in multiple professional groups.
Lawyers, according to scientific literature, represent worldwide a category at high risk both
for stress and burnout and for other pathological conditions such as anxiety and depression,
alcoholism and substance abuse.
The rate of burnout in Italian lawyers, however, remains unknown: to date, in fact, no
research has been carried out.
This paper aims to investigate the presence of burnout in a sample of Italian lawyers
practicing in Lombardy and to analyze possible factors involved in this phenomenon.
After an initial review of the main research regarding the history and characteristics of
burnout, it was analyzed in its main features with regards to the category of lawyers: symptoms, predictive factors and possible interventions.
Finally, the hypotheses and results of the research were described and discussed: among the
80 participating lawyers there was a presence of burnout and a significant impairment of well-
being. Relationships between burnout and global satisfaction and satisfaction for socio-
economic status, personal well-being, anxiety and depression have been confirmed. Burnout
was also positively associated with turnover intention. Finally, gender and experience showed
a significant effect, with female lawyers showing a higher level of burnout and young lawyers
being more stressed-out than their colleagues with more years of practice.
These results, even considering the limitations of the research, shed light on a phenomenon
that is now undeniably present but still little investigated in Italy.
Although this study cannot be considered representative of the population of Italian Lawyers,
it is desirable that it should be a starting point for future research but also for greater
awareness by the Professional Associations and Law Firms in order to start programs of
intervention to improve lawyers’ conditions
Tetraodontidae Family, its diffusion in the Mediterranean Sea and the tetrodotoxin
No full textLa diffusione dei pesci appartenenti alla Famiglia dei Tetraodontidae tramite il processo migratorio
noto come "migrazione lessepsiana" sta destando grande preoccupazione nei Paesi che si affacciano
sul bacino del Mediterraneo. Tale evento, oltre che essere la prova di un più globale cambiamento
climatico, sta comportando l’introduzione, tra le altre, di specie alloctone potenzialmente tossiche,
essendo in grado di accumulare nei loro tessuti una potente neurotossina, la tetrodotossina (TTX).
Tutto questo li rende un reale rischio per la salute umana qualora entrassero accidentalmente nella
filiera ittica.
Il grande interesse che il panorama scientifico mondiale sta mostrando per la TTX sta comunque
permettendo di comprenderne sempre meglio le caratteristiche e il meccanismo d’azione, basato su
un blocco selettivo dei canali del sodio voltaggio dipendenti, mostrandone anche i pregi in vista di
un suo futuro potenziale utilizzo a scopo terapeutico per la gestione di diverse patologie.
Prendere in considerazione anche l’approccio extraeuropeo a questa tossina e ai Tetraodontidi, da
parte di Paesi che ne hanno da più tempo conoscenza, potrà permettere una più semplice gestione
dell’attuale problematica e la ricerca di adeguate soluzioni.The spread of fish belonging to the Tetraodontidae Family through the migratory process known as
"Lessepsian migration" is causing great concern in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. This
event, in addition to being evidence of a more global climate change, is resulting in the introduction
of, among others, potentially toxic allochthonous species, being able to accumulate in their tissues a
powerful neurotoxin, the tetrodotoxin (TTX). All this makes them a real risk to human health if
they accidentally enter the fish supply chain.
However, the great interest that the world scientific community has about TTX is giving the chance
to understanding its characteristics and mechanism of action, based on a selective blockade of
voltage-dependent natrium channels, also showing its potential future use for therapeutic purposes
in the management of various diseases.
Considering also the non-European approach to this toxin and to the Tetraodontidae in countries
that have been familiar with them for longer, an easier management of the problem and appropriate
solutions might be found
Design and development of a DC/DC converter with a high current slew-rate
No full textProgettazione e sviluppo di un push pull resonant converter ad alto slew rate di corrente (309A/us). La soluzione presenta inoltre lo studio di un trasformatore non convenzionale, capace di lavorare a frequenze superiori al megahertz. Lo studio deriva dalla necessità di sviluppare un convertitore adatto a erogare corrente ad un carico impulsivo, capace di assorbire 4 kW per 1 ms, decine di volte al secondo
Lavoratori nello spettacolo: la documentazione fiscale dell’entrata di Cesare Borgia ad Avignone (1498)
No full textLo studio esamina i registri fiscali del Comune di Avignone per ricostruire l’ingresso solenne in tale città di Cesare Borgia nel 1498, avvenuto durante il suo viaggio per consegnare a Luigi XII la dispensa papale che annullava il matrimonio del re con Giovanna di Valois. Conservate negli archivi cittadini, queste fonti offrono informazioni sulla storia dello spettacolo in contesti urbani privi di tradizioni letterarie, rivelando le reti sociali, politiche ed economiche alla base dei cerimoniali di entrata
FOODTURE: Analysis and development of the social fridge "Frigo di Quartiere" project by Im.patto Nova Coop
No full textIl presente lavoro di tesi analizza l'iniziativa “Frigo di Quartiere”, nata con Nova Coop per ridurre lo spreco alimentare e sostenere le comunità vulnerabili, attraverso la redistinazione delle eccedenze dai punti vendita ai Frigo. L’obiettivo è realizzare un toolkit per Nova Coop facilitando la creazione di un manuale destinato alle cooperative, con raccomandazioni su formazione, linee guida, exhibit design e riconoscibilità, per favorire la replicabilità del modello in contesti già esistenti e nuovi.This thesis work analyzes the “Frigo di Quartiere” initiative established with Nova Coop to reduce food waste and support vulnerable communities through the redistination of surplus from stores to Fridges. The goal is to create a toolkit for Nova Coop by facilitating the creation of a manual for use by cooperatives, with recommendations on training, guidelines, exhibit design and recognizability, to encourage replicability of the model in existing and new contexts
Outcome and challenges in skin reconstruction with different cutaneous flaps in dogs and cats
No full textDifetti cutanei di notevole entità conseguenti a interventi di chirurgia oncologica in cui vengono rimosse masse tumorali di dimensioni importanti o ferite superficiali caratterizzate da un’abbondante perdita di tessuto possono necessitare di tecniche di chirurgia ricostruttiva più o meno avanzata.
In questi casi, quando la guarigione per prima intenzione non è possibile, la scelta terapeutica può ricadere sulla guarigione per seconda intenzione, sull’utilizzo di tecniche di chirurgia ricostruttiva o su un approccio combinato tra le due opzioni.
La ricostruzione di tali difetti può avvenire mediante lembi locali, lembi assiali o innesti liberi, a tutto spessore o a spessore parziale. I lembi locali includono una vascolarizzazione casuale, motivo per cui sono detti “lembi casuali”, e possono essere preparati su uno stesso piano (lembi di avanzamento o lembi ad H) o su un piano di fulcro (lembi di rotazione, di trasposizione e di interpolazione). Al contrario, i lembi assiali comprendono una vena ed un’arteria cutanea diretta, che ne garantiscono una vascolarizzazione migliore. I lembi liberi sono invece innesti cutanei privi della loro vascolarizzazione e provenienti da un sito donatore lontano dal difetto cutaneo che si intende richiudere, i quali possono essere a tutto spessore (quando includono epidermide ed intero derma) o a spessore parziale (quando includono epidermide ed una porzione di derma variabile). Indipendentemente dal tipo di procedura chirurgica attuata, uno dei fattori più importanti per la sopravvivenza del lembo è la sua vascolarizzazione. Lo sviluppo di complicanze può palesarsi all’incirca 1 settimana dopo la chirurgia includono deiscenza, edema, sieroma, ematoma e necrosi del lembo, che possono essere classificate in minori o maggiori a seconda della necessità di un secondo intervento chirurgico per ottenere la guarigione completa della ferita.
Questo studio comprende 28 casi di ricostruzione cutanea in 23 cani e 5 gatti, comprendenti di 13 lembi locali, 14 lembi assiali ed 1 lembo libero.
Diciannove pazienti (70%) in totale sono andati incontro a complicanze post-operatorie, di cui 8 maggiori (29,6% dei pazienti totali) e 12 minori (42,8%). Inaspettatamente i lembi locali hanno avuto la più bassa percentuale di complicanze; tra i lembi assiali, l’85,7% ha sviluppato complicanze, di cui 6 (4,8%) maggiori, che hanno necessitato di una revisione chirurgica. L’unico soggetto a cui è stato praticato un lembo libero è andato incontro a complicanze maggiori (deiscenza totale del lembo) che hanno richiesto la revisione chirurgica.
Per concludere, sebbene le chirurgie ricostruttive possano essere cruciali per la guarigione di ampi difetti cutanei, essere a conoscenza delle difficoltà associate ai vari tipi di lembo aiuta il medico veterinario a prevedere eventuali complicanze e a gestire correttamente il post-operatorio, aumentando le probabilità di successo della procedura.Repairing large cutaneous defects may be necessary following oncological surgery involving the removal of large tumors, or to support the healing process of superficial wounds characterized by significant tissue loss. In these cases, in which healing by primary intention is not feasible, the remaining therapeutic options are healing by secondary intention, the use of reconstructive surgery techniques or a combination of the two.
Defect reconstruction can be achieved using local flaps, axial flaps and free grafts, which may be full or partial thickness. Local flaps, also known as "random flaps," have an undefined vascular supply coming from the subdermal plexus and can be designed in the same plane (such as advancement or H flaps) or on a pivot point (such as rotation, transposition, and interpolation flaps). Axial flaps, in contrast, contain a defined cutaneous artery and vein, providing superior vascularization. Skin grafts lack direct vascularization, are harvested from a donor site distant from the defect, and can be full thickness (including the epidermis and the dermis) or partial thickness (including the epidermis and a partial portion of dermis).
Regardless of the type of surgical procedure performed, one of the most important factors responsible for the survival of the flap is its vascularization. Complications are expected to occur about 1 week after surgery, and include dehiscence, edema, seroma, hematoma and flap necrosis, and they can be sub-classified as minor or major, depending on whether surgical revision is required to achieve successful wound healing. Minor complications can be treated medically, whereas major complications may require surgical revision and can subsequently heal by second intention, or through a new reconstructive and first intention closure.
This study involved 28 cases of skin reconstruction in 23 dogs and 5 cats, consisting of 13 local flaps, 14 axial flaps and 1 free graft.
Nineteen patients (70%) developed post-operative complications of any kind, with 8 patients (29,6% of all patients) experiencing major complications and 12 (42,8%) experiencing minor complications. Unexpectedly, local flaps had the fewest major complications rate (7,6%); of the axial flaps, 85,7% presented any complications, with 6 of them (42,8%) experiencing major complications that required revision surgery. The dog that underwent a free flap procedure experienced major complications (total dehiscence of the flap) that required surgical revision.
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In conclusion, even though surgical reconstructive techniques may be crucial to support the healing process of large cutaneous defects, being aware of the challenges associated with each type of flap will help the veterinarian to foresee complications, managing the post-operative period correctly and improving the overall long-term success rates
Neuropsychological tests in the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia : a review
No full textL'invecchiamento demografico è un fenomeno globale in rapida crescita, con previsioni che indicano che entro il 2030 una persona su sei avrà 60 o più anni. Questo processo, inizialmente osservato nei paesi ad alto reddito, è ora evidente anche nei paesi a basso e medio reddito, portando ad un aumento delle patologie legate all'età, tra cui la demenza. A livello mondiale, circa 50 milioni di persone soffrono di demenza, con cifre significative anche in Italia. L'aumento previsto dei casi evidenzia la necessità di interventi di sanità pubblica efficaci. Una diagnosi tempestiva e accurata è essenziale per pianificare percorsi di supporto e assistenza per i pazienti e i loro caregiver. La diagnosi differenziale tra la malattia di Alzheimer (AD) e la demenza vascolare (VaD) è particolarmente complessa a causa della sovrapposizione dei sintomi e della variabilità clinica. Tuttavia, diversi studi hanno evidenziato profili cognitivi distinti tra AD e VaD.
Lo scopo della presente revisione della letteratura è stato quello individuare i test neuropsicologici che permettono di effettuare una diagnosi differenziale tra AD e VaD.The differential diagnosis between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) is particularly complex due to overlapping symptoms and clinical variability. However, several studies have shown distinct cognitive profiles between AD and VaD. The aim of this literature review is to identify neuropsychological tests that allow a differential diagnosis between AD and VaD
Sviluppo di un simulatore fotogrammetrico per l’addestramento di reti neurali per l’identificazione di eventi di caduta massi
No full textThis dissertation aims to address the critical challenges in monitoring geotechnical stability in quarry environments by leveraging advancements in photogrammetry and neural networks. It seeks to develop a robust photogrammetric simulation framework designed for the generation of synthetic training datasets, employed to train machine learning algorithms to detect and localize rockfall events. The research is set within the broader scope of automating safety measures in dynamic quarry settings, where traditional methods face considerable limitations in terms of labor intensity, data reliability, and adaptability. The focus is on the use of fixed stereo monitoring systems, which present a cost-effective but reliable method for continuous monitoring. However, these systems are not exempt from limitations, particularly regarding their operational reliability and the necessity for careful geometric network design. In order to achieve a reliable machine learning model, the dissertation explores the constraints posed by the availability and quality of training data. Traditional data collection involves intensive manual labeling and bears the potential for human error, thus prompting the need for synthetic datasets. These simulated datasets are generated through a carefully designed photogrammetric simulation framework, which accounts for the complex interplay of factors that contribute to noise in photogrammetric surveys. The simulation framework aims to create synthetic yet realistic datasets that encapsulate the intricacies of real-world conditions, from the noise induced by atmospheric conditions and equipment to the complexities introduced by camera calibration errors and occlusions. This synthesized data is intended to train neural networks in recognizing and predicting rockfall events, ultimately contributing to more comprehensive and automated risk assessment protocols. The research is conducted in collaboration with the Centre for Geotechnical Science and Engineering at the University of Newcastle, and it has broader applicability in the domain of civil structural monitoring. The methodology and findings could inform the development of automated monitoring systems not just in quarries but also in various infrastructural settings. Given its interdisciplinary approach, synthesizing advancements in photogrammetry, computer vision, and machine learning, this dissertation may enhance current practices in geotechnical monitoring, especially in environments that pose significant risks to human safety and operational integrity
Spin molecolari per l'Informazione Quantistica: Nuove Piattaforme per la Correzione di Errori, la Simulazione e l'Inizializzazione
No full textQuantum information processing has emerged as a forefront area of research, holding the promise to address classical intractable problems. There are several areas in which quantum computers are expected to bring a disruptive contribution and one among all is the simulation of quantum systems. In the last decades, several quantum computing architectures have been proposed and experimentally tested: among the most developed are superconducting qubits, trapped ions, and photonic systems. However, despite the significant technological advancement, the path towards the realization of a scalable and fault-tolerant quantum computer remains full of challenges. This scenario underscores the need to explore alternative possibilities and an intriguing one are Molecular Nanomagnets (MNMs).
Discovered in the early 90s, these systems exhibit classical macroscopic magnet behavior while also showing quantum properties. This combination of classical and quantum properties makes them excellent candidates as building blocks for quantum architectures. Leveraging on the spin degrees of freedom inherent in these systems, they can show at low energy a well resolved energy spectrum addressable by electromagnetic pulses. These systems have naturally long coherence times that reach in some cases up to times on the order of milliseconds allowing a coherent control and manipulation. Furthermore, MNMs can be chemical engineered allowing for a precise tuning of their properties and thus a great flexibility for different applications.
This thesis collects the results of the research conducted by my group and me over the past three years. The thematic common at all works is the use of MNMs for the quantum architectures. Within this broad field, research can be divided into two primary strands: exploring the potential of a qudit-based computation and designing molecules that are intrinsically protected against decoherence. Regarding the former, a qudit approach can simplify quantum circuits by reducing the number of objects to be controlled and thus the number of two-body gates. This approach has been investigated both for quantum simulation and for quantum error correction applications. Regarding the latter, through the modelling of decoherence and the analysis of the mechanisms that generate it, it has been possible to identify a general property that systems must have in order to be intrinsically protected against decoherence. As in precedence, this property can be useful for both quantum computation and error correction. Besides these main topics, we have also worked on the design of time-resolved EPR experiments aimed at detecting chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS). Although this phenomenon is not fully understood, it is interesting for several applications, including quantum technologies. In particular, it could be exploited for the initialization and readout of MNMs. Finally, we have worked on state of art quantum computers exploring the variational quantum eigensolver algorithms. We have worked on the design of physically motivated ansatz, i.e., ansatz tailored to respect the properties of the target system such as conserved quantities or symmetries, showing that this approach can significantly extend the capabilities of these algorithms. As a study case, we look at small spin models
Sintering pressure-less ad alta efficienza e scalabilità di TiB2 per applicazioni ad elevata resistenza e durezza
No full textTitanium diboride (TiB2) is a promising material for commercial applications due to its excellent mechanical properties, melting point above 3000°C, wear resistance, and good electrical conductivity, similar to that of metals. However, its poor sinterability makes it difficult to fabricate fully dense components with good properties and mechanical performance. Sintering additives and different preparation methods can improve the sintering of TiB2, but the effectiveness varies greatly.
In this thesis, various additives, preparation techniques, and sintering methods were systematically investigated to comprehensively analyze their impact. The main objective was to obtain a high-density material with good mechanical properties through pressure-less sintering, an easily scalable and very common technique at the industrial level.
This work can be divided into four parts:
In the first part, the impacts of different sintering aids (B4C, Si3N4, and MoSi2), preparation methods (ball-milling and high-energy-milling), and their combination on the densification of TiB2 were investigated through hot-pressing sintering. The shrinkage of the sample over time was recorded to study the densification rate and temperatures at which occurred. Residual porosity, microstructure, composition, and mechanical properties of the sintered material were measured to study how additives, preparation methods, and their possible synergy improved the densification of TiB2. MoSi2 added in amount of 5 vol% proved to be the best sintering aid, leading to complete densification due to the presence of a liquid phase.
The second part of this work was focused on pressure-less sintering treatments. Several sets of samples were sintered at various temperatures (from 1900 to 2100°C) and dwell times (from 60 to 120 minutes), to identify the best conditions. The amount of sintering aid was then optimized and scale-up tests were conducted at various temperatures for the best compositions. Residual porosity, microstructure, composition, and mechanical properties of the sintered materials were measured and compared to those obtained through hot pressing. Higher densities and finer microstructures were achieved through high-energy-milling, both without and with sintering aids. In the case of MoSi2 addition, the additive and HEM worked together to create a synergistic effect that results in better densification (4.80 g/cm3) and a finer microstructure (1.2 ± 0.6 µm).
The third part of the thesis explored the effect of high-energy milling (HEM) with WC-Co media on the densification of TiB2. Milling cycles of different durations were tested, and the resulting powders were characterized using XRD patterns, particle size analysis, SEM microscopy, and mass measurements. These powders were then pressure-less sintered, and the effects of milling time on densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties were evaluated. The reproducibility of the HEM process was investigated by repeating the same milling cycle one year later with more worn media. Finally, the role of WC was explored by preparing a mixture of TiB2 and WC powders (without Co) and ball-milling the mixture. From HEM powders analysis it was observed that while the introduction of WC-Co increased linearly with time, the average particle size decreased significantly within the first 10 minutes after which the rate of size reduction slowed down progressively.
The fourth part of this work was dedicated to mechanical thermal and electrical testing of pressure-less sintered TiB2. Preliminary flexural strength tests were carried out in Faenza. Then, the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of specimens prepared at the Missouri University of Science and Technology were explored. Flexural strength and fracture toughness were measured at room and high temperature (1000-1600°C) to analyze the mechanical properties. Thermal conductivity tests were performed between 25 and 200°C, and between 200 and 2000°C, to obtain thermal properties. Electrical resistivity was measured for different currents at room temperature