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From 1980 on, the Impact of the Globalization on Democracy and nation State Concept Turkey Evaluation
Get PDFAbstract. This study aims to present a thorough understanding of the process of globalization and analyze the current effects and changes of globalization on nation state. In accordance with this viewpoint, the concept and the development of globalization, its dimensions, various aspects and actors are addressed, and the relations between globalization and nation state are demonstrated. The second part of the study explains how nation state is affected by the process of globalization, and how the functions of nation state shrink in political and economic sense. This part also reveals the roles of international capital and institutions (as the primary actors of the process of globalization) on the changing functions of nation state. In this part, light is shed on how nation state delegates authority to supra-national and sub-national units, and how independent monetary, fiscal, foreign trade and employment policies face challenges in application due to the weakening of the sovereignty of nation state. The last part handles the effect of the process of globalization on Turkey, and present the fact that Turkey, as a nation state, is influenced by this process in a way that it even threatens Turkey’s power of sovereignty. The last part also shows how Turkey should follow a path in order to avoid any harm caused by the global order and make use of any opportunity appearing under present circumstances.Keywords. Globalization; Nation state; Democracy; Turkey.JEL. F01, F02, F15, F20, H60, H70, L30
Gender gap is a trade trap: The road ahead for international development
Get PDFAbstract. The paper provides an outline of effective gender parity policy in South Asia with a special reference to Pakistan. The need of gender parity as an economic goal is identified by linking gender empowerment as a need to create better trade policy framework. This may provide strong public sector commitment towards bringing and implementing such laws that focus on more female participation in formal schooling as well as skill development.Keywords. Micro education, Trade, Gender empowerment, International development.JEL. G20, G21, G24
Globalisation, trade liberalisation and economic development in the developing countries: An overview
Get PDFAbstract. This article examines globalisation in the historical context and also its implications for development, especially in the developing countries. Economic globalisation means where all countries are developing their economies according to homogeneous rules and regulations formulated by international organisations such as the WTO, IMF and the World Bank. Globalisation refers to the opening of national markets and integration of production and increased operations of MNCs. It simply means nation-states are not able to influence exports and imports of goods and capital. And trade liberalisation is seen as a crucial policy towards globalisation. This paper will critically analyse the theoretical justification for the policy of free trade. There seems to be no doubt that globalisation has opened up a number of beneficial avenues for those countries conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship. Yet in the developing countries the fundamental problem of unemployment, income inequality and poverty persists and a more integrated economy under current globalisation has not been successful in resolving the challenges and problems facing the people in developing countries. This study concludes that the political economy of globalisation seems to be another addition to the power of global capital over national capitalist development, which reflects crisis in capitalism due to the accumulation crisis.Keywords. Globalisation, WTO, Free trade, Institutions, Developing countries.JEL. F10, F13, F60
Turkey - Africa trade: A gravity model estimation of determinants
Get PDFAbstract. This study investigates the key determinants of trade between Africa and Turkey by using the gravity model of international trade. The major objective is to identify the core socio-cultural and macroeconomic factors of bilateral trade between both sides. Poisson – Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator is used in order to efficiently test the impact of many dummy variables and fixed effects. The results illustrate that there are geographic, socio-cultural and macroeconomic factors in the African economies and Turkey’s side. African countries near to Turkey, sharing similar religion and recorded higher economic growth rates in the last couple of decades have better bilateral trade with Turkey than the others. Besides, economic freedom improvements in these countries have positive relationship with their bilateral trade. On the other hand, improvement in corruption level of Turkey, increasing its ODA donation and opening commercial consulates in African countries are the positive factors of its bilateral trade with Africa. However, there is no statistical evidence to say Turkey’s trade with Africa is for the purpose of natural resources.Keywords. Turkey, Africa, Foreign Trade, Gravity Model.JEL. F01, F14, F19
The Cause of War and Role of People by Karl Polanyi: A Change in Realm of International Relations after The Great Transformation
Get PDFAbstract. The enormous impacts of WWI, WWII, and the Great Depression made Karl Polanyi write a famous book, The Great Transformation (TGT). In it, he wrote about the 'collapse of nineteenth-century civilisation', and clarified the causes and development of civilisation from the perspective of international relations and economic history. ‘Nineteenth-century civilisation’ is located in the centre of his international relations theory, and his ‘institutional system’ comprises of four elements: 1) a self-regulating market, 2) balance-of-power, 3) the international gold standard, 4) and the liberal state. In addition economic thought, Polanyi continued developing his international relations theory in Britain as evidenced by examination of a fresh record, a short booklet issued by the Worker’s Educational Association in the 1940s just after the publication of TGT. First, Polanyi emphasises the political and geographic causes of war instead of economic causes.TGT explains war arises from financial problems, especially the abandonment of the international gold standard system. On the other hand, ‘power vacuum’ is stressed as the origin of war in the booklet. While his civilisation theory presumes the political expansion of each country, the power vacuum theory does not make this supposition. This implies a change in his view to an unwanted war arising from a breakdown in the balance of power. In addition, he described diplomatic alliances as a method to prevent wars. To prevent war, Polanyi insists that people need to be engaged in civil society. This explains his belief that democracy achieved by national integrity is sovereign in our society. Informed citizens can consider government and other authorities imperfect without repercussion and still work towards national unity. Following this logic, socialism is neither centralised nor repressive, but is composed by citizens as a liberal institution.Keywords. Karl Polanyi, Workers Education Association, Economy and War, Civil Society.JEL. B24, B32, B52
On demand-side sources of service innovation ideas
Get PDFAbstract. Increasing degree of consensus has been made among academics and practitioners, that firms should pay special attention to the demand-side factors just to design and produce products/services that gain most loyalty. This article discusses further the specific demand-side sources of service innovation ideas in a multi-layer direct marketing context. Experience marketing, value perception, and re-purchasing process are proposed and articulated. Implications for research and practices are offered. Keywords. Demand-side drivers, Service innovation, Multi-layer direct marketing.JEL. M10, M11, M14
Igglesis Nikos, The Revolution of Grexit: The Plan
Get PDFAbstract. On July 5, 2015, Greece held a referendum for deciding on the blackmailing proposal submitted by the Institutions of the Eurogroup on 25th of June 2015. On the threshold of the credit suffocation, the Greek people did not relent and they expressed through their vote (a percentage of 61, 31% and 3.558.450 votes) their objection; one more “NO” in their history, similar to this of 28th October of 1940. However, the Greek leaders flinched to express this “NO” using tangible policies even if the short term consequences would be painful. Instead, the foreign partners, allies and friends to Greece “which belongs to the West”, still follow a strict austerity policy which has resulted in poverty of the majority of the Greek people, and in the stagflation. Igglesis Nikos, in his book “The Revolution of GREXIT: The Plan”, makes an attempt to present in a detailed way what the Greek people decided…an alternative and sustainable solution.Keywords. Grexit.JEL. A10