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Lessons learnt for Rwanda from China’s poverty reduction strategies: Policy analysis review
Get PDFAbstract. The present study analyzed the possible lessons to learn in Rwanda from the China performance experiences in poverty reduction tragedies. Over the last 35 years, China has impressively made enormous treads in its fight averse to poverty as it has changed in one of the greatest vibrant economies in the global. The China success in poverty reduction is dedicated largely to different economic reforms which lead to economic growth, implementation of poverty lessening strategies, rural development programs and as well as open door policies. Recently, China has been serving as an economic role model for many developing countries including African states due to its substantial progress in fighting against poverty. In the same way, Rwanda is still struggling with a high rate of poverty even if there is a huge achievement but still there is a long journey to go. The growing cooperation between China and Rwanda are frequently elucidated by the country's call for its natural resources to be based on country development, China is an astonishing example which clearly indicates how a country can revolt from poverty within a decade and be a leading performer on the worldwide scene. From this perspective, there are some policy lessons that African countries including Rwanda can learn from the socio-economic transformation success of China. Even if Rwanda has been gradually facing the developmental restrictions which China did not, and given that the background for Rwandan country differs too much with China, it is worthwhile to draw important lessons from China's success story on how it escaped millions of its population from poverty.Keywords. Poverty reduction, Strategy, Policy, Rwanda, China.JEL. H50, H70, I38
Intrinsic and extrinsic incentives to support motivation and performance of public organizations
Get PDFAbstract. In management, incentives are a reward to motivate people and create favorable conditions directed to achieve specific goals and support organizational development. This conceptual paper analyses differences between intrinsic and extrinsic incentives to suggest management implications directed to support motivation and performance of employees in public organizations.Keywords. Rewards, Motivation, Compensation, Pay, Reputation.JEL. N30, O30, O31, I23
Challenges of industrial policy to enhance competitiveness
Get PDFAbctract. This study explores how the traditional approaches of perceiving competitiveness and industrial policy could be enriched through a synthetic and evolutionary perspective. Competitiveness, in particular, tends to be studied in the literature in a relatively fragmented way, focusing either on the level of individual nations, or on the sectors of economic activity, or on the firm level. As a result, the evolutionary structures that define competitiveness in a unified socioeconomic way are usually bypassed. In this context, the traditional approach to industrial policy-making, which has as sole objective the strengthening of specific sectors, is inadequate to enhance the multilevel socioeconomic competitiveness in our days. Therefore, we suggest a comprehensive re-positioning of the concept of "organic competitiveness" in overall and synthetic socioeconomic terms (firms-sectors-socioeconomic systems) as useful for a redirected modern industrial policy.Keywords. Competitiveness, Industrial policy, Evolutionary link between competitiveness and industrial policy, Globalization.JEL. L52, B52, F63
Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: Can indirect tax play a crucial role?
Get PDFAbstract. The objective of this article is to develop a policy of indirect taxation on output factors that reconciles losses in case of a waiver of the direct tax in Cameroon. This initiative would help in solving the “Anglophone crisis” in Cameroon by addressing the half of the total tax collected that amounts at CFAF 2429.15 billion to their victims. A static computable general equilibrium model has enabled us to determine the equivalent rate applicable to the labor factor that would make it possible to compensate for losses if the government shifts away from taxation of household income. This rate is 34.569% for an income tax rate of 20%. It also enables boosting growth with an impact on GDP of 7.8%. Besides, each household group that receipts all the other half of tax collected from an indirect tax rate of 10% earns on well-being whereas in case of an equal sharing only the poor households benefit from it.Keywords. Taxation, Prices, Factors, Crisis, Computable general equilibrium.JEL. C68, E62, H30, H53
A brief history of Pakistan’s democratic journey
Get PDFAbstract. The paper analyses Pakistan’s journey through 2008 to 2018 in establishing strong democratic precedence and rule of law that the analysis suggests is finally transforming into structural changes in the economy while further strengthening its institutional and macro- economic governance. With every new democratic government in place after completing its turn as mandated by constitution of Pakistan, in the last ten years the country has been addressing many challenges that have emerged as an aftermath of dictatorial rule of President Musharraf. Though President Musharraf remains to be an enlightened autocrat taking some important steps to strengthen the economy but his government witnessed a steep slide in social trust among people of Pakistan amid armed conflict in Afghanistan that took an ugly turn and affected Pakistani social and ethical fabric due to porous nature of Durand Line.Keywords. Economic thought, Transform governance, Pakistan.JEL. A12, B00, B40
Biswajit Nag & Debashis Chakraborty (eds), India’s Trade Analytics: Patterns and Opportunities
Get PDFAbstract. India, a leading developing country, initiated the process of trade liberalization since early nineties, but the wider effects of the reforms started taking shape only in the new millennium. The unilateral trade policy reforms undertaken by the country were supplemented by the WTO-induced liberalization measures from mid-nineties onwards. The investment liberalizations ushered in updated technology and global management practices across sectors. The internal policy reforms as well as the evolving global trade architecture created a number of winner sectors across the Indian economy, e.g., – tea and spices, fisheries (agriculture), garments, leather products, automobiles (manufacturing) and IT services (services). Confident with growing export potential as well as the rising trade openness in the partner countries, India started entering into a number of regional trade agreements (RTAs), primarily in Asia, from 2005 onwards.Keywords. Trade, Patterns and Opportunities.JEL. F00, F10, F13, F40
Energy subsidy reform and economic sustainability: Egypt vs. Iran
Get PDFAbstract. This paper illustrates the relationship between energy reforms and economic sustainable development in Egypt and Iran; through analyzing the relation between energy reform and four main macroeconomic variables, namely: budget deficit, energy consumption, inflation and economic growth. The methodology adopted in this paper is a comparative case study between Egypt and Iran, using qualitative descriptive analysis; focusing on the period from 2010 to 2014, as this period is characterized with active subsidy reform efforts for both countries. The paper concludes that reforming energy subsidies generally tends to relief the strain on the public budget, in case it is not accompanied with simultaneous economic difficulties which can deem the reform efforts obsolete, like in the case of Iran. In addition, the responsiveness of energy consumption of a certain fuel to the increase in its price is heavily reliant on its price elasticity of demand. This is represented in the availability of alternative energy sources. Moreover, the effect of the reforms on inflation is normally instantaneous and short-lived and could be mitigated through government intervention; that was clear in the case of Egypt. However, Iran did not show a similar trend as there was a weak correlation between subsidy reforms and inflation. Finally, there tends to be a very weak relationship between subsidy reforms and GDP growth, implying that the effect of other economic factors outweighs that of subsidy reforms.Keywords. Energy subsidy reform, MENA region, Sustainable development.JEL. E62, H23, Q01
Statistical analysis of outsourcing decisions in HR departments for the next decades
Get PDFAbstract. Human resource is the basis of all processes. It is an instrument that must be accepted despite all technological advances in a rapidly changing environment. The approach to this issue has begun to become more professional with the other processes followed. Thus, the problem is to understand the relationship between the decisions of the companies’ Human Resources department managers and HR consulting companies regarding their expectations from each other. Focusing on whether or not fundamental decision – making problem will be outsourced and also to obtain insight that would lead the way for all kinds of communication activities to be conducted towards the target population in the forthcoming days. A qualitative section of the study was conducted to thoroughly understand all the needs, expectations and experiences of HR professionals from various organizations composed a sample of 15 companies. The data were collected through in-depth interview method. A questionnaire was designed, variables required for the analysis were assessed and relationships with causalities were revealed by the statistical analyses. Results show the policies, which is dealt by the HR departments of the companies during outsourcing the needs. Population was determined to be the companies possessing HR departments. The sample was selected by cluster sampling method, and for quantitative part of this study is chosen from various industries and organizations since it is the one that requires ongoing in-house human resources functions from other 15 small to medium-sized companies located in Istanbul, Turkey. The questionnaire was administered personally and electronically. In selected companies, the researcher herself or with the help of HR itself administered the questionnaire personally. The contribution of this study will benefit the top managers’ strategic decisions and the way of generating procedures for the further studies relevant to outsourcing the services.Keywords. Outsourcing, Human Resources, HR Consulting, Decision-making, Statistical analysis.JEL. J24, O15, M12, M51, M55
Social cleavages, Deras and politics in Eastern Punjab: A study of Dera Sacha Sauda
Get PDFAbstract. The vicious conflicts erupted between the followers of Gurmit Ram Rahim Singh, the head of Dera Sacha Sauda, and fundamentalist Sikhs reveals that the violence not only deepen social cleavages but also enhances the cleavages in Sikh dominated society in Eastern Punjab. The paper’s argument is that the social cleavages in the political society of Punjab give birth to religious sects (Deras) which in turn feed on them in a vicious circle. Dera as an idea and institution is itself cleavages based which gives impetus to political articulation of a given subdued culture to come forth as a challenge to the mainstream socio-cultural and religious discourse. The Deras formed distinct religious symbols, cultural traits, daily code of conduct, rituals and prayers for their followers which dreaming them an egalitarian utopian society or social space. However, by doing so the Deras are enhancing the cleavages in the society instead the elimination of the cleavages. The Dera Sacha Sauda is taken as reference for the study.Keywords. Dera, Sacha Sauda, Cleavage, Politics, Punjab, Sikh, Society.JEL. Z12, Z13, Y40