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An overview of and a proposed reform for the organ procurement: System of the United States
Full text linkAbstract. Over 107,000 Americans are currently awaiting a lifesaving organ transplant. The vast shortage of organs for transplant in the United States is commonly known, but few are aware that the capacity exists for an additional 28,000 organs to be procured each year. These viable organs are not procured because of the limitations of the market and governance structure of the organizations primarily responsible for organ procurement across the United States, Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs). In this paper, the author provides an overview of the current organ procurement system and its flaws, debates the newly revised organ procurement regulations to come into effect in 2022, and offers a sweeping, market-based reform proposal for the organ procurement system.Keywords. Organ procurement, Organ procurement organizations (OPOs).JEL. I10, I11, I18
Factors for inclusion of wastewater treatment sludgein agri-food chain in Bulgaria
Full text linkAbstract. The issue of utilization of sludge from wastewater treatment in agriculture is an important socio-economic and environmental problem in the European Union and Bulgaria. It is becoming topical issue along with the growing interests into effective “transformation of wastes into products” and their inclusion in supply chains and circular economy. Despite their relevance, in-depth studies of the diverse effects and critical factors of sludge utilization in Bulgarian agri-food chain are at an early stage. The purpose of this article is to identify and assess the significance of the various factors influencing the effective utilization of sludge from wastewater treatment in Bulgarian agriculture. Based on a qualitative analysis of regulations and institutional structure, and surveys with managers and experts of urban wastewater treatment plants, and farmers using and not-using sludge, the institutional, political, organizational, personal, educational, informational, social, economic, and environmental factors influencing the utilization of sludge in agriculture in two regions of the country (Sofia and Burgas) are identified. Impact factors are generally divided into two types: factors influencing the behavior of agents, and factors determining the type and extent of the effects of sludge use in agriculture. Research of this type is tocontinue and deepen to establish the economic, sectoral and regional specificities on the basis of more representative information from all participants and interested parties in the effective utilization of sludge in the country.Keywords. Sludge use, Agriculture, Factors, Efficiency, Bulgaria.JEL. Q12, Q13, Q15, Q18
The contribution of human capital to the economic development of Cameroon, 1980-2018
Full text linkAbstract. The paper examines the contribution of human capital to the economic development of Cameroon from 1980¬-2018. To achieve this objective, data were collected from World Bank Development Indicators, for Cameroon, covering the period of 1980-2018. The error correction mechanism model was used to analyse the data using STATA 14 econometric software package. The results show that human capital has a positive and significant relationship with economic development in Cameroon. The findings suggest that gross school enrolment and labour force participation had slowed down economic development in Cameroon. The study recommends that given a significant coefficient of human capital on economic development in Cameroon, the government should create an enabling environment to reinforce the implementation of gross school enrolment, health expenditure and labour force participation policies to accelerate the process of economic development in the country.Keywords. Asset, Education, Employment, Expenditure, Health.JEL. D39, H52, I15, I25, J21
Paul A. Volcker & Christine Harper, Keeping At It: The Quest for Sound Money and Good Government
Full text linkAbstract. The Federal Reserve chair Paul Volker led the US through its tumultuous 1970s and 1980s. His biography, Keeping at It, chronicles his thinking and actions throughout his time in public service.Keywords. Monetary policy, Government, Good Government.JEL. B21, D00, D20, D40
The past, today and future of incoterms in international delivery: A review on the innovations in logistics
Full text linkAbstract. Incoterms; are the rules regulating the distribution of responsibilities and costs between the parties at the stages of transportation and delivery of goods, regulated by the International Chamber of Commerce. Incoterms items are expressed with abbreviations consisting of English definitions' initials. They provide a common language so that every company in a global world apprehends the same way of actions in distribution and transportation. Eventually, the firms deliver their products as expected. Incoterms mentions the changes in the abbreviations as well as the transactions. International commercial terms (Incoterms) have played an essential role in implementing global trade since 1936. As the international commercial terms are updated every ten years, the companies are more likely to be affected by the innovations made in Incoterms. In the first part of this study, Incoterms are evaluated according to how it is changed from past to present in terms of quality and quantity. In the second part, the study continues with the evaluation of delivery terms and it is questioned if the changes in the logistics have a source effect on international trade. At the end of the study, implications are given on how changes in logistics can shape the future of international commercial terms.Keywords: International logistics, International commercial terms (Incoterms), Delivery terms, International trade.JEL. F02, F13, R42
The time has come to permanently retire all our Caribbean currencies
Full text linkAbstract. The currencies of Caribbean countries have now outlived their usefulness, and have become a liability. They were devised at a time when most payments were made using notes and coin, issued in distant metropolitan centres. Scarcity of the means of payment was a severe hindrance to commerce. In response Currency Boards were set up, to issue local currency as needed in the colonies. The system worked well because the local currency issue was backed by an equivalent value of Sterling, in a global system of fixed exchange rates. In contrast, nowadays payments are made mostly by electronic communication, credit and debit cards, cheques and drafts, with settlement over digitized bank accounts. In today’s world an own currency has become a liability for small economies, limiting access to international goods and services, exposing residents to risks of currency devaluation and inflation, eroding the value of domestic savings, increasing economic inequalities, providing a tool for unproductive government spending, and diverting attention from the need to increase productivity and enhance international competitiveness.Keywords. Dollarisation, Exchange rate, Fixed exchange rate, Foreign currency, Currency board, Open economy.JEL. F31, F32
