INNOVATIONS in pharmacy (Iip - E-Journal)
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Creating a Pharmacy Internship: A Toolbox for Success
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Objective: To describe available compensated student internships and provide guidance for new program development.
Methods: A search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google with the following search terms: pharmacy, intern, internship, and student. All English language publications were considered for inclusion. Articles describing IPPE or APPE student utilization were excluded.
Key findings: Pharmacy student internship programs are common in practice, though there are few with published outcome data. Most often, interns serve as pharmacist extenders and participate in activities that center around extension of pharmacy services within the institution. Development of new programs should include partnering with nearby pharmacy programs and state boards of pharmacy to develop a well matched curriculum and allow for interns to practice at the top of their license. Lastly, outcomes should be measured and disseminated for the benefit of the academy. Additional considerations for developing a student internship program and guidance are provided.
Conclusions: Although in existence for decades, minimal published reports showcase institutional outcomes associated with student internships. No data is available to show the downstream effect an internship can have on direct patient care activities.
Article Type: Not
Patient Experiences
Get PDFFaculty Discussant: Olihe Okoro, PhDArticle 1: Patient Experiences at Enhanced-Service Pharmacies in IowaChen Huang, Graduate Student; William Doucette, PhD, FAPhA, RPh; Michael Andreski, RPh, PhD; Anthony Pudlo, PharmD, MBAArticle 2: The Perspective of African-born HIV Minnesotans of their Interaction with PharmacistsAlina Cernasev, PharmD, MSc; William L. Larson, PharmD, BCGP, BCACP; Cynthia Peden-McAlpine, PhD, ACNS, BS; Todd Rockwood, PhD, MA, BS; Paul Ranelli, PhD, MS; Olihe Okoro, PhD, MPH, MPharm; Jon C. Schommer, PhDArticle 3: Association between Insurance Characteristics and Patient Activation among Medicare Beneficiaries with Type 2 DiabetesDandan Zheng, MS, PhD Student; Joseph Thomas III, PhD, ProfessorArticle 4: How Do Health Literacy And Risk Perception Impact Older Adult Misuse Of Over-The-Counter Medications?Apoorva Reddy, BS; Jamie Stone, MS; Michelle Chui, PharmD, PhDArticle 5: A Qualitative Approach to Patient Experiences in MigraineDeepika Rao, MS Candidate; Elham Heidari, PharmD, MS Candidate Vincent Giannetti, PhD; Andrea R. Pfalzgraf, PhD, MPH; Carroline Lobo, MS, PhDArticle 6: The Medication Experience of African American Women with Early Stage Chronic KidneyDiseaseLisa Hillman, PharmD, BCACP; Olihe Okoro, PhD, MPH; Djenane Ramalho de Oliveira, PhD; Jon Schommer, PhDArticle 7: Pharmacist-Delivered Patient-Centered Care: Exploring an Untested AssumptionAnthony W. Olson, PharmD; Jon C. Schommer, Ph
Drug Therapy Problem Identification and Resolution by Clinical Pharmacists in a Family Medicine Residency Clinic
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Purpose: There are limited data to evaluate the impact of ambulatory clinical pharmacist recommendations on family medicine resident prescribing and monitoring of medications. The purpose of this study is to begin to gain insight in this area by answering the research question, “How many ambulatory clinical pharmacist recommendations for drug therapy problem (DTP) resolution are implemented on the day of a medication therapy management (MTM) visit in an outpatient family medicine residency clinic?”
Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of face-to-face MTM encounters conducted by ambulatory clinical pharmacists (including pharmacist residents) from August 1, 2012 to June 30, 2015 at a family medicine residency clinic. Descriptive statistics were conducted to both quantify the number of DTPs identified and resolved on the day of the MTM visit as well as categorize the DTPs.
Results: Based on the 728 MTM encounters analyzed, patients were an average of 53.6 years old and took 11.9 medications to treat 5.7 medical conditions. A total of 3057 DTPs were identified in the 728 encounters, of which 1303 were resolved the same day as the MTM visit. This resulted in an average of 4.2 DTPs identified and 2.0 resolved per visit per patient. The most common DTP category identified in this study was the need for additional drug therapy (41.6%).
Conclusions: Approximately half of the ambulatory clinical pharmacist’s DTP resolution recommendations were implemented the same day they were identified, which highlights the strength of team-based patient care and interprofessional collaboration in a residency teaching clinic.
Conflict of Interest We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties.
Treatment of Human Subjects: IRB determined project was non-HSR
Type: Original Researc
Increasing Childhood Influenza Vaccinations at the Community Pharmacy in Pennsylvania: Important Factors to Parents and Their Peers—A Pilot Study
Get PDFObjective: The primary objective was to identify factors that would motivate an adult to bring a child into the community pharmacy for an influenza vaccination via a pilot study conducted in Pennsylvania.
Design: This was a multi-site, cross-sectional, exploratory, survey-based pilot study.
Setting: Participants were identified at three grocery store community pharmacies in southeastern Pennsylvania.
Results: A total of 349 surveys were collected over the study period and 325 participant surveys were included in the analysis. Receiving a vaccine in fifteen minutes or less (140; 74%) and not needing an appointment (142; 75%) were the top motivating factors for parents. Privacy, increased knowledge, and pharmacist counseling were identified as motivating factors for ninety-five (51%), eighty-nine (48%), and eighty-four (45%) parents, respectively. Cost was a barrier for eighty-eight parents (47%).The motivators and barriers for peers, those without children who might influence a parental decision, were similar to those of parents, however, more peers identified a child friendly environment (45% vs. 32%; p=0.02) and pharmacist counseling (57% vs. 45%; p=0.03) as motivators.
Conclusion: The opportunity to receive an influenza vaccination quickly, without an appointment, are the most important factors to parents and peers. Factors of cost, counseling, and increased access to educational materials are of moderate importance.
Conflict of Interest: None
Treatment of Human Subjects: IRB exemption granted
Type: Original Researc
Impact of Pharmacist-Led Diabetes Management in Primary Care Clinics
Get PDFPurpose: Current literature supports that pharmacists effectively lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in diabetic patients. Little data exists on pharmacists’ effects on comorbidity management, patient satisfaction, or financial viability of these positions. This study looked to assess the impact of pharmacists on diabetes management compared to usual care.
Methods: This multi-site, two-part study includes a retrospective chart review of patients referred to the pharmacist versus usual care within a large academic health system. The pharmacists collaborated under a consult agreement with primary care physicians. The second part of the study assessed patient satisfaction through an abbreviated CG-CAHPS survey.
Results:A total of 206 patients with diabetes for an average of 12 years were included. The average patient age was 62 years with 60% of patients identifying as female and 81% as African-American. Patients were enrolled in a 2:1 fashion with 138 patients in the intervention group. Average baseline HbA1c was 10.1% in the intervention group and 9.3% in the control group (p= 0.0125). At 6 months, the mean change in HbA1c was -2.17% and 0.48% for the intervention and control groups respectively (p
Conclusion: Pharmacists are effective at lowering HbA1c in primary care clinics, and patients were highly satisfied with these services. While direct revenue from this service did not meet cost, the pharmacist did positively affect outcomes that contribute to reimbursement.
Treatment of Human Subjects: IRB review/approval required and obtained
Type: Original Researc
A Pharmacist’s Role in a Dental Clinic: Establishing a Collaborative and Interprofessional Education Site
Get PDFBackground: Dental patients often have comorbidities and take multiple medications, some of which could impact their dental health and treatment. A pharmacist in a dental clinic can assist with the gathering, documentation and evaluation of a dental patient’s medication history as it pertains to their dental visit and overall health.
Purpose: To develop and implement a collaborative and interprofessional education program with a pharmacist providing services in a dental school clinic.
Summary: Creighton University School of Dentistry, a student-operated dental clinic located in Omaha, Nebraska, provides dental care by student dentists, faculty and staff to the surrounding community in a learning-focused environment. A pharmacist was incorporated into the dental clinic to create and establish an interprofessional relationship with both dental students and faculty beginning August 2014. Pharmacy students on an ambulatory care advanced pharmacy practice experience rotation were eventually added to the team. The pharmacy team provided medication therapy management services including disease state and medication counseling, medication reconciliation, identifying drug-related problems and dental implications of medications, and recommendations for prescribed medications.
Conclusion: The pharmacy team’s presence was largely accepted by dental faculty, staff, dental students, and patients. Pharmacists can play an important role in a dental clinic by performing thorough health and medication histories and communicating with dental and medical providers involved in a patient’s care.
 
Impact of Pharmacist Delivered Education on Early Parent Awareness and Perceptions Regarding Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination in the Community Pharmacy Setting in West Virginia
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Objectives: (1) Define parental perceptions of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine and of vaccine administration at community pharmacies (2) Describe parental intentions to have children vaccinated against HPV (3) Describe reasoning behind parental vaccination intentions (4) Assess effectiveness of pharmacist-led education on these perceptions and intentions
Methods: This was a prospective pretest, posttest study with a convenience sample conducted at parenting groups throughout northern West Virginia in 2018. Participants, a total of 34 parents/guardians, attended an educational session regarding Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination with immediate pre/post survey. The survey included questions about demographics, vaccination status, vaccination intentions, and decision-making.
Results: Following intervention, intention to vaccinate according to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendations increased from 35% (n=12) to 44% (n=15). The percentage of participants against vaccinating decreased from 23% (n=8) to 12% (n=4). Participants demonstrated increased awareness of HPV vaccine availability at community pharmacies, with awareness increasing from 32% (n=11) to 100% (n=34).
Conclusions: Pharmacist delivered education may be useful in increasing parent/legal guardian awareness of immunization services as well as intention to vaccinate their child
If You Build it Will They Come? Patients, Providers and Blockchains in Health Technology Assessment
Get PDFIt is an open question as to whether blockchains can become an integral part of health care management in the US. On the one hand, there are the advocates of blockchains who see them as empowering patients to capture property rights to their medical records in a secure, encrypted, and portable form. On the other hand, there are blockchain critics that see the opportunities offered in health care as little different from those offered in other industries, viewing a blockchain structure as one that may reduce administrative and transaction costs, with little thought given to the potential of blockchain platforms to support a range of health technology assessment activities. While previous commentaries have pointed to this potential, the obstacles offered by the absence of clearly defined property rights and the absence of a market for DNA profiles have not been explored. The case put forward here is that any expectation that a blockchain as a ‘one-stop-shop’ for the interrogation of personal health records alone is unlikely to succeed. Apart from property rights effectively blocking this business model the blockchain vendor should consider targeted value added activities. At best, only a subset of records has the possibility of being transferred, with ongoing concerns regarding their quality and scope. This does not mean that the blockchain software model should be rejected. Far from it. The blockchain as a health technology assessment platform has the potential to support added value activities which not only improve the process of care and reduce costs and improve efficiencies, but also provide an ideal framework for property rights assignment. This opens the door to incentives and the monetization of value added health data by patients and providers, capturing rents that are at the moment expropriated by third parties. Critical issues are not only property rights and creation of a market place, but the ability to link and incentivize patients and their providers to support active blockchains to generate value added.
Article Type: Commentar
Pharmacy Programs & Evaluations
Get PDFArticle 1: Positive Deviants for Medication Therapy Management: Behaviors and Delivery Strategies That Distinguish the Highest Performing Community Pharmacies Omolola A. Adeoye, PharmD; Leslie M. Lake, PharmD; Karen S. Hudmon, DrPH, MS; Alan J. Zillich, PharmD, FCCP; Margie E. Snyder, PharmD, MPH, FCCPArticle 2: Establishing Community Pharmacy Links to Clinic Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) William R. Doucette, PhD; William Evans, Pharmacy StudentArticle 3: Error Types with Use of Medication-Related Technology: A Mixed Methods Research Study Shweta R. Shah, MS; Kimberly A. Galt, PharmD, PhD; Kevin T. Fuji, PharmD, MAArticle 4: Satisfaction and Prevalence of Plan Switching for Individuals Utilizing a Pharmacy Medicare Part D Consultation Service Logan T. Murry, PharmD; Huwein Deng, Pharmacy Student; Brandon Gerleman, PharmD; Julie Urmie, PhDArticle 5: Prevalence of Fall-Risk Increasing Drugs Use among Community Dwelling Older Adults Chi-Yin Liao, BS, Graduate StudentArticle 6: Integration of a Fall Risk Assessment Model into Community Pharmacist Workflow Amna Rizvi-Toner, BS, PharmD/MPH Candidate; Korey A. Kennelty, PharmD, MS, PhD, BCG
The Opioid Crisis
No full textArticle 1: Opioid-Related Factors Affecting Mortality in Indiana, USA Sariya Udayachalerm, PhD Candidate; David R. Foster, PharmD, FCCP; Jane Wang, PhD; Michael D. Murray, PharmD, MPH, FCCP, FISPEArticle 2: Opioid Overdose Mortalities: Are There Racial Disparities? Marwa Rawy, PharmD; Kevin Look, PhD; Betty Chewning, PhDArticle 3: Consequences of 2014 Legislation on Controlled Substance Dispensing Patterns and Utilization of the Indiana Prescription Drug Monitoring Program: A Three-Year Kristin R. Villa, PharmD, MS; Kimberly S. Plake, PhD, FAPhA; Alan J. Zillich, PharmD, FCCP Matthew M. Murawski, PhDArticle 4: Design of a Qualtrics Online Survey to Assess Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Use Using a Factorial Survey Design Brahmendra Reddy Viyyuri, PharmD; Matthew J Witry, PharmD, PhD; Barbara St. Marie, PhD, ANP-BC, GNP-BCArticle 5: Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explore Opioid Disposal Behaviors Arveen Kaur, PharmD, MPH; David A Mott, PhD, FAPhA, RPhArticle 6: Establishing Inter- Reliability for a Coding Protocol for Analyzing Video Recordings for Opioid Consults Between Pharmacy Students and Standardized Patients Tanvee Thakur, BPharm, MS; Betty Chewning, Ph