Middle Tennessee State University: Journals@MTSU
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PRICE ELASTICITY, TAX INCIDENCE, AND SALES VOLUME: A SIMPLE MODEL
Get PDFMost intermediate microeconomics textbooks introduce taxes into the basic market model by using a supply-and-demand diagram, and explaining that the economic incidence of the tax falls most heavily on the group (buyers or sellers) whose behavior is least price-elastic. We extend that presentation by using algebra to relate the tax incidence more explicitly to the measurement of price elasticity. The result is a convenient equation showing that the ratio of tax burdens is exactly the inverse of the ratio of (absolute) price elasticities, along with well-known expressions for each group’s share of the tax burden. Additionally, the model generates the impact factor by which an excise tax reduces the quantity of a good sold. Both hypothetical and empirical examples of price elasticity are provided to illustrate the effects of excise and sales taxes
Universal Basic Income in the Spanish construction sector: Engaging businesses in a public-policy debate
Get PDFUniversal Basic Income (UBI) is receiving increasing attention as a policy alternative, both from academia and the general public, because its implementation would open the window for a systemic questioning of our current “social contract”. However, the body of evidence for or against UBI is still insufficiently developed, especially when concerning changes at the system level – a scale at which it has never been implemented anywhere in the world. At this scale, labour market dynamics and the behaviour of different economic agents, such as businesses, take on particular relevance.Our main research objective is to investigate shared beliefs and opinions among business managers about UBI, about its impact at the system level, and, more specifically on labour market supply and demand. In order to achieve this objective, we conducted a focus group session involving managers from the construction sector in Spain, a country whose demographics, unemployment rate, productivity and public expenditure make this policy plausible.The target group showed little understanding of UBI, as well as other welfare policies, and demonstrated a dominant position against such a proposal. Our main findings show that most companies “live day-to-day” and do not undertake a structured analysis of such radical horizons but rather concentrate on incremental adaptations, even if they are worried about the need to increase productivity as a condition for survival – of both companies and the welfare system. We suggest that, in order to address this stakeholder group, communication around UBI should stress its potential to simplify bureaucracy and lead to significant savings. The results of this study can be used to inform policy design processes around UBI
Experimenting a methodology to improve the entrepreneurial ecosystem through collaboration and digitalization
Get PDFOne of the weaknesses detected in the support system of entrepreneurial activity in several locations is its atomization. Thus, to solve it and gain efficiency, the agents, agencies and institutions related to this subject in Biscay started a joint project of strategic reflection in the beginning of 2018. Consequently, a collaborative public network, supported by a digital platform was formally created in June 2018. This paper aims to assess the development process of this public network. Based on the theory about Social Network Analysis and Network Effectiveness, we developed a set of indicators and used the obtained data from the technological platform used by the network. Currently, the network is still in its initial stage, but we have verified that it is working and the interaction among the agents has increased; thus, we can conclude that it is fulfilling the set cornerstones in its development. Our research is a longitudinal study, and our final target is to create a tool to monitor the development and measure its impact on the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Biscay. The network’s goal is to improve the support service for entrepreneurs in the province, enhancing the entrepreneurial conditions and having a positive impact on the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Because atomization is a common problem in several locations, the experience might be extended to other places with similar casuistic. We consider it as an original approach because it applies information technologies and social networks to public administration as well
Management practices and business labour productivity
Get PDFThis study examines the impact of management practices on business labour productivity, taking into account the externalities of intangible capital endowment of the country in which the firms are located. Management practices are also analysed to see which are more likely to explain productivity differences between firms. For this purpose, a sample of European firms from France, Germany, Greece, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom is used. Data of management practices comes from the World Management Survey. The main empirical results show that management practices have a strong positive and economically significant impact on the labour productivity of firms. Differences in the labour productivity of firms and therefore, of countries can be explained, in part, by differences in the score given for their management practices and by differences in local intangible capital endowment. Finally, incentives management and target setting prove to be the most relevant management practices in improving firms’ labour productivity
A Landscape of Linguistic Love: Milton’s Mind as a Seat of Companionate Paradise
Get PDFA survey of British poet John Milton’s early and extensive initiation into the language(s) of scholarship highlights that, through his intensive immersion within it, the language of scholarship became fundamental to Milton’s perception of reality, ultimately dictating and defining his notions of meritorious living. This preeminence of the language of scholarship within Milton’s understanding of his world further led Milton to perceive the language of scholarship as the only truly satisfactory basis upon and means through which to pursue meaningful human relationships. Through a survey of a selection of Milton’s shorter works—the Prolusions, “On the Death of a Fair Infant Dying of a Cough,” “Ad Patrem,” and “Epitaphium Damonis”—as well as a detailed examination of his multilingual friendship with Charles Diodati, this paper demonstrates that Milton not only perceived a linkage between love and language, but actively employed each in the service of the other, leading to a richer understanding and experience of both
The Utilization of Instructional Coaches on the Impact of Student Achievement and Teacher Instructional Practices in Reading and Math in Grades Three Through Eight
Get PDFInstructional coaches may assist teachers in their continued learning by providing embedded professional development in areas of need. In this study, most sub-groups in the school district realized increases in proficiency levels in math and reading after the implementation of instructional coaches. Some sub-groups evidenced significant rates of improvement; however, English Language Learners demonstrated lower levels of achievement in both math and reading throughout the year. Both math and reading proficiency levels remain still low and even with instructional coaches in all schools, student achievement did not reach 50%. These findingssuggest that the implementation of instructional coaches did not significantly impact student achievement scores, nor did the implementation of instructional coaches improve teachers’ instructional practices. Problems with the successful implementation of instructional coaches are described in an effort to increase the positive impact of instructional coaches in the future
Striving from the Margins During COVID-19: One Family\u27s Experience Advocating for their Middle School E-learner
Get PDFIn order for children to succeed, access to quality education is an imperative. Education can be used as a means of changing or challenging the problems of the world. Many countries support with legal force the notion of education as a human right. COVID-19 brings to the surface and spotlights a history of educational inequities in the United States. This article highlights one family’s struggle to ensure their middle schooler receives a quality education. In spite of Covid-19, the marginalization that is a daily part of a Black child’s life should not impede the educational progress of the student. Middle school can be a challenging time for many students and can be fraught with additional struggles or barriers for marginalized children. It is incumbent upon school systems to work with families to mitigate the adverse consequences of learning during COVID-19; in particular, for a marginalized child, the costs could be catastrophic and far reaching
Personalized service and brand equity in family business: A dyadic investigation
Get PDFFamily business owners are crucial in building personal relationships with customers and in supporting marketing strategies that aim to develop brand equity for the firm. Through the lenses of job demands-resources theory, this research examines how family business owners’ time in servicing customers produces a chain of positive and negative effects that ultimately impacts brand equity. Because family businesses depend heavily on owners’ motivation and ability to multitask, their effort in dedicating time to serve consumers is limited and is expected to produce work overload. This burden harms the effectiveness in delivering personalized services to customers. However, if family businesses nurture expressions of citizenship behaviors in employees, the negative effect of work overload on delivering personalized services is reduced. Therefore, collective organizational citizenship behavior will act as a buffer to limit the negative effects of owners’ job demands in delivering a personalized service. Collective organizational citizenship behavior is capable of energizing everyone in the family business, including family business owners, for them to continue to service customers in a personalized way, and at the same time develop brand equity. Implications for family business strategies are discussed based on our findings
An Examination of Rural and Female-Led Firms: A Resource Approach
Get PDFPrevious studies in entrepreneurship research indicate that external funding is critical for entrepreneurial success and that spatial funding inequities between nascent rural and non-rural firms are ever-present. Moreover, women entrepreneurs, rural or otherwise, receive fewer external resources than their male counterparts. To our knowledge there has been no research leveraging the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED), a representative dataset of American individuals trying to create new firms, to better understand differences between rural, non-rural and female-led firms in terms of their ability to stay engaged in the entrepreneurial process and to earn a profit. Using the resource-based theory of the firm, this research will begin to examine some of the critical factors driving rural firm success and rural female-led firm success. We utilize Cox and logistic regression models to analyze the time to quit, time to profit, and the likelihood of firm survival and profit generation for these firms. Results reveal that externally monitored funds are a significant variable for rural firm success in comparison to non-rural firms and appear to be especially important for women-led nascent firms early in the firm gestation process. Future research would benefit from further exploration of funding bias, entrepreneurial motivation and personal characteristics of rural, female-rural and their non-rural counterparts. This research adds to the literature on rural entrepreneurship by using the resource based theory of the firm in conjunction with the PSED database to study the nature of firm success and firm profit for rural and female led rural firms
