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Near-Infrared Triggered Degradation for Transient Electronics
No full textElectronics that disintegrate after stable operation present exciting opportunities for niche medical implant and consumer electronics applications. The disintegration of these devices can be initiated due to their medium conditions or triggered by external stimuli, which enables on-demand transition. An external stimulation method that can penetrate deep inside the body could revolutionize the use of transient electronics as implantable medical devices (IMDs), eliminating the need for secondary surgery to remove the IMDs. We report near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered transition of metastable cyclic poly(phthalaldehyde) (cPPA) polymers. The transition of the encapsulation layer is achieved through the conversion of NIR light to heat, facilitated by bioresorbable metals, such as molybdenum (Mo). We reported a rapid degradation of cPPA encapsulation layer about 1 min, and the rate of degradation can be controlled by laser power and exposure time. This study offers a new approach for light triggerable transient electronics for IMDs due to the deep penetration depth of NIR light through to organs and tissues
A Bicriteria Model to Determine Pareto Optimal Pulse Vaccination Strategies
No full textKARACA, TOLGA KUDRET/0000-0001-5562-6367; Samanlioglu, Funda/0000-0003-3838-8824The aim of this paper is to determine approximate Pareto optimal (efficient) pulse vaccination strategies for epidemics modeled by the susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) without population dynamics, characterized by a single epidemic wave. Pulse vaccination is the application of the vaccination campaign over a limited time interval, by vaccinating susceptible individuals at a constant vaccination rate. A pulse vaccination strategy includes the determination of the beginning date and duration of the campaign and the vaccination rate. SIR with vaccination (SIRV) epidemic model is applied during pulse vaccination campaign, resulting in final proportions of removed (Rf) and vaccinated (Vf) individuals at the end of the epidemic. The burden of the epidemic is estimated in terms of Rf and Vf; two criteria are simultaneously minimized: vaccination cost and treatment cost of infected individuals and other economic losses due to sickness that are assumed to be proportional to Vf and Rf, respectively. To find approximate efficient solutions to this bicriteria problem, ODE and genetic algorithm toolboxes of MATLAB are integrated (GA-ODE). In GA-ODE, an augmented weighted Tchebycheff program is used as the evaluation function, calculated by solving the SIRV model and obtaining Rf and Vf values. Sample approximate efficient vaccination strategies are determined for diseases with a basic reproduction number (R0) 1.2 to 2.0. Consequently, obtained strategies are characterized as short-period campaigns that start as early as possible, i.e., as soon as vaccines are available and the vaccination rate increases with the severity of the disease (R0) and the importance weight given to minimization of Rf.Kadir Has University [2017-BAP-16]; Kadir Has University, Istanbul, TurkeyThis research was supported by Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey [2017-BAP-16].Emerging Sources Citation Inde
The Obligation of the Parties in the Influencer Agreement
No full textGünümüzde teknolojinin geldiği noktada iletişim kurmak ve paylaşımda bulunmak için artık yüz yüze gelmeye gerek kalmamıştır. Çevrimiçi olarak sohbet etmek, bilgi alışverişinde bulunmak ve tüketim ihtiyaçlarını gidermek bugün artık oldukça yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Çevrimiçi iletişim ve etkileşimin bugün geldiği noktada sosyal medya büyük bir yer kaplamaktadır. Bu durum şirketlerin de gözünden kaçmamış ve pazarlama faaliyetlerinde sosyal medyayı kullanmalarına neden olmuştur. Sosyal medya aracılığıyla yapılan pazarlama faaliyetlerinin tüketiciye hızlı ve daha az maliyetle ulaşılabilir oluşu geleneksel reklam anlayışından uzaklaşıp sosyal medya reklamcılığına geçişi hızlandırmış. Sosyal medya reklamcılığının merkezinde yer alan yüksek takipçili ve takipçileri üzerinde etkileme kabiliyeti olan influencer'lar bugün artık şirketlerin ürün ya da hizmetlerinin tanıtım veya duyuruları için öncelikli tercihleri haline gelmiştir. Influencer'ın yaptıkları paylaşımlar aracılığıyla şirketlerin elde ettiği menfaatler bugün artık bütün hukuk sistemlerinin konusu niteliğindedir. Çalışmamızda, sosyal medya reklamcılığı ve influencer marketing kavramları genel hatlarıyla açıklanıp devamında konunun merkezini oluşturan influencerların ve reklam verenlerin aralarında akdettikleri sözleşmenin hukuki niteliği ve tarafların borçları incelenmektedir.With the advancements in technology today, there is no longer a need to meet face-to- face to communicate and share. Engaging in online chats, exchanging information, and fulfilling consumption needs have become quite common. Social media holds a significant place in the current state of online communication and interaction. Companies have also noticed this trend, leading them to utilize social media in their marketing activities. The quick and low-cost reach of marketing activities conducted through social media to consumers has accelerated the shift from traditional advertising to social media advertising. Influencers, who have high follower counts and the ability to influence their followers, are now the primary choice for companies to promote or announce their products or services. The benefits that companies gain through the shares made by influencers are now a subject of legal systems worldwide. In our study, the concepts of social media advertising and influencer marketing are explained in general terms, followed by an examination of the legal nature of the contracts between influencers and advertisers, and the obligations of the parties involved
Warehouse Site Selection for Humanitarian Relief Organizations Using an Interval-Valued Fermatean Fuzzy Lopcow-Rafsi Model
No full textAytekin, Ahmet/0000-0002-1536-7097The selection of warehouse locations for humanitarian organizations represents a critical and strategic decisiomaking process. It is inherently complex, influenced by uncertainties and conflicting criteria. This study presents an integrated decision-making framework tailored to address this complexity for humanitarian organizations. The framework combined two key methodologies: logarithmic percentage change-driven objective weighting (LOPCOW) and ranking of alternatives through functional mapping of criterion sub-intervals into a single interval (RAFSI). Besides, this model has strengthened by extending with the help of the interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy sets to capture and process highly complex ambiguities. A significant advantage of this proposed model is its high resilience against the rank reversal problem, which is a critical shortcoming and challenge in decisionmaking methodologies. Additionally, the model boasts a robust, powerful, and practical structure coupled with a straightforward and easily understandable algorithm. Based on the results obtained through the implementation of the model, population density (0.1140) emerges as the most critical factor influencing decisions regarding site selection. Humanitarian organizations aim to rescue and assist as many individuals as possible during and after a disaster, prioritizing their humanitarian needs. Therefore, enhancing logistical efficiency in disaster zones and promptly reaching affected populations becomes feasible when humanitarian aid warehouses are as close as possible to areas with the highest concentration of potential disaster victims. Moreover, according to the study's findings, the most suitable option identified for the case study was Bagcilar. The conclusions drawn from sensitivity and comparative analyses affirm the model's reliability, consistency, and resilience.Science Citation Index Expande
Prioritization of Crowdsourcing Models for Last-Mile Delivery Using Fuzzy Sugeno-Weber Framework
No full textSimic, Vladimir/0000-0001-5709-3744; Görçün, Ömer Faruk/0000-0003-3850-6755; Pamucar, Dragan/0000-0001-8522-1942; Lazarevic, Dragan/0000-0002-5549-4859; Dobrodolac, Momcilo/0000-0001-8112-8329Modern technologies provide new opportunities for the industry but raise the expectations of the customers as well. This is valid also for the postal, courier, and logistics industries. The biggest challenge for the companies in the field is to improve the efficiency of the final phase in the transfer of shipments - last-mile delivery. A contemporary solution relates to collaboration between delivery companies and citizens who are willing to perform the delivery tasks as an additional activity to their established job or routine. Such a concept is known as crowdsourcing. There are several approaches within crowdsourcing, for example, transportation by car, utilizing public transport, etc. To make an appropriate choice, multiple criteria should be considered. This paper aims to propose an original methodology for solving the explained multi-criteria decision-making problem. The proposed framework is based on the application of the Sugeno-Weber nonlinear functions in a fuzzy environment. The application of the fuzzy Sugeno-Weber weighted assessment methodology showed that the proposed methodology has adaptability, a high degree of generalization, and stability of results. This enables the applicability of the methodology to various tasks from a broad spectrum of areas, which represents an additional value. A reallife case study is provided to solve the prioritization of crowdsourcing models in suburban municipalities of Belgrade, Serbia. The available alternatives and the most important criteria for the crowdsourced delivery model are identified. All criteria are divided into four groups, which define the dimensions of sustainability, including the technical aspect. The results of the conducted research indicate a high level of convenience in using one's car or daily bus lines for crowdsourced delivery to optimize the entire process of shipment transfer in the observed territory
The Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire's Religiously Inspired Status Symbols
No full textYanik, Lerna K./0000-0002-5234-2067How do status symbols rise and fall? Or better said, how does a status symbol become a status symbol and then cease to be one? We examine the rise and the fall of the Ottoman Empire's two socialization practices with the international society as status symbols: sending and receiving envoys/establishing permanent representation abroad and granting capitulations/extraterritoriality-economic and legal privileges to primarily European countries. We argue and illustrate that status symbols are products of hegemons of the time that dictate the status symbols of the international order at that particular point in time, with little or no recognition. These symbols emanating from the position that the states occupy in the hierarchy can be status-enhancing rather than status-achieving if these states perceive and locate themselves in the higher echelons of the hierarchy in the international order. We contribute to status-seeking literature by examining the rise and fall of status symbols in a non-Western setting and merging ideational and material factors in status-seeking literature.Emmanuel College, University of CambridgeThe author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Lerna K. Yan & imath;k thanks the Derek Brewer Fellowship offered by Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge that allowed her to work on the very early drafts of certain sections of this articleSocial Science Citation Inde
Evaluation of the Second-Hand Lng Tanker Vessels Using Fuzzy Mcgdm Approach Based on the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Aras (it2f-Aras) Technique
No full textküçükönder, hande/0000-0002-0853-8185Selecting appropriate LNG tankers is paramount in the maritime sector. Opting for suitable second-hand LNG vessels is a significant and efficient strategy for managing transportation operations effectively and meeting industry standards. Given LNG tanker specifications and shipbuilding capacity, the second-hand LNG tanker market adequately meets maritime industry demands. Thus, there is a strong motivation to evaluate the current second-hand vessel market. However, uncertainties prevail, necessitating decision-makers to employ a resilient and practical methodological framework to address uncertainties and complex decision-making scenarios effectively. This study proposes a decision-making framework integrating the Delphi and Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) methods, leveraging interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2FSs). This framework resolves real-life challenges associated with selecting second-hand LNG tankers, demonstrating the practicality of the approach. Using IT2FSs, the Delphi method identifies critical criteria influencing second-hand tanker vessel selection. "Cargo carriage capacity" emerged as the most influential criterion, followed by "purchasing costs" and "year of construction." Moreover, "Mediterranean Energy" was deemed the most suitable second-hand LNG tanker among the six alternatives assessed. Thorough sensitivity analysis validated the proposed model and its implications, confirming its validity and applicability
Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence and Distributed Systems To Improve the Quality of Healthcare Service
No full textDehghan, Maziar/0000-0003-2106-6300; Heidari, Arash/0000-0003-4279-8551; Unal, Mehmet/0000-0003-1243-153X; Toumaj, Shiva/0000-0002-4828-9427The healthcare sector, characterized by vast datasets and many diseases, is pivotal in shaping community health and overall quality of life. Traditional healthcare methods, often characterized by limitations in disease prevention, predominantly react to illnesses after their onset rather than proactively averting them. The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has ushered in a wave of transformative applications designed to enhance healthcare services, with Machine Learning (ML) as a noteworthy subset of AI. ML empowers computers to analyze extensive datasets, while Deep Learning (DL), a specific ML methodology, excels at extracting meaningful patterns from these data troves. Despite notable technological advancements in recent years, the full potential of these applications within medical contexts remains largely untapped, primarily due to the medical community's cautious stance toward novel technologies. The motivation of this paper lies in recognizing the pivotal role of the healthcare sector in community well-being and the necessity for a shift toward proactive healthcare approaches. To our knowledge, there is a notable absence of a comprehensive published review that delves into ML, DL and distributed systems, all aimed at elevating the Quality of Service (QoS) in healthcare. This study seeks to bridge this gap by presenting a systematic and organized review of prevailing ML, DL, and distributed system algorithms as applied in healthcare settings. Within our work, we outline key challenges that both current and future developers may encounter, with a particular focus on aspects such as approach, data utilization, strategy, and development processes. Our study findings reveal that the Internet of Things (IoT) stands out as the most frequently utilized platform (44.3 %), with disease diagnosis emerging as the predominant healthcare application (47.8 %). Notably, discussions center significantly on the prevention and identification of cardiovascular diseases (29.2 %). The studies under examination employ a diverse range of ML and DL methods, along with distributed systems, with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) being the most commonly used (16.7 %), followed by Long Short -Term Memory (LSTM) networks (14.6 %) and shallow learning networks (12.5 %). In evaluating QoS, the predominant emphasis revolves around the accuracy parameter (80 %). This study highlights how ML, DL, and distributed systems reshape healthcare. It contributes to advancing healthcare quality, bridging the gap between technology and medical adoption, and benefiting practitioners and patients
The Investigation of the Relationship Between Mu Suppression Measured While Observing Others' Behaviors and Various Stimulus Properties
No full textMu baskılanması, merkezi elektrotlarda bir hareketin gözlemi ve gerçekleştirilmesi sırasında nöral osilasyonların desenkronizasyonu ile karakterize edilen, insan beynindeki ayna nöron sisteminin göstergesi olarak, önemli bir araştırma noktasıdır. Alanyazındaki önemli bir eksiklik, çalışmaların çoğunluğun, geçmiş çalışmalardan sonra mu osilasyonlarını geleneksel alfa frekans aralığında (8-13 Hz) nicelendirmesidir. Bu çalışmada, literatürde genellikle göz ardı edilen çalışmaların dağınık bulgularından esinlenerek, el, yüz ve yapay desen hareketlerini içeren hareket videolarının gözlemi esnasındaki osilasyonel gücünün dinamikleri veri güdümlü bir yaklaşımla incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya, 19 ile 34 yaşları arasında (Ortalama=22, SD=3; kadın/erkek=24/6) toplam 30 katılımcı alınmıştır. EEG kayıtları, hareket değerlendirme görevi tamamlanırken, uluslararası 10-20 sistemini takip eden bir kapa yerleştirilmiş 32 aktif elektrotla Brain Vision actiCHamp sistemi kullanılarak Faraday kabininde toplanmıştır. Bu hareket değerlendirme görevinde kullanılmak üzere, el, yüz veya desen hareketlerini betimleyen 156 gri tonlamalı video içeren bir uyaran kümesi oluşturulmuştur. Hareket değerlendirme görevi, dört blokta yarı-random olarak dağıtılan 312 deneme için her biri 156 video uyaranın iki tekrarını içermektedir. Tüm denemelerin 1/4'ünde (78 deneme) video sona erdikten sonra katılımcılara bir hareket değerlendirme ekranı sunulmuş ve katılımcılar 9 puanlık bir ölçekte değerlendirmelerini yapmıştır. Yapılan zaman-frekans analizleri, hareketlerin gözlemi sırasında sadece düşük mu alt bantında (8-10.5 Hz) merkezi EEG elektrotlarındaki nöral osilasyonlarda anlamlı bir baskılama olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak yüksek mu alt bantında (10.5-13 Hz) baskılama görülmemiştir. Alfa osilasyonlarındaki alt bant farklılaşması, oksipital elektrotlardan kaydedilen alfa osilasyonlarında belirgin olarak görülmemiştir. Düşük alt bantta, sensori-motor korteksin el bölgesi üzerinde yer alan merkezi elektrotlarda el hareketleri için ve yüz bölgesi üzerinde yer alan frontal-temporal elektrotlarda yüz hareketleri için belirgin ve seçici olarak daha güçlü baskılamalar bulunmuştur. Yüksek alt bantta, seçici baskılama sadece frontal-temporal elektrotlarında yüz hareketleri için görülmüştür. Ayrıca, düşük alt bantta osilasyonların, videolarda gösterilen biyolojik hareketin zamansal modellemesiyle uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür.Mu suppression, the desynchronization of neural oscillations in central electrodes during action observation and execution, has garnered significant investigation as an indicator of mirror neuron system in the human brain. A limitation in the field has been that the majority of studies quantified mu oscillations in the conventional alpha frequency range (8-13 Hz). In the present study, we adopted a data-driven approach to investigate dynamics of oscillatory power during the observation of hand, face, and artificial pattern movement videos. Thirty participants aged between 19 and 34 years old (Mean=22, SD=3; female/male=24/6) were included. EEG recordings were collected in a Faraday cage using the Brain Vision actiCHamp system from 32 active electrodes placed in a cap following the international 10-20 system while the participants completed a motion rating task. A stimulus set comprising 156 grayscale videos depicting hand, face, or pattern movements was created. The motion task comprised two repetitions of each video stimuli for 312 trials distributed across four blocks. In 78 trials (1/4 of all trials), after the offset of the video, a motion rating screen was presented to the participants rated videos on a 9- point scale. Time-frequency analyses revealed a significant suppression in neural oscillations in central electrodes only in the lower mu subband (8-10.5 Hz) during action observation, with no suppression in the higher mu subband (10.5-13 Hz). In the lower subband, there were significantly and selectively stronger suppressions for hand actions in central electrodes positioned over the hand region of sensorimotor cortices and for facial actions in frontotemporal electrodes positioned over the face region of sensorimotor cortices. In the higher subband, such selective suppression was revealed only for facial actions in frontotemporal electrodes. Moreover, oscillations in the lower subband precisely aligned with the temporal patterning of biological motion depicted in the videos
Tanınmış Markanın Sulandırılması ve Sosyal Medyanın Rolü
No full textÇalışmanın birinci bölümünde, marka kavramı ve farklı marka türleri incelenmiş; tanınmış marka ve ilgili fonksiyonlar açıklanmıştır. Tanınmış markaların, tanınmışlık kriterler, korunma rejimi ve sulandırma kavramı değerlendirilerek, bu konudaki uluslararası düzenlemelerin eksiklikleri ele alınmıştır. İnceleme sonucunda, temel marka anlaşmalarının sulandırmaya karşı minimum bir koruma sağlamadığı görülmüştür. ABD ve AB hukuklarında sulandırma korumasının farklı yönleri ele alınmış, Türk hukukunda ise sulandırma korumasına dair düzenlemelerin eksik olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Karıştırılma temelli koruma ile sulandırma koruması karşılaştırılmış, bu iki koruma türünün somut olaylarda birlikte uygulanabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir ve birlikte görülebileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, sulandırma korumasının şartları ABD, AB ve Türk hukuku perspektifinden detaylandırılmıştır. Tanınmışlığın derecesi, işaretler arası bağlantı, önceki markanın tescilli olması ya da başvuru aşamasında olması ve markasal kullanım gibi kriterler üzerinde durulmuş; sulandırmanın ayırt ediciliğe zarar veya itibar zedelenmesi olarak görünümleri açıklanmıştır. Haksız yarar unsuru ise tartışmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bunu takiben sulandırma iddiasına karşı ileri sürülebilecek savunma sebepleri incelenmiş ve ABD hukukuna kıyasla Türk hukukunda sulandırmaya dair savunma mekanizmalarının yetersiz olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, tanınmış markaların sosyal medya üzerinde sulandırılmasının mümkün olup olmadığı değerlendirilmiştir. Sosyal medya platformları ve bu platformlarda faaliyet gösteren sosyal medya etkileyicilerinin markalar üzerindeki etkisi, farklı disiplinlerden de yararlanılarak ele alınmıştır. Sosyal medya sayesinde gerçekleşen ağızdan ağıza iletişim, etkileyicilerin tüketici davranışlarını etkileme şekilleriyle incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, markaların etkileyicilerle işbirliği yaparak örtülü ve aldatıcı reklam uygulamalarına başvurma riskleri, Türk hukuku bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Sahte ürünlerin sosyal medya aracılığıyla yaygınlaşması incelenmiş ve tanınmış markaların bu ortamda sulandırılmaya açık olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, sosyal medya etkileyicilerinin sulandırma kapsamında sorumluluğu irdelenmiş, savunma sebepleri değerlendirilmiş, ABD ve Avrupa hukuklarından örneklerle karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Son olarak, Türk hukukunda tanınmış markaların sulandırılmasına karşı koruma sağlanması için açık düzenlemelere ihtiyaç duyulduğu belirtilmiş ve ABD hukukunun model alınabileceği önerilmiştir. Etkileyiciler aracılığıyla sosyal medyada gerçekleşen marka ihlalleri bakımından Türk hukukunda mevzuatsal eksiklikler gözlemlenmiş ve bu eksiklere yönelik çözüm önerileriyle çalışma tamamlanmıştır.The first chapter of the study introduces the concept of trademarks, defines 'well-known marks', and explains their functions. Followed by a comparison with other types of trademarks that rely on recognition. The legal protections available for well-known marks, particularly against dilution, are then discussed, examining how international guidelines fall short of providing a universal standard for dilution. The US, EU, and Turkish approaches to dilution are then compared, revealing significant gaps in Turkish Law. Followed by the definition and comparison of confusion-based and dilution protections conclude that, while distinct, both can coexist in cases. Chapter II outlines the conditions for dilution protection in the US, EU, and Turkish law, including the mark being well-known, connection between marks, registration status, and commercial use of the later mark. The study details different types of dilution, noting a consensus on harm to a mark's reputation or distinctiveness, while unfair advantage remains controversial. The legal defenses against dilution claims are explored, highlighting the limited options in Turkish Law compared to US Law. In Chapter III, the role of social media and the impact of social media influencers on brand perception are examined. Influencers' use of word-of-mouth to sway consumer behavior has led brands to partner with them for marketing, raising legal issues around hidden or misleading advertisements, which are forbidden under Turkish Law. Social media's role in spreading counterfeit products and its potential for trademark dilution were assessed, especially for well-known luxury brands. The study explores influencer accountability for dilution in Turkish Law and suggests a regulatory model based on US standards to address gaps in Turkish legislation. Legal defenses like fair use and freedom of expression are also reviewed. In conclusion, the study advocates for specialized Turkish legislation on dilution and influencer-related trademark violations, using US dilution laws as a model