Revistas UPO (Universidad Pablo de Olivade)
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The euro at twenty: Follies of youth?
Get PDFThis paper overviews the early history of the euro and argues that the euro was sub-optimally designed, without monetary sovereignty of Eurozone (EZ) Member States, in order to comply with political goals set by wealthier Member States. Given this constraint, the euro architects designed a single currency in which its irreversibility is achieved through the EZ banking system, with recourse to the TARGET2 payment system. This allowed the banking systems of deficit Member States to fund large cumulative current account deficits in the first decade of the euro. The euro crisis led EZ policy makers to define new far more demanding fiscal rules and a new Banking Union to constrain the ability of EZ banking systems to fund sovereigns and current account deficits. As a result, the euro at twenty has become more fragile.This paper overviews the early history of the euro and argues that the euro was sub-optimally designed, without monetary sovereignty of Eurozone (EZ) Member States, in order to comply with political goals set by wealthier Member States. Given this constraint, the euro architects designed a single currency in which its irreversibility is achieved through the EZ banking system, with recourse to the TARGET2 payment system. This allowed the banking systems of deficit Member States to fund large cumulative current account deficits in the first decade of the euro. The euro crisis led EZ policy makers to define new far more demanding fiscal rules and a new Banking Union to constrain the ability of EZ banking systems to fund sovereigns and current account deficits. As a result, the euro at twenty has become more fragile
Economic and political aspects of the persisting crisis in Southern Europe
Get PDF‘Globalist’ discourse became largely hegemonic in our cultural environment, one of the consequences of such hegemony, albeit mostly a performative one, being the crisis of nation-state and sovereignty. This nadir of sovereignty really expresses and reinforces a political process of mass disfranchisement, whereby democratic institutions are rendered irrelevant. The Euro experiment and the correspondent ‘Europeanist’ discourse ought to be understood fundamentally within this generic frame, although with a number of important specificities.
Meanwhile, a big economic crisis has deeply injured the social fabric of most Southern Europe countries, worsening Euroland’s regional discrepancies and producing a situation of seemingly permanent ‘zero-growth’ for various countries, namely Italy, Greece and Portugal. This can, however, become an occasion to interrupt the dogmatic slumber induced by Europeanism, a discussion that directly implies the consideration of multiple political aspects, relevant not only for the countries more directly impoverished, but really to all Eurozone members.
This paper regards the evolution of various southern European economies since the beginning of this century, with particular emphasis on the Portuguese case, and suggests a confrontation with aspects referring to political attitudes.‘Globalist’ discourse became largely hegemonic in our cultural environment, one of the consequences of such hegemony, albeit mostly a performative one, being the crisis of nation-state and sovereignty. This nadir of sovereignty really expresses and reinforces a political process of mass disfranchisement, whereby democratic institutions are rendered irrelevant. The Euro experiment and the correspondent ‘Europeanist’ discourse ought to be understood fundamentally within this generic frame, although with a number of important specificities.
Meanwhile, a big economic crisis has deeply injured the social fabric of most Southern Europe countries, worsening Euroland’s regional discrepancies and producing a situation of seemingly permanent ‘zero-growth’ for various countries, namely Italy, Greece and Portugal. This can, however, become an occasion to interrupt the dogmatic slumber induced by Europeanism, a discussion that directly implies the consideration of multiple political aspects, relevant not only for the countries more directly impoverished, but really to all Eurozone members.
This paper regards the evolution of various southern European economies since the beginning of this century, with particular emphasis on the Portuguese case, and suggests a confrontation with aspects referring to political attitudes
Introducción al semi-monográfico. Desigualdades en la 4ª Revolución Industrial. Trabajos y cuidados en la era digital.
No full textLa economía social transformadora: compromiso y cambio social
Get PDFThe objective of this article is to theorize about the Transformative Social Economy as a key instrument of social commitment and transformation of society. In addition, it is based on the fact that the Transformative Social Economy is an important part of the Transformative Social Innovation. The methodology used to frame the concept of the Transformative Social Economy is based on the bibliographic review of the literature related to it, especially in the French-speaking current of Social Economy and Social Innovation. Also, it is verified that the Transformative Social Economy, together with other social movements and other transformative dynamics, can have a great capacity to build another alternative socioeconomic model to the current capitalist model. For this, the Social Economy has to unleash all its transformative potential, without falling into a simple superficial pose, and become an important instrument of social change.El objetivo del presente artículo es teorizar sobre la Economía Social Transformadora como instrumento clave de compromiso social y de transformación de la sociedad. Además, se parte del hecho de que la Economía Social Transformadora es una pieza importante de la Innovación Social Transformadora. La metodología que se emplea para encuadrar el concepto de la Economía Social Transformadora se apoya en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura relacionada con la misma, sobre todo, en la corriente francófona de la Economía Social y de la Innovación Social. También, se constata que la Economía Social Transformadora, junto con otros movimientos sociales y otras dinámicas transformadoras, puede tener una gran capacidad para construir otro modelo socioeconómico alternativo al modelo capitalista actual. Para eso, la Economía Social tiene que liberar toda su potencialidad transformadora, sin caer en una simple pose superficial, y convertirse en un instrumento importante de cambio social
Sectores relevantes en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en España: un enfoque input-output desde la perspectiva de la producción
Get PDFUsing an input–output method, we determine the relevant sectors in greenhouse gas emissions of the Spanish economy. Our approach is based on the responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions from the total production—whether oriented towards intermediate or final demand—of each sector. We classify the productive sectors according to the role they play in the production structure, providing a complementary perspective to the usual methods based on final demand impact. Using the input–output table for the year 2018, the analysis highlights the relevance of 14 sectors in greenhouse gas emissions. Three of these sectors are classified as key—basic metals, road transport, and the chemical sector—due to their significance in both the emissions that they pull in other sectors and the emissions they are pulled to emit. Five sectors are relevant because they are pulled to emit by the rest of the sectors, with electricity production and agriculture standing out. Nine sectors are relevant because of the emissions they pull in other sectors, with food production and construction being the most notable. Remarkably, up to five service sectors are included in this group, whose relevance would have been overlooked by solely examining their direct emissions. Finally, from the perspective of their own demand, all sectors that are also relevant due to being pulled to emit are relevant, including the key sectors, and two that are also relevant for pulling emissions in other sectors. The aviation transport sector is also relevant for its own demand. Based on the information obtained, a series of policy conclusions are derived to guide emission mitigation efforts.Mediante un método input-output, determinamos los sectores relevantes en la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero de la economía española. Nuestro enfoque se basa en la responsabilidad en la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero de la producción total —orientada a demanda intermedia o final— de cada sector. Clasificamos los sectores productivos de acuerdo con el papel que juegan en la estructura productiva, ofreciendo una perspectiva complementaria a los métodos usuales basados en el impacto de la demanda final. Tomando la tabla input-output para el año 2018, el análisis destaca la relevancia en la emisión de 14 sectores. Tres de estos sectores se clasifican como claves —metales básicos, transporte por carretera y sector químico—, al ser relevantes tanto por las emisiones que arrastran en otros sectores como las que se ven arrastrados a emitir. Cinco sectores son relevantes por verse inducidos a emitir por el resto de los sectores, destacando el sector de producción de electricidad y la agricultura. Nueve sectores son relevantes por las emisiones que inducen en otros sectores, siendo los más relevantes los sectores de producción de alimentos y construcción y destacando el hecho de que hasta cinco sectores de servicios se encuentran en este grupo, sectores cuya relevancia se habría ignorado mirando sus emisiones directas. Finalmente, desde el punto de vista de su propia demanda, son relevantes todos los sectores que también lo son por ser arrastrados a emitir, incluidos los sectores clave, y dos de los que también lo son por inducir a otros. A estos se añade el sector del transporte aéreo. Gracias a la información obtenida, se derivan una serie de conclusiones de política para orientar la mitigación de emisiones
Emprendimiento en Perú antes y durante la Covid-19: Determinantes, brecha en ingresos y eficiencia técnica
Get PDFIt is implausible that the spread of Covid-19 has not had an impact on entrepreneurship in Peru, considering that on average 41.1% of the Economically Active Population is engaged in starting their own businesses. The objectives of this research are as follows: To estimate the influencing factors for individuals to become entrepreneurs through probabilistic regression models. To quantify the gender income gap in entrepreneurship using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. Finally, to calculate the technical efficiency in the production of entrepreneurial activities using stochastic frontier models. The National Household Survey conducted annually by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics in Peru was utilized, with a sample size of 21,243 entrepreneurs in 2019, 9,935 in 2020, and 18,042 in 2021. The highlighted results are as follows: Firstly, variables such as age and being the head of a household increase the likelihood of both men and women becoming entrepreneurs. On the other hand, the gender income gap was 78.0% in favor of men in 2019, 75.5% in 2020, and 76.4% in 2021. Lastly, in 2019 and 2020, the highest average technical efficiency, i.e., the percentage of total maximum achievable production, was observed in the commerce sector (79.5% and 7.94%, respectively), and in 2021, it was in the services sector (83.9%). Additionally, at the gender level, women exhibit higher efficiency in production and services activitiesEs improbable que la propagación de la Covid-19 no haya tenido un impacto en el emprendimiento en el Perú, considerando que en promedio el 41,1% de la Población Económicamente Activa Ocupada emprende su propio negocio. Los objetivos de esta investigación son los siguientes: Estimar que factores influyeron para que una persona sea emprendedora a través de modelos de regresión probabilísticos. Cuantificar la brecha de ingresos según el género en emprendimientos utilizando la descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca. Finalmente, calcular la eficiencia técnica en la producción de las actividades de emprendimiento mediante modelos de frontera estocástica. Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares que realiza anualmente el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática en el Perú, con una muestra obtenida de 21,243 emprendedores en 2019; 9,935 en 2020 y 18,042 en 2021. Los resultados que destacan son: Primero, variables como la edad y ser jefe de hogar, incrementan la probabilidad para que hombres y mujeres sean emprendedores. Por otra parte, la brecha de ingresos según el género fue de 78,0% en 2019 a favor de los hombres, 75.5% en 2020 y 76.4% en 2021. Por último, en 2019 y 2020 la mayor eficiencia técnica promedio, es decir, porcentaje del total de producción máxima posible se dio en la actividad comercio (79,5% y 7,94%, respectivamente), y en 2021 en servicios (83,9%), además, a nivel de género, las mujeres presentan una mayor eficiencia en la actividad producción y servicios
Cientificismo, oligarquía y colonialismo en torno a una pintura: : El singular caso del Descubrimiento de Chile de Pedro Subercaseaux (1913)
Get PDFPedro Subercaseaux’s Descubrimiento de Chile (1913) depicts the first Spanish expedition to the country, one headed by Diego de Almagro. Undertaken for the Hall of Honor in the National Congress, it represents one of the most iconic paintings of Chilean art history. At the time of its production, the painting was the subject of an exhaustive analysis by a committee of scientists, anthropologists, and historians, the goal of which was to evaluate historical accuracy, thus constituting an unusual example of the standing of positivist scientism. The painting is analyzed in the political context of the Centenary celebration (1910) as part of the legitimating discourse of oligarchic parliamentarism. The reconciliation with the colonial past, the identification with Spanish conquerors, and the subordinate depiction of indigenous peoples were distinctive features of the self-legitimization of the Chilean elite at a turning point in the construction of national identity.Descubrimiento de Chile, de Pedro Subercaseaux (1913), representa la primera expedición española en el país encabezada por Diego de Almagro. Concebida para el Salón de Honor del Congreso Nacional, es una de las pinturas de historia más emblemáticas del arte chileno. El cuadro fue sometido a un exhaustivo análisis por parte de un comité de científicos, antropólogos e historiadores para evaluar su exactitud histórica, lo que constituye una inusual expresión del cientificismo positivista del momento. Asimismo, se analiza en el contexto político de la celebración del Centenario (1910) como parte del discurso legitimador del parlamentarismo oligárquico. La reconciliación con la etapa colonial, la identificación con los conquistadores españoles, así como la representación subordinada de los pueblos originarios, son elementos propios de la autovalidación de la élite chilena en un momento clave de conformación de la identidad nacional
San Roque, un antiguo patronazgo olvidado en Huelva.
Get PDFThe sculpture of San Roque, the ancient patron saint of Huelva against the plague, has existed since at least 1582, the year in which a hermitage was constructed in the area of Vega Larga in his honor. From the beginning of this devotion, there was a brotherhood around him that, together with the municipal council, was in charge of organizing the festivities in his honor every August 16. In this paper, we will analyze how the patronage of this saint was lost following the hermitage’s absorption by the convent of La Merced. This convent was built on the initiative of the 11th Count of Niebla in 1605, and we will discuss the numerous conflicts that arose from it. Themethodology of this research involved analyzing existing publications and then conducting investigations in various archives in Huelva and Seville. This was focused primarily on the Chapter Acts of Huelva and the testaments of people from Huelva, where religious orders and alms were examined in greater detail.La imagen de San Roque, antiguo patrón de Huelva contra la peste, debió de existir desde al menos 1582, año en que se construye una ermita en la zona de la Vega Larga en su honor. Desde los comienzos de esta devoción, se fundó a su alrededor una cofradía que junto al Cabildo municipal se encargaba de organizar las fiestas en su honor cada 16 de agosto. En el presente artículo vamos a analizar cómo se pierde el patronazgo de este santo tras la absorción de la ermita por parte del convento de la Merced, construido por iniciativa del XI conde de Niebla en 1605 y los numerosos conflictos que derivaron de ella. Para ello se han analizado las publicaciones existentes y, a continuación, se ha investigado en varios archivos de Huelva y Sevilla, atendiendo principalmente a las Actas capitulares de Huelva y a los testamentos de los onubenses, donde se han analizado las mandas religiosas y las limosnas
El imaginario romano en la Sevilla barroca. Pinturas y tapices de los Herrera Melgarejo.
Get PDFThe members of Herrera Melgarejo families, who lived in Seville during the 17th century, collected significant works of art. At the same time, they did an important work of artistic promotion. Beatriz de Herrera Melgarejo and her husband, Diego López de Balmaseda, constitute one of the references of this study. The other is Francisco de Herrera Melgarejo, married to María Ortiz de Zúñiga, thus he was linked to the lineage of “the Ortices”, of which the illustrious Sevillian historian, Diego Ortiz de Zúñiga, was also part. They all brought together numerous works demonstrating the importance of the Roman origins’ artistic trade in Seville. In addition, it has also been possible to verify the personal connection of both families with illustrious figures from the papal court and others related to the Madrid court.Los miembros de estas familias Herrera Melgarejo, que vivieron en Sevilla durante el siglo XVII, acopiaron significativas obras de arte, al tiempo que hicieron una importante labor de promoción artística. Beatriz de Herrera Melgarejo y su esposo Diego López de Balmaseda constituyen uno de los referentes de este estudio. El otro lo representa Francisco de Herrera Melgarejo, casado con María Ortiz de Zúñiga de forma que entroncó con el linaje de “los Ortices”, del que también formó parte el ilustre historiador sevillano, Diego Ortiz de Zúñiga. Todos ellos reunieron numerosas obras que ponen de manifiesto la importancia del flujo artístico de procedencia romana hasta Sevilla. Pero también se ha podido verificar la conexión personal de ambas familias con ilustres personajes de la corte pontificia y otros relacionados con la madrileña
El papel de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en la relación entre asimetría de la información y desarrollo financiero: nuevas pruebas basadas en el modelo PSTR
Get PDFInformation and communications technology (ICT) has potential to complement information sharing bureaus (ISB) (private credit bureaus (PCB) and public credit registries (PCR)) in lessening information asymmetry (IA) to enhance financial development. Using ICT as the transition variable, this research employs the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model to examine the influence of IA on financial development in 33 least developed countries (LDCs) over the 2000–2021. Results indicate that IA and financial development have a nonlinear nexus and ICT alters this relationship. Based on the findings, this impact has dynamic characteristics of threshold and gradual changes and ICT plays a considerable part in this relationship. When ICT is below the threshold value, that is in the low regime, PCR has a negative impact on financial development. In contrast, when the ICT outstrips the threshold, that is in the high regime, the coefficient is positive. It means that the negative effect of PCR on financial development is offset and even changed into positive as ICT increases. On the other hand, PCB has a positive impact on financial development in both low and high ICT regime. With the transfer from the ICT threshold, the favorable impact of PCB on reducing IA in the direction of financial development grows. The hidden implication is that PCR and PCB (with decreasing IA) promote the financial development, when ICT is at a high level. In other words, ICT could complement the characteristics of PCR and PCB to reduce IA and increase financial development.Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) tienen potencial para complementar a las oficinas de intercambio de información (OIC) en la reducción de la asimetría de la información (AI) para mejorar el desarrollo financiero. Utilizando las TIC como variable de transición, esta investigación emplea el modelo de regresión de transición suave de panel (PSTR) para examinar la influencia de la AI en el desarrollo financiero de 33 países menos adelantados (PMA) durante el periodo 2000-2021. Los resultados indican que el AI y el desarrollo financiero tienen un nexo no lineal. Cuando la TIC está por debajo del valor umbral, la PCR tiene un impacto negativo en el desarrollo financiero. En cambio, cuando las TIC superan el umbral, es decir, en el régimen alto, el coeficiente es positivo. Esto significa que el efecto negativo de la PCR sobre el desarrollo financiero se compensa e incluso se convierte en positivo a medida que aumentan las TIC. La PCB tiene un efecto positivo en el desarrollo financiero tanto en el régimen de TIC bajo como en el alto. Con el traspaso del umbral de TIC, crece el impacto favorable de la PCB en la reducción del AI en la dirección del desarrollo financiero. La implicación oculta es que PCR y PCB (con IA decreciente) promueven el desarrollo financiero, cuando las TIC están en un nivel alto. En otras palabras, las TIC podrían complementar las características de la RCP y el PCB para reducir el AI y aumentar el desarrollo financiero