Revistas UPO (Universidad Pablo de Olivade)
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Evolución del objeto en el litigio climático y preocupación por los derechos humanos
Full text linkClimate litigation has become a way to compel states to comply with climate commitments and to assume their responsibility in this type of conflict. In this sense, interest in how the consequences of climate change affect people's health, well-being and quality of life has led to a paradigm shift in recent years.
On the one hand, some non-binding instruments seek to mitigate the effects of global warming and are undergoing a necessary review with the aim of drafting future legislation that will oblige states to comply with what has been established. On the other hand, the already binding norms are seeing how the judicial decisions of the European Court of Human Rights are establishing doctrinal precedents and modifying the usual interpretation of laws and conventions, establishing legal reasoning that are necessary for the care of the environment and its connection with human rights. All of this will be approached by noting the importance of the meaning and subsequent application of the principle of intergenerational solidarity in the framework of the environment as a right of present and future generations.Los litigios climáticos se han convertido en una vía para compeler a los Estados a cumplir con los compromisos climáticos y la asunción de su responsabilidad en este tipo de conflictos. En este sentido, el interés por cómo afectan las consecuencias del cambio climático a la salud, el bienestar y la calidad de vida de las personas ha supuesto un cambio de paradigma en los últimos años.
Por un lado, algunos instrumentos no vinculantes buscan mitigar los efectos del calentamiento global y se están viendo sometidos a una necesaria revisión con el fin de elaborar futuras legislaciones que obliguen a los Estados a cumplir con lo establecido. Por otro lado, las normas que ya eran vinculantes están viendo cómo las resoluciones judiciales del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos establecen precedentes doctrinales y modifican la interpretación habitual de las leyes y convenios, instaurando razonamientos jurídicos que resultan necesarios para el cuidado del medio ambiente y su conexión con los derechos humanos. Todo ello se abordará advirtiendo la importancia del significado y posterior aplicación del principio de equidad intergeneracional en el marco del medio ambiente como derecho de las generaciones presentes y futuras
La repercusión de la protección del medio ambiente en la reconfiguración constitucional de los principios limitativos del ius puniendi
Full text linkThis article offers a critical analysis of how the increasing importance of environmental protection in contemporary criminal policy is reshaping the constitutional constraints on state punitive power. Building on Article 45 of the Spanish Constitution and on the evolution of environmental criminal law in Spain and the European Union, it highlights how the gradual adoption of an ecocentric perspective erodes the classical principles of liberal criminal law—harm, proportionality, subsidiarity, and minimal intervention—by resorting to techniques such as abstract endangerment offences and, more recently, cumulative crimes. The paper contrasts the liberal model of environmental protection with the current Spanish framework and with Directive 2024/1203, showing how criminal sanctions, far from being an exceptional remedy, have become a routine instrument for the symbolic management of systemic risks. It ultimately argues that this expansive trend undermines the constitutional coherence of the criminal system, weakens the principles of harm, culpability, and proportionality, and turns criminal law into a political rather than legal tool for addressing environmental challenges.El trabajo analiza críticamente cómo la centralidad adquirida por el medio ambiente en la política criminal contemporánea está reconfigurando los principios limitativos del ius puniendi. Partiendo del art. 45 CE y de la evolución del Derecho penal ambiental en España y en la Unión Europea, se muestra cómo la progresiva adopción de un enfoque ecocéntrico erosiona los postulados clásicos del garantismo liberal ─lesividad, proporcionalidad, fragmentariedad y subsidiariedad─, en favor de técnicas de tipificación propias del riesgo abstracto y, más recientemente, de los delitos acumulativos. El artículo contrasta el modelo liberal de tutela ambiental con el vigente modelo español y con la nueva Directiva 2024/1203, poniendo de relieve cómo el recurso sistemático a la sanción penal, lejos de constituir un remedio subsidiario, se ha convertido en un instrumento ordinario de gestión simbólica de riesgos sistémicos. Se sostiene, finalmente, que esta deriva expansiva compromete la coherencia constitucional del sistema penal, genera déficits de lesividad, culpabilidad y proporcionalidad, y confiere al Derecho penal un papel más político que jurídico en la resolución de los problemas ambientales
Guerra Rusia-Ucrania: derechos humanos y punto de inflexión internacional
Full text linkThe war between Russia and Ukraine represents an international turning point in the paradigms that regulate the international system, the values that guide them and the standards of protection of International Human Rights Law -IHRL- and International Humanitarian Law -IHL-. The violation of contemporary normative standards through the nuclear narrative as a weapon of fear within the current hybrid war of attrition, measures the global threat that looms over the struggle of Western and counter-hegemonic blocs, which find in Ukraine a laboratory for the exploits of international political power and its possible restructuring in the 21st century. It uses a descriptive methodology and electronic mining to collect secondary sources, providing a humanitarian and geopolitical balance of the ongoing war. The time cut of the presentation falls between the years 2022 and 2025.La guerra entre Rusia y Ucrania representa un punto de inflexión internacional de los paradigmas que regulan el sistema internacional, losvalores que los orientan y las normas de protección al Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos -DIDH- y al Derecho InternacionalHumanitario -DIH-. La violación de los estándares normativos contemporáneos a través de la narrativa nuclear como arma de miedodentro de la actual guerra híbrida de desgaste, dimensiona la amenaza global que se cierne sobre la lucha de bloques occidentales y contra- hegemónicos, que encuentran en Ucrania un laboratorio para las gestas del poder político internacional y su posible re-estructuración en el Siglo XXI. Utiliza una metodología descriptiva y la minería electrónica para la recolección de fuentes secundarias,brindando un balance humanitario y geopolítico de la guerra en curso. El recorte temporal de la ponencia se enmarca entre los años 2022 y2025
Los delitos de odio y los basados en la expresión: Las constantes polémicas de su regulación
Full text linkIf there is one issue that seems to repeat itself in an endless loop, it is undoubtedly the regulation of expression-related crimes. Not even the New Year’s Eve chimes spare us from the recurring proposal to deregulate certain expression-based offenses. The arguments for this proposal are always tied to controversial cases, but since the much-discussed reform never actually takes place, the debate resurfaces periodically. However, the real question is: should it actually be done? With this paper, we aim to demonstrate why this debate should be considered settled and no longer encouraged doctrinally.Si hay una cuestión que parece repetirse como en un bucle infinito es sin duda el tema de la regulación de los delitos de expresión. Ni con las campanadas que anuncian el nuevo año nos abandona la propuesta de que hay que desregularizar ciertos delitos de expresión. Los motivos siempre van aparejados a ciertos casos que resultan polémicos, pero como al final no se hace esa reforma tan anunciada, pues cada cierto tiempo vuelve a resurgir. Sin embargo, la cuestión es, ¿pero realmente debe hacerse? Con este trabajo queremos poner de manifiesto porque este debate debería de estar zanjado y dejar de ser alentado doctrinalmente
Bienestar, autorregulación, apoyo social y ocio deportivo. Revisión sistemática:
Full text linkThis study reviews the scientific literature on the relationship between participation in physical and sports activities and the psychological well-being of young people. Such activities foster self-acceptance, positive interpersonal relationships, and the development of a sense of purpose, while enhancing physical, psychological, and social skills. The research was conducted through a narrative systematic review, following the main methodological elements of the PRISMA statement. Academic databases were consulted, restricting the search to articles published in Spanish and English over the past five years. After a rigorous process of selection and exclusion, 17 scientific articles were analyzed. The reviewed studies were organized into several categories: the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, health promotion, stress management, motivation for physical activity, and the role of social networks. The findings indicate that physical and sports activities help mitigate the negative effects of stress, enhance intrinsic motivation, and strengthen well-being. Moreover, social support emerges as a crucial factor in sustaining healthy behaviors and improving the youth experience in this field. The study concludes that physical activity is essential for comprehensive well-being. Future research should explore in greater depth the interactions between social support, demographic characteristics, and cultural factors to design more effective health promotion strategies.Este trabajo revisa la literatura científica sobre la relación entre la participación en actividades físico-deportivas y el bienestar psicológico en personas jóvenes. Dichas actividades favorecen la autoaceptación, las relaciones interpersonales positivas y el desarrollo de un propósito vital, al tiempo que potencian habilidades físicas, psicológicas y sociales. La investigación se realizó mediante una revisión sistemática narrativa, siguiendo los principales elementos metodológicos de la declaración PRISMA. Se consultaron bases de datos académicas, limitando la búsqueda a artículos publicados en español e inglés durante los últimos cinco años. Tras un riguroso proceso de selección y exclusión, se analizaron 17 artículos científicos. Los estudios revisados se organizaron en distintas categorías: influencia de la pandemia COVID-19, promoción de la salud, manejo del estrés, motivación para la práctica de actividad física y papel de las redes sociales. Los resultados muestran que la actividad físico-deportiva contribuye a mitigar los efectos del estrés, potenciar la motivación intrínseca y reforzar el bienestar. Asimismo, el apoyo social aparece como un factor decisivo para sostener conductas saludables y mejorar la experiencia juvenil en este ámbito. Se concluye que la práctica físico-deportiva resulta esencial para el bienestar integral, y que futuras investigaciones deben explorar más a fondo las interacciones entre apoyo social, características demográficas y factores culturales para diseñar estrategias de promoción de la salud
Hermae decorativos de producción local en la Baetica
Full text linkA set of small-format hermae, which formed part of the domestic decoration of a good number of houses and villae in various Andalusian towns belonging to Roman Andalusia, are analyzed. They are made of local marble and share a series of technical characteristics that allow us to suppose the existence of at least one Betic workshop, dedicated to the production of small format domestic furniture, with a production distributed throughout a large part of the province of Baetica. Se estudia un conjunto de hermae de pequeño formato, que formaron parte de la decoración doméstica de un buen número de casas y villae de diversas localidades andaluzas, pertenecientes a la Bética romana. Se hallan elaborados en mármoles locales o reaprovechados y comparten una serie de características técnicas que permiten suponer la existencia de, al menos, un taller bético, dedicado a la producción de mobiliario doméstico de pequeño formato, con una producción que se distribuye por una gran parte de la provincia Baetica.  
El marketing interno como clave del compromiso organizacional: La mediación del estrés laboral y la felicidad
Full text linkThe present research analyses the influence of internal marketing on organisational commitment, mediated by job stress and job satisfaction, in the context of the Great Resignation. Justified by the need to understand the interactions between these variables to improve employee well-being and retention in challenging business environments, this study aims to evaluate the direct relationship between internal marketing and organisational commitment and to determine the mediating role of job stress and job satisfaction. A quantitative methodology was used with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design, collecting data through an online questionnaire administered to a sample of 233 employees from various industries in Mexico, and the data were analysed using structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The main results indicate that internal marketing has a positive and significant relationship with organisational commitment (β=0.315, p=0.01) and job satisfaction (β=0.562, p=0.01), and a negative relationship with job stress (β=-0.317, p=0.01), without finding a significant relationship between job stress and organisational commitment (β=0.050, p=0.343). It is concluded that job satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between internal marketing and organisational commitment, highlighting the importance of implementing internal marketing strategies and well-being programmes to strengthen organisational commitment and improve the work environment.La presente investigación analiza la influencia del marketing interno en el compromiso organizacional, mediado por el estrés laboral y la felicidad laboral, en el contexto de la Gran Renuncia. Justificada por la necesidad de entender las interacciones entre estas variables para mejorar el bienestar y la retención de empleados en entornos empresariales desafiantes, este estudio tiene como objetivos evaluar la relación directa entre marketing interno y compromiso organizacional, y determinar el papel mediador del estrés y la felicidad laboral. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa con un diseño no experimental y transversal, recopilando datos a través de un cuestionario en línea administrado a una muestra de 233 empleados de diversas industrias en México, y los datos fueron analizados mediante el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales (PLS-SEM). Los resultados principales indican que el marketing interno tiene una relación positiva y significativa con el compromiso organizacional (β = 0.315, p = 0.01) y la felicidad laboral (β = 0.562, p = 0.01), y una relación negativa con el estrés laboral (β = -0.317, p = 0.01), sin encontrar una relación significativa entre el estrés laboral y el compromiso organizacional (β = 0.050, p = 0.343). Se concluye que la felicidad laboral media significativamente la relación entre marketing interno y compromiso organizacional, subrayando la importancia de implementar estrategias de marketing interno y programas de bienestar para fortalecer el compromiso organizacional y mejorar el entorno laboral
Bioreactor’s optimization through an innovative agitation-aeration system.
Full text linkMotivation: Bioreactor systems are essential for optimizing biotechnological processes in industries like pharmaceuticals and food. Traditional systems, such as Rushton impellers, face challenges with energy inefficiency and poor oxygen transfer. The BioMixing’s aeration and agitation system, based on CFD simulations, offers a patented solution to improve oxygen transfer, mixing efficiency, and overall productivity (Ashok et al., 2017).
Methods: The system’s performance was evaluated in two main experiments: 1) kLa (volumetric mass transfer coefficient) measurement via oxygen saturation and nitrogen purging (Vanags & Suleiko, 2022), and 2) mixing time measurement with the iodine-starch method.The experimental procedures were carried out following the guidelines outlined in the Dechema protocol. Both experiments were conducted to compare Rushton's aeration-agitation system with our innovative system, aiming to identify significant differences between them.
Results:The BioMixing system achieved a remarkable 170% improvement in kLa at 250 rpm, and up to 60% at 400 rpm, compared to the conventional Rushton system. This enhanced oxygen transfer, especially at lower revolutions, is crucial for optimizing production processes in industries such as pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the mixing time experiment demonstrated significant improvements in homogenization and medium distribution. At 700 rpm, the BioMixing system delivered performance enhancements of up to 29.4%, reinforcing its potential for more efficient bioprocessing (Nienow, 1998; Kelly, 2008).
Conclusion:The BioMixing system outperforms traditional bioreactors in key parameters such as oxygen transfer and mixing efficiency, offering a promising solution for enhancing biotechnological productivity and sustainability.y. Future work will refine its application for broader microbial cultivation (Wang et al., 2020)
Revaluation of tidal waste in wastewater treatment plants.
Full text linkMotivation: The latest European legislation on the use of chemical products in wastewater treatment requires a reduction in their usage. Consequently, essential operations in this process, such as contaminant removal and sludge flocculation, requirealternative solutions [1]. Although replacing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of chemical flocculants is challenging, natural flocculants derived from plant residues and algae are proposed as a promising solution to reduce these polluting products while also valorizing waste, thus promoting a circular economy [2].
Methods: This study focuses on two approaches: phosphorus removal from wastewater and improved sludge flocculation.
The optimal flocculant dose required for phosphorus reduction was determined using a jar test. Specifically, 500 mL of wastewater was used for each sample, and soluble phosphorus levels were measured before and after the procedure. The testing protocol for each chemical substitute was as follows [3]:
1. One minute of stirring at 80 rpm (revolutions per minute).
2. Fifteen minutes of stirring at 30 rpm.
3. Twenty minutes of settling.
For the sludge tests, the experiment was conducted manually using 100 mL of sludge.
Results and conclusions: The tests confirmed that natural flocculants effectively reduce contaminant levels. Similarly, they were observed to aid in sludge flocculation and decrease the amount of chemical flocculant required. Additionally, while the cationization of flocculants did not significantly affect sludge flocculation, it did enhance the removal of contaminants such as phosphorus.
However, further research in this area is necessary, as these natural alternatives are still far from achieving the cost-effectiveness and performance levels of traditional chemical flocculants
In vitro modelization of totipotency to study DNA damage response.
Full text linkEmbryonic development begins with the fusion of gametes that form a zygote, capable of differentiating into all cell types in the organism, in a state known as totipotency. This process involves intense epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming that are likely to generate high levels of stress in embryonic cells, which, paradoxically, are not only tolerable but may be necessary for the induction of totipotency (Xu & Liang, 2022). The mechanisms behind this response and their relationship to cell differentiation are still not fully understood. Furthermore, obtaining totipotent cells in the lab is a complex process, so alternative models are being developed to study these changes in vitro.
Our study aims to investigate different responses to DNA damage in an in vitro model of totipotency. To achieve this, we first generated a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line that allows to detect totipotent cell by GFP expression. We transfected mESC with a plasmid that includes the GFP gene under the control of the MERVL retrotransposon promoter, whose expression is linked to the totipotent state (Ishiuchi et al., 2015). After transfection, the cells were selected and genotyped to confirm the correct insertion of the construct, thereby generating the MERVL-GFP cell line. We then performed reprogramming assays through splicing inhibition, a recently discovered method that induces a state of totipotent-like cells (Shen et al., 2021). For this, pladienolide B was used as indicated in the previous study. After a temporal study, we identified the optimal time point for reprogramming with the highest proportion of GFP-positive cells, confirmed by qPCR, sorting, and confocal microscopy.
Additionally, we performed differentiation assays and alkaline phosphatase staining, as well as embryoid body studies. The results showed that the MERVL-GFP cell line exhibits behaviour similar to non-transfected mESCs, indicating that our new cell line retains its pluripotency and differentiation capacity.
With this cell line, we aim to enrich the population of reprogrammed cells to study the effects of DNA damage in the context of the totipotent state. This model could be key to solving problems related to fertility and in vitro fertilization, opening new avenues in the study of developmental biology