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A new strategy for constructing alternative consumer confidence indexes to explain household consumption: A fuzzy DEMATEL approach
No full textBackground: Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) is a measure obtained from consumer surveys (CS) that gauges assessments and expectations of the economic environment. Common practice uses 4 of the 12 questions in CCI calculation. However, efforts to find best set of questions continue, such as the European Commission swapping two questions in 2019. Literature studies employ different combinations of questions; however all-alternative combinations take too much time and computational power. The questions also exhibit cause-and-effect relationships as household consumption predictors and are not statistically independent of one another. Objective: We suggest classifying the CS questions as “Causes” and “Effects.” It makes sense that inquiries in the cause group should provide a better explanation of household consumption. If this theory turns out to be correct, a smaller solution space will be able to be used to find the ideal substitute CCI. Method: A fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory), a reliable method to present causal relationships, is used to classification. The prediction power of cause group (in terms of explaining household expenditures) is measured with the Lasso regression (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator), which provides more interpretable regression models. This approach was applied to European Union dataset from 2007Q3 to 2021Q2. Results: The cause group included four CS questions and explained the 75% variability of the consumption expenditures. It is performed comparably to earlier studies that took into account all possible question combinations. The Türkiye case, covering data from 2007 to 2021, supported the finding of EU case, explaining 84% variation in consumption expenditures. Conclusion: These encouraging results suggest that comparable prediction power can be attained with a significant reduction in effort (in comparison to all brute force). Therefore, this approach would provide shortcut for constructing alternative CCIs to the authorities. © 2025 The Author
Muslim and non-Muslim educational institution buildings in Mostar during the Ottoman period (1483–1878)
No full textThis research aims to investigate specific educational institutions in Mostar during the Ottoman period, both Muslim and non-Muslim. To comprehensively analyze these buildings, the study will delve into their founders, architectural design, renovation processes, and contributions to the city's education system from 1483 to 1878. This historical analysis will draw from various sources, including vakıfname (foundation charters), salnames (yearbooks), 18th- and 19th-century Western travelers’ accounts, reports from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and contemporary images. The Ottoman presence in Bosnia and Herzegovina began with the conquest of the medieval city of Bobovac and the dissolution of the Bosnian Kingdom in 1463. Around two decades later, the Duchy of Herzegovina came under Ottoman patronage. This research explores how the Ottomans introduced well-established educational institutions to their newly acquired territories. In addition to cities, they erected dervish lodges, mosques, bazaars, schools, and libraries. Notably, educational institutions were founded by people from various religious backgrounds, including Orthodox Christians, Catholic Christians, Jews, and Muslims, showcasing Ottoman religious tolerance. Ottoman modernization commenced with the Tanzimat Fermanı (Imperial Edict of Reorganization) in 1839. The Teşkil-i Vilayet Nizannamesi (Provincial Regulation Law) transformed the Bosnian Eyalat into a Vilayet in 1864, setting the stage for the modernization and refurbishment of educational institutions and schools. New schools emerged, such as vocational schools, teacher schools, orphanages, and military academies. The Ottomans also provided financial support for educational endeavors, which continued during the Austro-Hungarian period. This research explores the historical evolution of educational institutions in Mostar and their ongoing significance and role following the Berlin Congress and the Ottoman withdrawal from Bosnia and Herzegovina. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Velika Ivkovska, Stela Tasheva and Haris Dervišević; individual chapters, the contributors
Development of explainable hybrid quantum-inspired recurrent neural networks for predicting groundwater quality: A case study at West Azerbaijan, Iran
Full text linkEffective groundwater quality monitoring is essential for ensuring sustainable water resource management. Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a key indicator of groundwater quality. This study presents advanced hybrid deep learning frameworks for forecasting TDS levels at West Azerbaijan, Iran. Six diverse input combinations of pH, Mg, total alkalinity, HCO 3 , Ca, and total hardness were defined. A quantum-inspired recurrent neural network (QRNN) was first developed as baseline model. Two hybrid models, QRNN-CNN and GBO-QRNN-CNN, were then introduced to enhance predictive performance by integrating convolutional neural network (CNN) and gradient- based optimizer (GBO). Comparative evaluations demonstrated that both hybrid models outperformed the standalone QRNN, with GBO-QRNN-CNN achieving the highest accuracy. Root mean square error of TDS prediction via the best model (GBO-QRNN-CNN-6) was reduced by 48.36 % compared with baseline QRNN-6. Moreover, long short-term memory (LSTM) was implemented, denoting its lower accuracy than QRNN-based models. Additionally, SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) was employed to assess the influence of input variables, revealing that total hardness and calcium had the highest impacts on TDS predictions. The QRNN frameworks proposed in this study taking into account the outcomes of SHAP, offer powerful TDS predictive tools for data-driven groundwater quality assessment, supporting more informed decision-making in water resource management
COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde romatizmal hastalarda telerehabilitasyonun etkinliğinin araştırılması
Full text linkBu çalışma COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde romatizmal hastalarda telerehabilitasyonun etkinliğinin araştırılması amacıyla yapıldı. Hastalar egzersiz grubuna katılmayı kabul etme durumlarına göre egzersiz grubu ve kontrol grubu olarak ikiye ayrıldı. Çalışmaya başlamadan önce hastaların günlük yaşam aktiviteleri Sağlık Değerlendirme Anketi (Health Assessment Questionnaire-HAQ) ile, anksiyete ve depresyon seviyeleri Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Skalası (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-HADS) ile, biyopsikososyal durumları Bilişsel Egzersiz Terapi Yaklaşımı Biyopsikososyal Ölçeği (BETY-Biopsychosocial Questionnaire-BETY-BQ) ile değerlendirildi. Egzersiz grubu (n=23) Whatsapp uygulaması aracılığı ile grup olarak telerehabilitasyon BETY seanslarına katıldı. Kontrol grubu (n=12) ise ilaç tedavisi ile takip edildi. Egzersiz grubundaki hastalara 8 hafta boyunca, haftada 3 gün fizyoterapist eşliğinde BETY telerehabilitasyon tedavisi verildi. 8 haftanın sonunda tüm anketler her iki grup için tekrarlandı. Grup içi etkinliğe bakıldığında egzersiz grubunda HADS anksiyete ve depresyon alt parametrelerinde iyileşme görüldü (p<0.05). BETY-BQ skorunda her iki grupta da iyileşme görüldüğü, ancak değişimlerin istatistiksel anlamda bir fark yaratmadığı görüldü (p>0.05). HAQ skoru kontrol grubunda kötüleşirken egzersiz grubunda iyileştiği, ancak değişimlerin istatistiksel anlamda bir fark yaratmadığı görüldü (p>0.05). Kontrol grubunda HADS anksiyete skorunun iyileşirken, HADS depresyon skorunun kötüleştiği ve bu değişimlerin istatistiksel anlamda bir fark yaratmadığı görüldü (p>0.05). Çalışmanın sonucunda BETY telerehabilitasyon yaklaşımının COVID-19 pandemi süreci gibi durumlarda, tedavi için kliniklere gidemeyen ve fiziksel inaktiviteye eğilimi artan romatizmalı hastalar için bir alternatif olduğu görüşüne varıldı. Biyopsikososyal yaklaşımların uzaktan uygulanması zor olmasına rağmen BETY'nin telerehabilitasyon ile anksiyete ve depresyon seviyelerinin iyileştirilebildiği, biyopsikososyal durumlarının ve yaşam kalitelerinin korunabildiği görüldü. Farklı telerehabilitasyon yöntemleriyle karşılaştırmalı çalışmaların yapılmasının ve uzun dönem takip sonuçlarının araştırılmasının çalışmanın değerini arttıracağı sonucuna varıldı.This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of telerehabilitation in rheumatic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic process. The patients were divided into the exercise group and the control group according to their acceptance to participate in the exercise group. Before starting the study, the daily living activities of the patients were evaluated with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), their anxiety and depression levels with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and their biopsychosocial status with the Cognitive Exercise Therapy Approach-Biopsychosocial Questionnaire (BETY-BQ). Exercise group (n=23) participated in BETY telerehabilitation sessions as a group via using WhatsApp application. The control group (n=12) was followed up with medication. BETY telerehabilitation treatment was given to the patients in the exercise group in the presence of a physiotherapist for 8 weeks, 3 days a week. At the end of 8 weeks, all questionnaires were repeated for both groups. When the activity was examined within the group, improvement was observed in the HADS anxiety and depression sub-parameters in the exercise group (p<0.05). BETY-BQ score decreased in the direction of improvement in both groups, these changes did not make a statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Although the HAQ score worsened in the control group, it improved in the exercise group, but the changes did not make a statistically significant difference (p>0.05). In the control group, it was observed that the HADS anxiety score improved, the HADS depression score worsened and these changes did not make a statistically significiant difference (p>0.05). As a result of the study, it was concluded that the BETY telerehabilitation approach is an alternative for rheumatic patients who cannot go to clinics for treatment in cases such as the COVID-19 pandemic process and have an increased tendency to physical inactivity. Although it is difficult to implement biopsychosocial approaches remotely, it was observed that BETY could improve anxiety and depression levels, and preserve their biopsychosocial status and quality of life with telerehabilitation. It was concluded that conducting comparative studies with different telerehabilitation methods and investigating the long-term follow-up results will increase the value of the study
Longitudinal Associations Between Problematic Pornography Use and Types of Rumination
No full textTransdiagnostic approaches are considered essential for assessing psychopathology, as they cut across a wide range of mental disorders. These features significantly contribute to the development and maintenance of mental health issues, with rumination being an important transdiagnostic construct. Although previous studies have demonstrated a positive link between problematic online behaviors and rumination, no study has examined the association between problematic pornography use (PPU) and rumination. Hence, we aimed to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between PPU and two types of rumination (i.e. brooding and reflection) in a sample of Hungarian young adults over a one year period. In the present study, we performed an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis with a multigroup approach among 2,786 adults (Mage = 28.00, SD = 4.75; 1,327 men and 1,459 women). Cross-sectionally, a positive and weak association was observed between PPU and both components of rumination (i.e. brooding and reflection) among men and women. Longitudinally, the association between PPU and brooding was bidirectional. Higher T1 PPU was associated with higher T2 brooding and reflection among both men and women. Among women, higher T1 brooding was associated with higher T2 PPU, whereas among men, higher T1 reflective rumination was associated with lower T2 PPU. Our findings emphasize the significant role of PPU in contributing to both components of rumination in both men and women. However, longitudinal associations suggest differential gender effects, with reflective rumination serving as a protective factor for men, potentially contributing to self-regulation, whereas brooding exacerbates PPU over time for women
Drama-based read-alouds in preschool classroom: Promoting social understanding, social problem solving, and peer relationships
No full textReading aloud to young children can positively impact their social and emotional development during preschool. However, further exploration is needed to determine how drama-based read-alouds (DBRAs) could enhance these benefits. In this sense, this study examined the effects of the DBRA intervention on preschoolers' social understanding, social problem-solving skills, and peer relationships. Seventy preschool children aged between 52 and 72 months (37 girls, M = 62.71 months, SD = 5.37) participated in a pretest–posttest non-equivalent control group intervention design. During the intervention, teachers conducted DBRA sessions 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Multilevel analysis revealed that DBRAs significantly improved children's social understanding and social problem-solving skills. While no significant changes were observed in peer relationships and social skills, there was a notable reduction in aggression among the intervention group. These findings highlight the potential of DBRAs as a valuable tool for promoting social competence in early childhood education. © 2025 The Author(s). Reading Research Quarterly published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Literacy Association
Sağlık bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin sürdürülebilir beslenme bilgi düzeyleri ile besin satın alma davranışları arasındaki ilişki
Full text linkBu çalışmanın amacı, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencilerinin sürdürülebilir beslenme bilgi düzeyleri ile besin satın alma davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırma Kasım- Aralık 2024 tarihleri arasında Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 199 (%83,2) kadın ve 40 (%16,7) erkek olmak üzere toplam 239 gönüllü öğrenciye uygulanmıştır. Bu sayının (katılımcıların) 97’si (%40,6) Beslenme ve Diyetetik, 82’si (%34,3) Hemşirelik ve 60’ı (%25,1) ise Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon bölümü öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Anket formu ile öğrencilerin genel bilgileri, beslenme alışkanlıkları ve sürdürülebilir beslenmeye ilişkin bilgi düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Sürdürülebilir Beslenmeye Yönelik Davranış Ölçeği (SBYDÖ) ve Besin Satın Alma Davranışları Ölçeği (BSADÖ) uygulanmıştır. Öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 21,3±1,7’yıldır.Öğrencilerin %51,6’sının sürdürülebilir beslenme kavramını daha önceden duyduğunu beyan etmiştir. Sürdürülebilir beslenmeye yönelik davranış ölçeği puanları, erkeklerin ölçek toplam puanı 82,9±20,6, kadınların ise 95,6±18,6 olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Sürdürülebilir beslenmeye yönelik davranış ölçeğinin toplam puanı incelendiğinde de Beslenme ve Diyetetik bölümünün (96,5±17,3) diğer bölümler ile (Hemşirelik:92,2±21,9; FTR 90,2±18,9) benzer olduğu saptanmıştır (p>0,05). Sürdürülebilir beslenmeye yönelik bilgi düzeyinin besin satın alımı üzerine pozitif ve anlamlı ilişkiler gösterdiği belirlenmiştir (r=0,715, p<0,001). Sonuç olarak bireylerin sürdürülebilir beslenme bilgi düzeyi arttıkça, çevreye duyarlı ve sürdürülebilir gıda seçimleri yapma olasılığı da artmaktadır. Bu çalışma, sürdürülebilir beslenme ve besin satın alma davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamamıza yardımcı olarak, gelecekteki araştırmalara katkı sağlayacaktır.The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the level of knowledge on sustainable nutrition and food purchasing behaviors of students at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University. The research was conducted with a total of 239 voluntary students, including 199 (83.2%) females and 40 (16.7%) males, who were studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, between November and December 2024. This number of participants consists of 97 (40.6%) students from the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 82 (34.3%) students from the Department of Nursing, and 60 (25.1%) students from the Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. The questionnaire was used to determine the students' general information, dietary habits, and their level of knowledge regarding sustainable nutrition. The Sustainable Nutrition Behavior Scale (SNBS) and the Food Purchasing Behavior Scale (FPBS) were applied. The mean age of the students is 21.3 ± 1.7 years. It was determined that 51.6% of the students had previously heard of the concept of sustainable nutrition. The scores on the Sustainable Eating Behavior Scale were higher for females (95.6 ± 18.6) compared to males (82.9 ± 20.6), with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Upon examining the total score of the Sustainable Eating Behavior Knowledge Scale, it was found that the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (96.5 ± 17.3) had similar scores to other departments (Nursing: 92.2 ± 21.9; Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation: 90.2 ± 18.9), with no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). It was determined that the level of knowledge about sustainable nutrition showed a positive and significant relationship with food purchasing (r=0.715, p<0.001). Consequently, as individuals' knowledge of sustainable eating increases, the probability of making environmentally responsible and sustainable food choices also increases. This study will contribute to future research by helping us understand the relationship between sustainable nutrition and food purchasing behavior
Lomber disk hernisi cerrahisi sonrasında sürekli ve aralıklı lumbosakral korse kullanımının ağrı, uyku ve konfora etkisi: Randomize kontrollü çalışma
Full text linkLomber disk cerrahisi uygulanan hastalarda sürekli ve aralıklı lumbosakral korse kullanımının ağrı, uyku ve konfora etkisi konusunda mevcut kanıtlar sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma lomber disk cerrahisi uygulanan hastalarda sürekli ve aralıklı lumbosakral korse kullanımının ağrı, uyku ve konfor üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışma için Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu'ndan (Onay No: 2024-14) izin alındı. Araştırma, 25 Eylül 2024- 1 Nisan 2025 tarihleri arasında Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Hastanesi Beyin ve Sinir Cerrahi Servisi'nde yapıldı. Çalışmaya katılan 102 hasta, randomize olarak sürekli (n=51) ve aralıklı (n=51) LS korse kullanan iki gruba ayrıldı. Veriler, Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, Perianestezi Konfor Ölçeği ve Richards-Cambell Uyku Ölçeği ile cerrahiden önce (T0), bir gün sonra (T1) ve iki gün sonra (T2) toplandı. Analizler SPSS 22.0 ile yapıldı. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.05 olarak kabul edildi. Gruplar arasında yaş, cinsiyet, vücut kitle indeksi, eğitim ve medeni durum açısından anlamlı değildi (p>0.05). Perianestezi Konfor Ölçeği sonuçlarına göre, T0, T1 ve T2 ölçümlerinde gruplar arasında fark saptandı (p>0.05). Uyku Algısı Ölçeği sonuçlarında, T0 puanları benzerken (p=0.838), T1 ve T2'de kontrol grubunun puanı, çalışma grubuna göre anlamlı derecede yüksek idi (p=0.001). Ağrı Puanları, T0'da benzerken (p=0.487), T1 ve T2'de çalışma grubunda anlamlı olarak daha düşük idi (p=0.001). Lumbosakral korsenin sürekli kullanımı konfor üzerinde fark oluşturmadığı, ağrıyı azalttığı ve uyku kalitesini aralıklı kullanımın daha olumlu etkilediği bulundu. Anahtar Kelimeler: Lomber Disk Hernisi; Cerrahi Ağrı Yönetimi, Postoperatif Bakım; Uyku, Lumbosakral KorseEvidence regarding the effects of continuous versus intermittent use of a lumbosacral (LS) corset on pain, sleep, and comfort in patients undergoing lumbar disc surgery remains limited. This study aimed to determine the impact of continuous and intermittent LS corset use on these parameters in patients who underwent lumbar disc surgery. Ethical approval was obtained from the Hasan Kalyoncu University Ethics Committee (Approval No: 2024-14). The research was conducted at the Department of Neurosurgery of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Hospital between September 25, 2024, and April 1, 2025. A total of 102 patients were randomly assigned to either the continuous (n=51) or intermittent (n=51) LS corset use groups. Data were collected using the Descriptive Information Form, Perianesthesia Comfort Scale, and Richards-Campbell Sleep Scale before surgery (T0), one day after (T1), and two days after (T2) surgery. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0, with a significance level set at p<0.05. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of age, gender, body mass index, education, or marital status (p>0.05). According to the Perianesthesia Comfort Scale, no significant differences were found between the groups at T0, T1, and T2 (p>0.05). Sleep perception scores were similar at T0 (p=0.838), but significantly higher in the intermittent-use group at T1 and T2 (p=0.001). Pain scores were also similar at T0 (p=0.487), but significantly lower in the continuous-use group at T1 and T2 (p=0.001). The study concluded that continuous use of the LS corset did not affect comfort but was effective in reducing pain, while intermittent use had a more positive impact on sleep quality. Keywords: Lumbar Disc Herniation; Surgical Pain Management; Postoperative Care; Sleep; Lumbosacral Corse
İmmünoterapinin küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanserli bireylerin beslenme durumu, antropometrik ölçümleri, biyokimyasal bulguları ve yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi
Full text linkBu araştırmanın amacı immünoterapi tedavisi gören küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanserli bireylerin, tedavi süresince beslenme durumları, antropometrik ölçümleri, Hasta Odaklı Subjektif Global Değerlendirme (PG-SGA) skorları ve yaşam kalitelerinde oluşabilecek değişimleri saptamak ve değerlendirmektir. Araştırmaya Adana Şehir Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Tıbbi Onkoloji Bilim Dalı'nda histolojik olarak evre III / IV küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanser tanılı 18 yaş üstü, ayaktan immünoterapi tedavisi gören 47 birey (E:43, K:4) dahil edilmiştir. Araştırma 30 birey (E:28, K:2) ile tamamlanmıştır. Bireyler immünoterapi başlangıç günü (T0) görüşmeye alınmış, immünoterapinin ikinci ayı (T1) ve immünoterapi altıncı aya (T2) kadar takipleri sürdürülmüştür. Bireylerin sosyo- demografik bulguları, sağlık durumu bilgileri, beslenme alışkanlıkları, semptomları anket formu ile sorgulanmış, antropometrik ölçümler, el dinamometresi ile el sıkma gücü ölçümleri ve BIA yöntemi ile vücut bileşim analizi araştırmacı tarafından yapılmış, kayıt altına alınmıştır. Bireylerin malnütrisyon durumu PG-SGA malnütrisyon tarama ve değerlendirme aracı ile belirlenmiştir. Bireylerin yaşam kalitesi "Avrupa Kanser Tedavi ve Organizasyon Komitesi Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği'' (EORTC QLQ-C30) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bireylerin laboratuvar bulguları hasta kayıtlarından alınmıştır. T0 ve T1 dönemlerinde bireylerden bir günlük 24 saatlik besin tüketim kayıtları alınmış, bireysel tıbbi beslenme tedavisi planı hazırlanarak ayrıntılı eğitim verilmiştir. T1 ve T2 dönemlerinde bireylere diyete uyum durumları ile ilgili anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırmaya dahil edilen tüm bireylerin yaş ortalaması 64,55±8,19 yıldır. Araştırmayı tamamlayan bireylerin immünoterapi dönemlerinde; vücut ağırlığı, BKİ, üst orta kol çevresi, baldır çevresi ölçümleri, vücut yağ oranı, yağsız vücut kas kütlesi, el sıkma gücü ölçümleri arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,001). T0'a göre T1 ve T2'de iştahsızlık, bulantı, kusma, konstipasyon, diyare, çabuk doyma hissi, halsizlik semptomları yaşama durumları azalmıştır (p<0,005). Bireylerin hemoglobin, hematokrit, eozinofil düzeyleri T0'a göre T1 ve T2'de artmıştır (p<0,005). Araştırmaya dahil edilen bireylerde PG-SGA'ya göre malnütrisyon (orta ve ciddi malnütrisyon) prevalansı %83, immünoterapi sonunda %60 olarak saptanmıştır (p=0,001). Yaşam kalitesi değerlendirmesinde Fonksiyonel Skor alt bölümlerinden; fiziksel fonksiyon, uğraş fonksiyon, duygusal fonksiyon, bilişsel fonksiyon, sosyal fonksiyon ve Genel Sağlık Skor sonuçlarında T0'a göre T1 ve T2' de saptanan artma anlamlıdır (p<0,001). Semptom skoru alt bölümlerinden; yorgunluk, bulantı/kusma, ağrı, nefes darlığı, uykusuzluk, iştah kaybı ve kabızlık sonuçlarında T0'a göre saptanan azalma istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır (p<0,001). Araştırmamızı tamamlayan bireylerin diyetle günlük ortalama enerji alım değeri T0, T1 ve T2'de sırasıyla 1337,18±463,82 kkal, 1700,00±497, 71 kkal, 2020,18±382,82 kkal olarak belirlenmiştir. Enerji, karbonhidrat, protein, yağ, posa ve su alım düzeyleri T0'a göre T1 ve T2'de artmıştır (p<0,001). Araştırmamızı tamamlayan bireylerin günlük diyetle A vitamini, B1, B2, B6, B12 vitaminleri, C vitamini, E vitamini, folat, demir, magnezyum, çinko, potasyum, fosfor alım düzeyleri artmıştır (p<0,001). T0'da kendilerine önerilen tıbbi beslenme tedavisi planına T1'de %36,4'ü çoğu zaman T2'de %43,3'ü çoğu zaman uyduğunu belirtmiştir. Araştırmayı tamamlayan bireylerin immünoterapi sonunda (T2 dönemi) BKİ ile Genel Sağlık Skoru arasında pozitif yönde (r=0,505; p=0,004), BKİ ile PG-SGA skoru arasında negatif (ters) yönde korelasyon bulunmuştur (r=-0,460; p=0,011). Araştırmayı tamamlayan bireylerin immünoterapi sonunda (T2) günlük diyet ile aldıkları enerji ile PG-SGA skoru arasında negatif (ters) yönde (r=-0,574; p=0,001) korelasyon bulunmuştur. Enerji ile Genel Sağlık Skoru ve duygusal fonksiyon arasında, (r=0,614; p<0,001, r=0,517; p=0,003), enerji ile fiziksel fonksiyon, uğraş fonksiyonu ve bilişsel fonksiyon arasında pozitif yönde (r=0,494; p=0,006, r=0,448; p=0,013, r=0,373; p=0,042) korelasyon bulunmuştur. Araştırmayı tamamlayan bireylerin T2 dönemi günlük diyet ile aldıkları protein ile PG-SGA skoru arasında negatif (ters) yönde korelasyon bulunmuştur (r=-0,616; p<0,001). Protein ile Genel Sağlık Skoru, fiziksel fonksiyon, (r=0,625; p<0,001, r=0,537; p=0,002), uğraş fonksiyon ve duygusal fonksiyon pozitif yönde korelasyon bulunmuştur (r=0,397; p=0,030, r=0,495; p=0,005). Protein ile PG-SGA skoru arasında negatif (ters) yönde korelasyon bulunmuştur (r=-0,616; p<0,001). Bireylere önerilen tıbbi beslenme tedavisi planına uyum arttıkça duygusal fonksiyon, fiziksel fonksiyon ve uğraş fonksiyon, protein, serum albümin, yorgunluk, nefes darlığı, Genel Sağlık Skoru ve enerji değişkenlerinde pozitif yönde iyileşme saptanmıştır. Akciğer kanser tanılı bireylerde malnütrisyon durumunun erken tespiti, tanı anından itibaren onkoloji hastaları için geçerli ve güvenilir tarama araçları ile malnütrisyonun taranması, antropometrik ve biyokimyasal bulguların multidisipliner ekip tarafından değerlendirilmesi, hastaların yaşadığı semptomlara yönelik bireysel beslenme değerlendirmesinin yapılması hastalığın klinik seyrini ve hastaların yaşam kalitesini olumlu yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Bu nedenle hem akciğer kanserinden korunmak hem de tanı sonrası yeterli ve dengeli beslenme adına onkoloji diyetisyenliğinin farkındalığı arttırılmalıdır. Akciğer kanserli hastaların tedavi yönetimi diyetisyenin de yer aldığı multidisipliner ekip ile gerçekleştirilmelidir.The aim of this study is to detect and evaluate the changes of nutritional status, anthropometric measurements and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) scores as the assessments of malnutrition tools, and quality of life in individuals with non-small cell lung cancer who undergoing immunotherapy during study period. Forty-Seven individuals (Male/Female: 43/4) whose age over than 18-years-old diagnosed with stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer which have been confirmed histologically in Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, were included in this study. Overall, 30 out of 47 individuals (Male/Female: 28/2) completed at the end of study period of our investigation. We interviewed with all patients before the beginning of immunotherapy (T0), and, followed until the second month (T1), and the sixth month of immunotherapy treatment (T2). The social and demographic findings, condition of health status, nutritional habits and symptoms of the individuals were questionaired using with a survey form, anthropometric properties, and hand grip strength measurements using a hand dynamometer. Body composition of the patients was analyzed according to results of BIA method was used and the results were recorded by a researcher. Status of malnutrition was determined using PG-SGA screening tool. The quality of life was evaluated using "European Cancer Treatment and Organization Committee Quality of Life Scale" (EORTC QLQ-C30). Laboratory findings were recorded prior to immunotherapy. In the period of T0, information of 24-hour food consumption was provided from each individual. A detailed individuals' nutrition was planned and prepared for individuals. A survey was administered in terms of patients' diet compliance and nutritional status during the T1 and T2 periods. The median age of individuals was 64.55±8.19 years. During the immunotherapy periods, in patients who were able to complete this study, the differences of body weight, BMI, upper middle arm circumference, measurements of calf circumference, body/fat ratio, lean body muscle mass, and hand grip strength measurements were statistically significant when compared to all periods (p<0.001). The symptoms of individuals included loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, feeling of fullness, and early fatigue decreased significantly when we compared the periods of T1, and T2 (p<0.005). The hematocrit, and eosinophil levels increased significantly in T1 and T2 compared to T0 (p<0.005). According to the results of PG-SGA results, prevalence of moderate to severe malnutrition was found to be 83% of those individuals; however, the rate of malnutrition was 60% of patients at the end of immunotherapy (p = 0.001). In the assessment of quality of life as a functional score, physical and occupational function, and emotional and cognitive functions, social function, and the results of General Health Score were increased significantly in the period of T1 and in T2 when compared to period of T0 (p <0.001). In accordance with the symptoms of individuals as anothers subsections' scores including early fatigue, nausea/vomiting, pain, shortness of breath, insomnia, loss of appetite and constipation significantly decreased at the end of T1, and T2 when we compared to T0 (p<0.001). The average value of dietary energy intake in individuals who were able to complete our research was determined as 1337.18±463.82 kcal, 1700.00±497.71 kcal, 2020.18±382.82 kcal in T0, T1 and T2, respectively. The levels of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber and water intake increased significantly at T1 and T2 compared to T0 (p<0.001), additionally. Out study results showed that the daily dietary intake of vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate, iron, magnesium, zinc, potassium and phosphorus increased significantly (p<0.001). The patients' interview in several times during study periods showed that the most of the patients adapted to our nutritional recommendations. These were 36.4% of the individuals at T1, and 43.3% of patients at T2. At the end of immunotherapy, a BMI and General Health Score were strongly correlated (r=0.505; p=0.004). There was an invers correlation between BMI and PG-SGA score (r=-0.460; p=0.011). A negative correlation (r=-0.574; p=0.001) was found between the energy intake including daily diet and the PG-SGA score in our individuals at the end of immunotherapy (T2). A positive correlation was detected between energy and General Health Score and emotional function (r=0.614; p<0.001, r=0.517; p=0.003). In addition, there were possitive correlations between energy and physical function, and occupational function, and cognitive function (r=0.494; p=0.006, r=0.448; p=0.013, r=0.373; p=0.042) in our patients. An inverse correlation was found between the daily dietary protein intake and the PG-SGA score in T2 period (r=-0.616; p<0.001). A positive correlation was found between protein and General Health Score, physical function (r=0.625; p<0.001, r=0.537; p=0.002), occupational function and emotional function (r=0.397; p=0.030, r=0.495; p=0.005). A negative (inverse) correlation was found between protein and PG-SGA score (r=-0.616; p<0.001). As the rate of adapt with recommended daily diatary intake and medical nutrition by individuals. improvements of emotional, physical function, and occupational function, increasing in serum protein and albumin levels, decreasing the early fatigue, and dyspnea, General Health Score, and energy variables were observed. Early diagnosis of malnutrition in patients who diagnosed with lung cancer, to evaluate nutritional status, reliable screening tools including anthropometric and biochemical analyses should be done by a multidisciplinary team. An assessment of symptoms due to lung cancer experienced by patients may positively affects the clinical course of the disease and the quality of life. In order to protection of symptoms of lung-cancer patients and theirs low quality of life, adequate and balanced nutrition should be detects by the awareness of oncology dietitians immediately after diagnosis. Management of patients who have non-small cell lung cancer should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team including dietitian