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The Case of Jamal Khashoggi and the Right to Life
No full textThe right to life imposes two main responsibilities on states. On one hand, states are charged with a negative obligation, which implies that states shall refrain from violating the right to life of the people in their territories. On the other hand, states have the positive obligation to ensure effective security that allows people to enjoy their right to life. In other words, states are obligated to protect the people in their territory from fatal acts of aggression. Türkiye’s handing of the Khashoggi case over to Saudi Arabia raised the argument that, as a party to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), it had violated the right to life by acting against procedural obligations in the case of the murder of Jamal Khashoggi. This study will briefly discuss the right to life and how states protect it and then examine whether Türkiye and Saudi Arabia had violated Khashoggi’s right to life by acting against their procedural obligations regarding investigations and prosecutions that had taken place in Türkiye and Saudi Arabia by Türkiye transferring the Khashoggi case to Saudi Arabia after Jamal Khashoggi’s murder
Termination of tender in execution and bankruptcy law
No full textYargı mercilerinin vermiş olduğu kararlar ve öğretideki görüşler dikkate alınarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada, İcra ve İflâs Kanunu'nda düzenlenen ihalenin feshi kurumuna yönelik açıklamalar yer almaktadır. Söz konusu kurum tarihsel süreç içinde birçok değişikliğe uğramıştır. 7343 sayılı Kanunla ihalenin feshi kurumuna yönelik önemli değişiklikler yapılmıştır. Bu bağlamda ihalenin feshini talep edebilecek kişiler, hukuki yarar, ihalenin feshi talebinde bulunulurken yatırılması gereken harcın türü, gösterilmesi gereken teminat, icra mahkemesi tarafından verilen kararın niteliği gibi konuların incelenmesi ihtiyacı gerekmiştir.In this study, which is prepared considering the decisions made by judicial authorities and the views in legal doctrine, explanations regarding the institution of cancellation of the auction as regulated in the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law are provided. This institution has undergone many changes over time. Significant amendments were made to the institution of auction cancellation with Law No. 7343. In this context, it became necessary to examine issues such as who can request the cancellation of the auction, the legal interest, the type of fee that must be paid when requesting the cancellation, the collateral that needs to be provided, and the nature of the decision given by the enforcement court
U-Pb calcite geochronology, EPR, geochemistry, and C-O-Sr isotopes of ancient marbles in the İznik Region (Bursa-Türkiye)
No full textThe İznik city (ancient Nicaea), located east of Lake İznik (known as -“Bithynia” in ancient times), has been an important
political and cultural centre of Asia Minor since the Hellenistic period. Marbles produced in the quarries in the vicinity (Ömerli and
İnikli villages, Deliktaş-Sarıtaş hills) were used both in the construction of the walls and in many ancient works in the city. Approximately
eighteen ancient marble quarries producing grey and white marbles were investigated in the region. Petrography, EPR, XRD, C-O-Sr
isotope and whole rock geochemistry analyses were performed for characterization of the samples collected from the quarries for the
provenance studies. According to the new geochemistry and C-O-Sr isotope data, the limestones forming the marbles were deposited
in open sea-ocean environments. U-Pb calcite dating determined that the white marbles were 93.06 ± 8.55 Ma, while the grey marbles
were 94.84 ± 1.41 Ma and 88.03 ± 2.13 Ma (Upper Cretaceous: Cenomanian-Coniacian). These ages probably correspond to the
crystallization/metamorphism ages of the marbles. The new data set obtained with this study will contribute to the understanding of
the geological evolution of the region, and will help researchers to better understand the source region of some white and grey marbles
used in ancient buildings
A Novel Hybrid Metaheuristic Method for Efficient Decentralized LoT Network Layouts
No full textThis paper introduces a Hybrid Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization (HGPSO) method focusing
on optimal and efficient sensor deployment in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Decentralized
IoT (DIoT) networks. Effective sensor placement in these networks necessitates the
simultaneous optimization of numerous conflicting goals, such as maximizing coverage, ensuring
connectivity, minimizing redundancy, and improving energy economy. Traditional optimization
techniques and single metaheuristic algorithms frequently encounter these difficulties, demonstrating
premature convergence or inadequately balancing exploration and exploitation phases.
The suggested HGPSO effectively combines the advantageous features of Genetic Algorithm (GA)
and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to overcome these limitations. The strong global exploration
capabilities of GA, which successfully preserve variety and avert premature convergence,
are integrated with the swift local exploitation and convergence attributes of PSO. A new multiobjective
fitness function specifically designed for sensor deployment issues is created, facilitating
the effective handling of trade-offs between conflicting objectives. The efficacy of the HGPSO
approach is meticulously assessed in seven consistent situations and practical applications,
encompassing environments with intricate impediments. A comparative examination is performed
against six prominent metaheuristic algorithms acknowledged in literature. Results
indicate that HGPSO regularly surpasses these competing methods across all assessment categories.
Regarding average fitness values, HGPSO exceeds POHBA by 14 %, MAOA by 20 %, IDDTGA
by 21 %, EFSSA by 29 %, CFL-PSO by 35 %, and OBA by 45 %. These findings underscore
HGPSO’s exceptional theoretical framework and validate its practical relevance for extensive,
real-world IoT implementations. By adeptly utilizing the exploration capabilities of GA and the
exploitation strengths of PSO, HGPSO becomes a highly versatile and resilient optimization
framework, making substantial contributions to addressing the deployment issues of nextgeneration
IoT and WSN
Calligrapher's tombstones in İstanbul
No full textOsmanlı öncesi Türklerden sonraki asırlara intikal eden mezarlara içinde yatana dair bir işaret koyma geleneği özellikle Osmanlı Türk kültüründe yeni bir sanat ve medeniyet alanı ortaya çıkarmıştır denilebilir. Bu bağlamda mezar taşları yazıları, tezyîni unsurları ve taş işçiliğiyle geçmişin sanat ve medeniyet anlayışını günümüze taşıyan, belgesel yönüyle de ayrıca önemli birer kültür varlığı durumundadırlar. Bununla birlikte mezarlıklar, târihi açıdan taşıdığı değere rağmen zaman içinde çeşitli sebeplerle korunamamış, hatta zaman zaman imar değişiklikleri çerçevesinde yok edilmiştir. Mezar taşları bizlere pek çok açıdan geçmiş yüzyıllara dair birinci dereceden belge hüviyetiyle ışık tutarken, aynı zamanda önemli birer târihi ve kültürel miras durumundadır. Osmanlı dönemine ait camilerin hazîrelerinde ve kabristanlarda karşılaştığımız mezar taşları serpuşu, hattı, tezyînatı vb. sanat yönleriyle âdeta bir açık hava müzesi görünümündedirler. Osmanlı'nın sanat, ilim, hayat ve estetik anlayışıyla şekillenen Türk hattatlığı, İstanbul'un fethinden sonra kentin kültür ve sanat şehri konumuna gelmesiyle bir yükseliş sürecine girmiştir. Kitap sanatlarında olduğu kadar mimâri yapılarda da çok nâdîde eserler meydana getirilmiş ve İstanbul'un mezarlıklarında her biri bir sanat şaheseri durumunda şâhideler şehrin dört bir yanına yayılmıştır. İstanbul'da farklı semtlere dağılmış bulunan hattat mezar taşları da sanatkâr biyografileri açısından târihi bir değere sahip olmasının yanı sıra hat sanatının asırlar içindeki gelişim sürecini gözlemleyebilmek açısından da önemli birer kaynak durumundadır. Bazı mezar taşları günümüze sağlıklı ulaşabilmişken bazıları da zamanın yıpratıcılığına yenik düşmüş ve üzücü bir şekilde görünür ve ulaşılabilir olmaktan çıkmıştır. İstanbul'da hattat mezar taşlarının konu alındığı bu çalışmada şâhidelerin (kitâbeli taşların) yerleri tespit edilerek fotoğraflanmış, konumu alınmış, kitâbeleri okunmuş, yer yer kalıbı alınmış, bazıları da estetik açıdan değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu sayede hattat mezar taşlarının günümüzdeki durumunu pek çok açıdan belgelemek ve bir nebze de olsa hat sanatkârlarına vefâ borcumuzun gereğini yerine getirmek amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Hat Sanatı, Hattat, Mezarlık, Mezar Taşı, DefinThe tradition of placing identifying markers on graves—continuing from the post-pre-Islamic Turkish periods—evolved into a distinct domain of art and cultural expression within Ottoman Turkish civilization. In this context, gravestones stand as important cultural artifacts, not only conveying the artistic and civilizational sensibilities of the past through their inscriptions, decorative elements, and stone craftsmanship, but also serving as invaluable historical documents. Despite their historical significance, many cemeteries have not been preserved over time. Due to various factors—most notably urban redevelopment—some were even eradicated entirely. Gravestones illuminate earlier centuries as primary historical sources, while also embodying significant elements of cultural heritage. The gravestones found in the courtyards and cemeteries (hazîres) of Ottoman-era mosques—with their distinctive headgear, calligraphy, and ornamental styles—resemble open-air museums, showcasing the artistic sophistication of their time. Following the conquest of Istanbul, Ottoman calligraphy—shaped by the Empire's broader aesthetic, intellectual, and cultural values—entered a period of remarkable flourishing. Alongside the development of manuscript arts, exceptional calligraphic works adorned architectural structures, and gravestones—each a singular work of art—were disseminated across the city's many cemeteries. These gravestones of calligraphers, dispersed throughout different neighborhoods in Istanbul, not only provide invaluable biographical insights into the lives of these artists, but also offer a unique lens through which to trace the stylistic evolution of Islamic calligraphy over the centuries. While some gravestones have survived in relatively good condition, others have tragically deteriorated due to the ravages of time and are no longer visible or accessible. This study focuses on the gravestones of calligraphers in Istanbul. Each inscribed stone (sh?hida) was located, photographed, geo-referenced, its inscription deciphered, and in some cases molded. Select examples were also examined from an aesthetic perspective. By doing so, this project aims to document the current condition of these gravestones in a comprehensive manner and, in a modest way, to fulfill a debt of gratitude owed to the masters of the calligraphic tradition. Keywords: Calligraphy, Calligrapher, Cemetery, Gravestone, Buria
Kur'an-ı Kerim'de Zâid harfler ve manayı ifade etmedeki etkisi
No full textBu çalışma, Arap dilinde i'rab açısından zorunluluk ifade etmeyen ancak anlam, vurgu, ahenk, tekid ve belagat bakımından önemli işlevler üstlenen "مِنْ، البَاء، لَا، مَا، إِنْ، أَنْ، الفَاء، الوَاو، اَل التعريف، الكَاف، رُبَّ، إِذْ، هَاءُ السكت" gibi zâid harfleri, özellikle Kur'ân-ı Kerîm'de nahiv (sentaks) ve belagat (retorik) yönleriyle incelemeyip manayı ifade etmedeki etkilerini hedeflemektedir. Tezin birinci bölümünde zâid kavramı tanımlanmış; zâid, aslî ve şibh-i zâid harfler arasındaki farklar açıklanmış; zâidliğin tespitine ilişkin ölçütler temelinde ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada, zâid harflerin bulunduğu ve bulunmadığı yerleri ortaya koymak amacıyla, bağlam açısından benzer âyetler arasında karşılaştırmalar yapılmış; farklı kıraatlerin bu harflerin varlığı veya yokluğu üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiş ve konuyla ilgili eski dil âlimlerinin görüşleri karşılaştırmalı bir yöntemle analiz edilerek, meselenin nahiv ve belâgat boyutları ortaya konmuştur. Bu çalışmanın özgün katkılarından biri, Kur'ân-ı Kerîm'de yer alan zâid harfleri içeren ayetleri sistematik bir biçimde listeleyen istatistiksel bir tablo sunmasıdır. Söz konusu tabloda, her bir harfin geçtiği ayet; sûre ismi, sûre numarası, ayet numarası ve harfin yer aldığı kelimeyle birlikte ayrıntılı olarak belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ele alınan konunun kapsamı; "ziyâde" kavramının tanımlanması, ziyâde olarak kullanılan lafızların belirlenmesi ve bu lafızların zâid kabul edilip edilmemesi hususunda müfessirler ile nahiv ve belagat âlimleri arasındaki görüş ayrılıklarının ortaya konulmasıyla başlamaktadır. Zâid unsurların kullanım şartları, kullanılma gerekçeleri ve bunların sıla, lağv, ilhak ve ıvaz gibi benzer anlam taşıyan terimlerle ilişkileri açıklığa kavuşturulmuştur. Sarf ilmi kapsamının dışında kalan zâid harf ve edatlar, nahiv ve belagat ilimleri açısından değerlendirilerek, bu harflerin cümle içerisindeki fâil, mübteda, mef'ûl ve diğer konumlarda hangi anlamları kazandırdığı ayrıntılı biçimde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, zâid harflerin kıyâsî (kurallı) ve semâî (kuralsız) oluşları ile Kur'ân-ı Kerîm'de zâidlik olgusu üzerine yapılan tartışmalar ele alınmış; örneklerle birlikte Kur'ân'da zâid olarak yer alan harf ve edatlar sistematik şekilde açıklanmıştır. Ziyâde lafzın cümle içerisindeki varlığı ile yokluğu arasında meydana gelen anlam farklılıkları ortaya konularak, konuya ilişkin temel kavram tanımları yapılmıştır.This study examines z?'id (extra) particles in the Arabic language from both syntactic and rhetorical perspectives, with particular emphasis on their use in the Qur'?n. These particles—such as min, al-b??, l?, m?, in, an, al-f??, al-w?w, al-ta?r?f (the definite article), al-k?f, rubba, idh, and h?? al-sakt—do not affect grammatical case (i?r?b), yet they play a critical role in conveying meaning, emphasis, rhythm, and eloquence. The first chapter defines the concept of z?'id, distinguishes it from original and quasi-extra particles, and elaborates on the criteria used to identify such particles, particularly emphasizing the importance of contextual analysis. Through comparative analyses of Qur'?nic verses with similar contexts, the study identifies where these particles appear or are absent and investigates the influence of variant readings (qir???t) on their usage. It also presents and contrasts the views of classical Arabic linguists, adopting a comparative approach to highlight the syntactic and rhetorical implications of these particles. A distinctive contribution of this research is its inclusion of a comprehensive statistical table that systematically lists all Qur'?nic verses containing extra particles. For each instance, the table provides the name and number of the s?rah, the verse number, and the specific word in which the particle appears, offering detailed and precise documentation. The scope of the study encompasses the definition of ziy?dah (addition), the identification of expressions used as additions, and the scholarly disagreements among exegetes, grammarians, and rhetoricians regarding whether such expressions should be considered extra. It clarifies the conditions and motivations for using these particles and explains their connections to semantically related concepts such as ?ilah (connection), laghw (redundancy), ilh?q (affixation), and ?iwa? (compensation). The research examines extra elements excluded from morphological study (?arf), focusing instead on their syntactic functions and rhetorical effects within sentences—particularly in positions such as subject, predicate, and object. Furthermore, the study differentiates between regular (qiy?s?) and irregular (sam???) usages of these particles and addresses ongoing scholarly debates regarding the phenomenon of addition in the Qur'?n. It concludes by highlighting the semantic differences that arise from the presence or absence of these particles in a sentence, thereby offering a clearer understanding of their functional and rhetorical value
Development of a Biofunctional Conductive Neural Scaffold Based on Chitosan, Polycaprolactone, Carvacrol and Polyaniline
No full textDamage in neural tissues poses a significant challenge in regenerative medicine, requiring scaffolds
that support both biological and electrical functions. Conductive biomaterials offer promising
solutions by promoting neural repair and integration. However, the development of multifunctional
scaffolds that simultaneously provide electrical conductivity, antioxidant activity, mechanical
strength, and biocompatibility remains limited. This study aims to develop and characterize a
biofunctional conductive neural tissue scaffold. The incorporation of polyaniline (PANI) enhanced
electrical conductivity, while the addition of carvacrol (CRV) improved antioxidant activity and
biological function but slightly reduced conductivity in the layered structure. In the second-layer
scaffold model, cell viability reached 140% thanks to carvacrol. The electrical conductivity of the
chitosan/polyaniline film was measured as 1.429 x10−2 S/m using the four-point probe method. A
second layer of polycaprolactone/carvacrol was formed onto the chitosan/polyaniline conductive
film using electrospinning, and the conductivity was measured as 1.052 x10−3 S/m. The values
obtained for both conductive scaffolds have been shown to provide good electrical conductivity in
conductive tissue scaffolds used in neural tissue engineering studies. Polycaprolactone (PCL)
contributed to mechanical strength, and chitosan (CHI) improved biocompatibility. The combination
of these components resulted in a scaffold with suitable properties for neural tissue repair,
particularly under neurodegenerative conditions
Hanafi scholars until the sixth century of hijri and their contributions to hadith literatüre
No full textHanefî mezhebi, İslâm dünyasında geniş bir kabul görmüş ve dört büyük Sünnî mezhepten biri olarak tarihsel sürecini devam ettiren önemli bir fıkıh ekolüdür. Mezhebi sistematik bir yapıya kavuşturan İmam Ebû Hanîfe, hicrî II. asırda fıkıh alanında geliştirdiği yöntem ve görüşlerle önemli bir etki oluşturmuş, mezhebi zamanla İslâm dünyasında benimsenmiştir. Ancak, Hanefî mezhebi, hadisle ilgili yaklaşımı ve uygulamaları sebebiyle eleştirilere maruz kalmıştır. Özellikle ehl-i hadis anlayışının önde gelen temsilcileri tarafından, Hanefîler hadis ilminden uzak durmakla suçlanmış ve bu durum, mezhebin hadis ilmiyle olan ilişkisini zayıf bir noktada konumlandırmıştır. Oysa tarihsel süreç incelendiğinde, Hanefîlerin hadis ilmine dair önemli katkılarda bulunduğu ve bu alandan tamamen soyutlanmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Hanefîlerin, hicrî VI. ve VII. asırlardan sonra hadis ilmine olan ilgilerinin arttığına dair görüşün aksine, onların hadis rivayeti, tedrisatı ve tasnif faaliyetlerine erken dönemde de önemli katkılar sunduklarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamakta ve özellikle Hanefîlerin hicrî VI. asra kadar hadis ilminde oynadıkları rolü incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu bağlamda, elinizdeki çalışma vesilesiyle, Hanefîlerin hadis ilmiyle kurdukları güçlü ilişkileri, Hanefîlerin hadis ilminden bağımsız bir gelenek oluşturmadıkları, aksine bu ilimle sıkı bir bağ kurdukları, araştırmacılara sunulmuş olacaktır. Sonuç olarak, bu tez, Hanefî mezhebi hakkında mevcut algıların yeniden değerlendirilmesine katkı sağlamayı hedeflemekte ve onların hadisle ilişkisini doğru bir şekilde anlamamıza dair daha doğru bir perspektif kazanmamıza imkân sağlayacaktır.The Hanafi school of jurisprudence is an important school of jurisprudence that has gained wide acceptance in the Islamic world and continues its historical process as one of the four major Sunni schools of thought. Imam Abu Hanifa, who brought the school of thought to a systematic structure, had a significant impact with the methods and views she developed in the field of jurisprudence in the 2nd century of the Hijra, and her school of thought was gradually adopted throughout the Islamic world. However, the Hanafi school has been subject to criticism due to its approach and practices regarding hadith. Especially by the leading representatives of the Ahl al- Hadith school, the Hanafis were accused of staying away from the science of hadith, and this situation placed the school's relationship with the science of hadith at a weak point. However, when the historical process is examined, it is understood that the Hanafis made important contributions to the science of hadith and did not completely isolate themselves from this field. This study aims to reveal that, contrary to the view that the Hanafis' interest in hadith science increased after the 6th and 7th centuries of the Hijra, they made significant contributions to hadith narration, teaching and classification activities in the early period, and aims to examine the role played by the Hanafis in hadith science, especially in the first five centuries. In this context, through this study, the strong relationship that the Hanafis have established with the science of hadith will be presented to researchers, and the fact that the Hanafis did not create a tradition independent of the science of hadith, but on the contrary, they established a close bond with this science. In conclusion, this thesis aims to contribute to the re-evaluation of vcurrent perceptions about the Hanafi school and will enable us to gain a more accurate perspective on understanding their relationship with hadith
A Multi‑Objective Metaheuristic Method for Node Placement in Dynamic LoT Environments
No full textThis study introduces an optimal Node Placement based on Enhanced Sand Cat Swarm Optimization (NP-ESCSO) algorithm, a novel metaheuristic approach for solving the node placement problem in dynamic IoT environments. By integrating a Tent chaotic map and a hybrid motion strategy, the algorithm achieves a robust balance between exploration and
exploitation, ensuring superior performance in obstacle-rich environments. A newly developed multi-objective ftness
function optimizes critical metrics such as coverage, energy efciency, connectivity, and redundancy. The proposed
method highlights its potential for scalable and cost-efective IoT network deployment, particularly in environments with
complex obstacles. Furthermore, the algorithm exhibits faster convergence and superior adaptability, making it suitable
for real-world applications. NP-ESCSO not only optimizes IoT systems efciently but also ofers signifcant advancements
in reducing computational overhead, improving scalability, and ensuring dynamic adaptability. Simulations conducted
on real-world maps demonstrate that NP-ESCSO achieves a coverage rate of 92.44%, an energy efciency of 48.69%, and
a redundancy value of 2.096, signifcantly outperforming baseline methods. Compared to existing algorithms, NP-ESCSO
improves ftness values by up to 14% and other key performance indicators by 45%
Functional Bacterial Cellulose-Based MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Electronic-Skin Patch for Accelerated Healing and Monitoring
Get PDFObjective: This study aims to develop and characterize electroactive hydrogels based on reduced
bacterial cellulose (BC) and Ti3C2Tx-MXene for their potential application in wound healing and real-time
monitoring. Impact Statement: The integration of Ti3C2Tx-MXene into BC matrices represents a novel
approach to creating multifunctional hydrogels that combine biocompatibility, electrical conductivity,
and mechanical durability. These properties make the hydrogels promising candidates for advanced
wound care and real-time monitoring applications. Introduction: Wound healing requires materials that
support cell growth, promote tissue regeneration, and enable real-time monitoring. MXenes, a class of
2-dimensional materials, offer unique electrical and mechanical properties, making them suitable for
biomedical applications. This study explores the integration of Ti3C2Tx-MXene with BC, a biopolymer known
for its excellent biocompatibility and mechanical strength, to create electroactive composite hydrogel films
for advanced wound care. Methods: Ti3C2Tx-MXene was synthesized by etching Ti3AlC2 with hydrofluoric
acid and integrated into BC pellicles produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinum. The composite hydrogel
films underwent characterization through x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine
structural, chemical, and thermal properties. Mechanical testing assessed tensile and compressive
strengths. Biological assessments, including cell viability, hemolysis rate, and protein expression, evaluated
biocompatibility and regenerative potential. Results: XRD confirmed the crystallographic structure of
MXene and BC composite film. XPS and FTIR validated the successful incorporation of MXene into the
film matrix. Composite hydrogel films demonstrated a tensile strength of 3.5 MPa and a compressive
strength of 4.2 MPa. TGA showed stability up to 350 °C, and the electrical conductivity reached 9.14 ×
10−4 S/m, enabling real-time monitoring capabilities. Cell viability exceeded 95%, with a hemolysis rate
below 2%. Protein expression studies revealed the ability to promote skin regeneration through collagen I,
K10, K5, and filaggrin expression. Conclusion: The BC/MXene composite hydrogel films exhibit important
potential as electronic-skin patches for accelerating wound healing and enabling real-time monitoring.
Their unique combination of mechanical durability, electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility highlights
their promise for advanced wound care applications