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Cost- Reducing Investment and Market- Based Transfer Pricing : The Impact of Duopoly Competition in an Upstream Market
Get PDFAssuming that the upstream division faces duopoly competition in the
intermediate goods market, this study analyzes the level of the marketbased
transfer price when the upstream division invests to reduce its own
marginal cost. Although the case of no competition in the intermediate
goods market has been analyzed in previous studies, the market- based
transfer price is affected by the market price set by the upstream division.
Therefore, in this study, we analyze whether the results of the previous
studies hold even if we assume competition in the market for intermediate
goods. The results of the analysis show that the market- based transfer
price is lower than the marginal cost.departmental bulletin pape
The Development of Marxian Economics in China : with a Focus on the Social Reproduction Theory
Get PDFThis paper summarizes the development of Marxian economics,
specifically the development of the social reproduction theory, in China.
Firstly, the paper provides a brief overview of the development of Marxian
economics and the eight schools of Marxian economics spawned in china.
Then, some representative research related to the social reproduction
theory will be outlined from a theoretical and empirical study perspective,
respectively. The research suggests that both theoretical and empirical
studies related to the social reproduction theory are immature. Moreover,
the problem, such as the inability to correspond to the actual economy,
exists. In this instance, a hybrid model that combines the strengths of the
social reproduction theory and neoclassical optimal growth model, the
Marxian optimal growth model, has attracted much attention in recent
years and is thought to provide an orientation for Chinese Marxian
economists.departmental bulletin pape
ヘーゲルにおける＜私人＞論の転換 : 『精神現象学』における個体Individuumと個別者Einzelne
Get PDFModern social theory, from Hobbes to Simith, is based on the concept of
“private man. ”According to Hegel, private man appears after the decline of
communities. It refers to the atomistic type of human being in modern
society.
From the point of view of young Hegel, private man lost the totality, but
he also recognizes the value of private man in history in a definite sense.
Then, he establishes the schema, that is to say, community-society-high
level of community. Correspondingly, human beings move from Individuum
via Einzelne to a high level of Individuum.
Hegel examines the experimental thoughts about dialectics in the Jenaer
period (1801-1807). Through works preceding The Phenomenology of Spirit,
including The Spirit of Christianity and its Fate, The Difference between
Fichte’s and Schelling’s Systems of Philosophy, The Critics of Modern
Natural Law, and Jenaer Real Philosophy, he analyzes the self-formation
from Einzelne to general Individuum, which is the main purpose of
phenomenology.
I examine that Hegel adds the concept of private man to the context of
dialectics between Individuum and Einzelne. He establishes the base for
the dialectics Allgemeinheit-Besonderheit-Einzelheit.
However, he identifies Einzelheit with Individualität at the end, on the
same condition of private property, regardless of categorical distinction of
the two. This brings about the criticisms of Kierkegaad and Marx.departmental bulletin pape
Remedies by the Government and Calming of Oscillation in the Markets（Ⅳ）
Get PDFThere were the last crises of stock and commodity markets immediatory
after the Taisho Bubble burst in the middle of June 1920. But they were
not explicit but implicit ones. Markets recovered since for a while.
In the special Diet in June and July Kenseikai, the opposition party,
criticized the economic policies of the Hara cabinet. Kenseikai claimed that
the economic policies of Seiyukai got rid of the bubble and the inflation that
made the landowners richer. They were supporters of Seiyukai so that
such economic policies had a political aim. Responding these attacks,
Korekiyo Takahashi, the Minister of Finance said that the economic
conditions would be worse if he took of economic policies of Kenseikai.
It is very difficult to discern bubbles in advance. So that it is also difficult
to prevent bubbles. The best way to deal bubbles is damage-control of
economic oscillation bubbles brought. But the party system of the Taisho
and the early Showa era failed to control the oscillation of bubbles. And
that led to the end of the party politics in the prewar Showa era.departmental bulletin pape
Marathon Petroleumʼs Founding Period : Since the Foundation of Ohio Oil until Renamed to Marathon Oil
Get PDFdepartmental bulletin pape
Remedies by the Government and Calming of Oscillation in the Markets（Ⅲ）
Get PDFAt the crises of the stock and commodity martkets, the media disputed
about the economic policies. Among them some denied the economy went
to despression.
On the other hand, stockdealers tried to establish a company which
bought the unsold stocks through the money lended by central bank. As
the stock prices recovered, this plan was no more necessary. And at the
end of July, clearing the future deals was completed without futher
borrowing from the BOJ.
As the policy to remedy the economy, the BOJ made a scheme of
increasing lending of Nihon Kogyo Ginko (the Industrial Bank of Japan) to
commercial banks through mortgage of immobility. The BOJ supplied the
liquidities to troubled industry but re-collected them quickly, so it has
temporary effects.
The lending of the BOJ and money supply decreased at the same time
by the collecting loans and trade deficits. As with the panic calminated, the
financial market was eased. The call rates were lowered.
In July the economy passed through the panic phase. But economic
stagnation continued for twelve years until Takahashi took pre-Keynesian
policies in 1932.departmental bulletin pape
Niirada Branch, Oku High School, under the Leprosy Prevention Law : the Film ‘Listen to the Bell Ringing’
Get PDFAfter a struggle against revising the Leprosy Prevention Law（らい予防
法）of 1953, a high school for young patients was founded at Aiseien Sanatorium, Nagashima Island, Setouchi City, Okayama Prefecture in September,
1955. The school was named Niirada Branch, Oku High School（邑久高校
新良田教室）. It was officially managed by the Okayama educational authorities, staffed by the local teachers, and financially supported by the Japanese
Government.
Students from all over Japan entered the school, boarding at Aiseien, and
attending classes four periods a day for four years. Each class had up to 30
students, with enrollment steadily declining. The high school branch closed
in March, 1987, with a total of 307 graduates over 32 years. Now there remains a school monument at the site.
Because the Leprosy Prevention Law regarded Hansen’s disease patients
as the source of a ‘terrible infectious disease’, sanatorium authorities disinfected the patients’ body and personal effects on their arrival at the lonesome
island colony. The law enforced its isolation policy not only by sending them
to the remote sanatorium but also by discriminating against them within the
premises, dividing the patient quarter from the non-patient quarter. The high
school classrooms were in the patient quarter.
Most school teachers actually had a strong prejudice and discriminated
against the patient students. Being afraid of Hansen’s disease infection, the
teachers wore ‘prevention gowns’ to go to the classrooms. They taught their subjects always on the platform without coming down to the student level.
There was clearly physical and psychological distance between teachers and
students.
On the other hand, the patient students were not allowed to enter the
teachers’ room in the non-patient quarter. In order to meet an individual
teacher, a student had to ring the bell at the entrance several times like
Morse code. Then the teacher came out of their room to converse with the
student. This was thought to be a form of prejudice and discrimination
against such students. Thus they asked the head teacher to change the system. There were several debates between both camps. The bell system was
eventually abandoned in 1973 so that the students could enter the teachers’
space for consultation.
Based on the above story, a movie entitled ‘Listen to the Bell Ringing’
（「ベルの音が聞こえる」）was made by a group of Okayama citizens under
the direction of YAMAMOTO Mamoru（山本守）. They were all amateur actors who either auditioned or volunteered. After over a year of filming, they
completed the production, and began showing the movie in Setouchi City in
the winter of 2020. The film is now expected to be shown at several leprosy
sanatoria and educational institutions all over Japan so as to enlighten the
people about the basic human rights regarding prejudice and discrimination
against the Hansen’s disease patients and their families.departmental bulletin pape
A Study on the Conditions for Using the Desire Interrogative Sentence Using “-tai” in Japanese
Get PDFAs for “-tai”, which expresses a desire in Japanese, many descriptions have
been made regarding the conditions of use. One of them is that “the form
of the question” －tai desuka? “is rude when used for superiors and unfamiliar listeners.”（ex: “Teacher, do you want to eat ice cream?”）It has been said
that this is because the listener’s desire belongs to the “listener’s private
realm” and it is not allowed to step into it. On the other hand, in the form
of “-tai?” asking a close listener for a desire, the restriction on its use has not
been a problem in the past.
In this paper, I pointed out that there are cases that it may not be rude to
use “-tai desuka?” for superiors, and conversely, it becomes unnatural to use
“-tai?” even for close listeners. And, I have raised new conditions of use for
the desire interrogative sentences that use “-tai”. In this paper, it is called
“Genba-sei condition”. This condition is: there are the degree of strength in
the “listener’s private realm” to which the listener’s desires belong, and it
exists most strongly in the “Genba” of “real, now, this place”, and weakens
as it deviates from it. Therefore, the naturalness of the desire interrogative
sentence changes accordingly. As a result, when the “Genba-sei” is the
strongest（area A）, it is not allowed to ask the listener’s desire even if the
relationship is close, and, when it weakens slightly（Area B）, it becomes easier for others to enter in the “listener’s private realm”, and the person with
close relationships are allowed to ask the listener’s desires. When the
“Genba-sei” is further weakened（area C）, the restrictions are further relaxed, and for even superiors we can ask their desires.
The desire of Area A, which has the strongest “Genba-sei”, is the desire
for a specific real thing in front of us, which is in reality. The desires of Area
B, where “Genba-sei” is a little weak, are（1）when the object of the desire
is not in front of you, and（2）when the object of the desire is an interrogative word. The desires of Area C, where “Genba-sei” is even weaker, are considered to be（1）desires in imaginary stories and（2）desires in stories in
the distant future.
In this paper, we have verified the above and confirmed that the “Genbasei condition” is satisfied in the desire interrogative sentence. Furthermore,
it was mentioned that this “Genba-sei condition” is observed in the intention
interrogative sentence “-tsumori desuka?”, which has been thought that it
cannot be used for superiors because it belongs to the “listener’s private
realm” as well as “-tai”. And, I also touched on the possibility that the
“Genba-sei condition” in the “listener’s private realm” is not only a desire interrogative sentence but also a more widely observed one.departmental bulletin pape