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The Structure of Marxian Discrete-Time Models
Get PDFUntil now, previous studies of Marxian optimal growth theory have often used a
continuous time model. The reason for this is simply that the continuous-time model is
easier to calculate and handle. In essence, both are the same thing. In a previous study, it
was shown that if the interval between points in a discrete-time model is as close to zero
as possible, it is consistent with a continuous-time model.
However, I have recently realized that there are cases where discrete time is the only
way to go. In recent years, a new school of interpretation has emerged in Marxian value
theory, especially in Europe and the United States. In particular, TSSI（ Temporally Single
System Interpretation）, which assumes that prices change between the input and output
stages of reproduction, considers the input stage as the cost price and the output stage
as the production price. They argue that if the profit rate is measured by book value,
Okishio’s Theorem, which states that the profit rate increases with the adoption of new
technology, does not hold, and the profit rate must always decrease. In order to examine
this TSSI in the framework of Marxian optimal growth theory, we must use a discretetime
model that takes one period, rather than a continuous-time model in which inputoutput
always takes place at one instant in time.
Although previous studies have generally dealt with discrete-time models, they have
been social planner models and not decentralized economy models. Therefore, this paper
deals with the decentralized economy model.departmental bulletin pape
Research on the Nature of Farmer-Oriented Tourism Development in Rural China : Focusing on the Results of a Survey of Farmers in Yulin City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Get PDFIn recent years, rural tourism has been emphasized as a part of rural
development in China.
However, it is true that rural tourism in China has achieved rapid
development and is making a great contribution to the development of
China’s rural economy, but the economic rights of local farmers are often
threatened, and the rapid increase in the number of tourists has caused
deepening local environmental pollution. In particular, many farmers have
lost their right to use their farmland due to development, resulting in a
rapid increase in the number of farmers suffering from low income. As a
result, the incomes and livelihoods of local farmers remain as low as ever,
and the challenges of securing profits for the farmers themselves and
distributing the profits from tourism have deepened.
This paper examines, based on a field survey, the issues of farmers’
occupation, guaranteeing the rights of farmers who lost their farmland due
to development, and profit sharing of tourism revenue in Yulin City,
Guangxi, China, which has been rapidly transformed into a tourist
destination in recent years.
In conclusion, it is argued that the will of the local farmers and the
guarantee of their economic interests are important in rural tourism in
China.departmental bulletin pape
Challenges of Employment Security Policies for Displaced Farmers in China : A Case Study of the “Retired Fishermen” in the South China Lake Nature Reserve in Shandong Province
Get PDFSince the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in 1978,
with the rapid development of infrastructure construction and urbanization
in China, the number of farmers from rural areas moving into cities has
been increasing, but at the same time, the population of “landless farmers,”
who have lost the right to cultivate their farmland due to expropriation for
public development, has also been increasing rapidly. According to previous
studies, the number of displaced farmers has exceeded 80 million, and it is
estimated that the total number of displaced farmers in China will exceed
100 million by 2030.
However, due to various reasons, such as delays in the implementation of
compensation policies, there are many displaced farmers who have lost
their farmland and jobs, but are also without social security, and their
livelihoods are currently threatened.
This paper examines the current status and challenges of re-employment
policies based on the results of a questionnaire survey of local farmers.departmental bulletin pape
Analysis of the Product Strategies of Japanese Food Companies in the Chinese Market : Focusing on the Case of Japanese Company H
Get PDFIn this paper, I have described the development of Company H’s product
strategy in the Chinese market, which was established in roughly three
stages. In the first stage, the company confirmed that there was a certain
level of product demand in the Chinese market through antenna stores and
thorough tasting and development. Next, in the second stage, by promoting
the localization strategy in product development, we have improved the
satisfaction level of local consumers and achieved sales expansion by
promoting further adjustments. By juxtaposing this localization strategy
with the promotion strategy, the company has promoted the recognition of
Japanese style curry among Chinese consumers. Finally, we believe that
the current third staircase aims to further expand sales in the market by
diversifying the product through various adjustments.
With the progress of these efforts, Company H has achieved some
success.departmental bulletin pape
Addressing Knowledge Work and Emotion Work in Interpersonal Service Workers: How it Affects Job Performance, Satisfaction and Psychological Burden
Get PDFThis study focuses on knowledge work and emotion work, and explores
the changes in work and its significance in the future society. This paper
focuses on interpersonal service workers, who perform both of these two
types of work, and analyzes the characteristics of the two types of work
and how they affect job performance, satisfaction, and psychological burden
through an interview survey.
As specific research subjects, we will take up university career advisors
and certified social insurance and labor consultants. First of all, as a
characteristic of knowledge work, what the two occupations have in
common is that it is important to understand the needs of service users
and to provide knowledge and information tailored to them. In addition, the
freshness and breadth of corporate information is important for career
advisors. In contrast, for certified social insurance and labor consultants
solid expertise is important for winning confidence of clients.
As for the characteristics of emotion work, what the two occupations
have in common is that they engage in emotion work dealing not only with
a single service user but also with multiple people, including the people
concerned. On the other hand, certified social insurance and labor
consultants need a high level of emotion work to sometimes admonish and
guide their clients in order for them to develop compliance awareness.
In both occupations, emotion work had a significant impact on the
success or failure of the work, satisfaction, and psychological burden. This
was especially evident in university career advisors. In the case of certified social insurance and labor consultants, there seemed to be a synergistic
effect of emotion work and knowledge work on job performance.departmental bulletin pape
A Classification of Grammar Instruction
Get PDFLinguistic knowledge can be categorized into implicit knowledge and
explicit knowledge. To explain the relationship between implicit knowledge
and explicit knowledge, there are three different positions: （1） the
non-interface position, in which explicit knowledge cannot directly transform
into implicit knowledge, （2） the strong interface position, in which
explicit knowledge can transform into implicit knowledge through practice,
and （3） the weak interface position, which sees explicit knowledge
as contributing indirectly to the acquisition of implicit knowledge by
assisting in the noticing of gaps and insufficiencies in the learner’s knowledge.
In this article, I will attempt to make a classification of grammar
instruction from the position of the weak interface.
Grammar teaching, or Form-focused instruction （FFI）, can be classified
into three types: Focus on Form （FonF） vs. Focus on Forms
（FonFs）, implicit instruction vs. explicit instruction, and methodological
options regarding approaches to implementing the techniques and procedures
involved.
FonF instruction is an approach that involves an attempt to induce
incidental learning through instruction by drawing learners’ attention to
linguistic forms while they are communicating. FonF contrasts with Fon-
Fs, which involves intentional learning on the part of the learners, and
the primary goal of which is to help learners to master grammatical features
listed in the structural syllabus, and the primary focus of attention
is code as opposed to message.
As for the second type of classification, it is possible to make a distinction
between implicit instruction and explicit instruction. The key difference
lies in whether the instruction attracts or directs attention to form.
Implicit instruction attracts learners’ attention to examples of linguistic
forms with the aim being the inferring of rules without conscious awareness
on the part of the learners. On the other hand, explicit instruction
directs learners to attend to grammatical forms and develop metalinguistic
awareness of their rules and constructions.
As both FonF vs. FonFs and implicit vs. explicit instruction distinctions
are of theoretical interest and abstract, they are not adequate
as a basis for classifying FFI at the classroom level. The final type of
classification, which appears to be more concrete than the others, is a
methodological option-based framework, in which FFI can be divided
into proactive FFI and reactive FFI. Proactive FFI can further be categorized
into consciousness-raising tasks which are directed at developing
learners’ explicit knowledge, and input-based and output-based language
processing which have the aim of fostering implicit knowledge. It should
be noted, as the weak interface position claims, that explicit knowledge
can perform the function of working as monitor at all the stages from input
through output during language learning processes.departmental bulletin pape
Challenges of Employment Security Policy for Coal Miners in China : A Case Study of “Unemployed Mine Workers” in the Nan Si Hu Lake Provincial Nature Reserve in Shandong Province
Get PDFIn 1982, the Nan Si Hu Lake Provincial-level Nature Reserve became the
first nature reserve in Shandong Province, and the protection of the natural
environment was promoted in earnest. In addition to agriculture, forestry,
and fisheries, coal mining activities have been carried out in the area for a
long time, and coal mining operations have continued under the bed of
South Fourth Lake. However, due to inadequate environmental protection
policies and overexploitation during coal mining, part of the lakebed of
South Fourth Lake, which covers an area of 19.7 square kilometers,
collapsed, causing serious damage. In response to this situation, the
Shandong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC)
and the provincial government decided to withdraw coal mining rights
(stop mining) in the South Fourth Lake Provincial Nature Reserve.
However, the closure of the coal mines will create a problem of reemployment for about 20,000 people. In this paper, the coal miners who
were forced to re-enter the workforce are used as research subjects, and
the results of a questionnaire survey are used to clarify the status of this
problem and the issues that need to be addressed.departmental bulletin pape
A Socio-Cultural Theory of Inclusive Neoliberalism
Get PDFF. A. Hayek (1899-1992) was one of the most sophisticated thinker of
contemporary neoliberalism. His main work is The Constitution of Liberty,
1960. This is a detailed development and redescription of the principles of
liberalism of The Road to Serfdom, 1944.
If we call contemporary neoliberalism the dominant culture and, on the
other hand, the culture of social solidarity the social culture, can we not
draw the latter intrinsically from the former?
For this purpose I have considered the section ʻEmployment and
Independenceʼ in Part 1, Chapter 8 of The Constitution of Liberty.
According to him, the modern era is not the era of the ʻindependentsʼ,
characterised by private property based on oneʼs labour. It is an era in
which the majority of us work as employees. Independents command, and
employed people act ʻon the basis of commands given to them by othersʼ.
What, then, does it mean that such a society means freedom for the
employed?
Hayek lumps together fascism, socialism and the welfare state as
ʻcollectivismʼ, all of which will sooner or later destroy the ʻfree societyʼ.
Indeed, fascism and Soviet socialism collapsed due to a lack of freedom.
What about the welfare state? However problematic the welfare state of
the past may have been, the free society he relied on is the backdrop to
the neoliberalism of the 21 st century, which has brought “war,
environmental destruction and economic inequality” (Kojin Karatani).
Neoliberalism remains unable to solve them.
In view of this diagnosis, the freedom Hayek celebrated was freedom
from coercion, especially from the arbitrary coercion of the state. This is the freedom of the separated Einzelne, which ultimately means the
freedom of the private person. Moreover, since the private person is a
concept that includes both the independent person and the employee,
Hayekʼs principle of freedom not only results in the freedom of the private
person alienated from the community, but also has as its essential condition
the loss of the right of the employee to dispose of his or her work.
Neoliberalism cannot claim universal freedom for all as long as it is based
on an asymmetrical theory of freedom between the independent and the
employee.
From this perspective, I conclude that the freedom of the employee lies
in the restoration of the ʻdispossition of workʼ and that, for the time being,
the welfare state is the will of social rights to ʻdictate to those who dictateʼ.
The social culture can only be a new culture that embraces neoliberalism.departmental bulletin pape
Sake Transportation in Interwar Japan : An Examination of Railway and Shipping Statistic
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the evolution of sake
transportation means and the structure of the sake transportation of Japan
during the interwar period (late 1910 s-1930 s) on a nationwide scale. Sake
was widely produced throughout Japan, and some of it was transported
throughout the country via shipping and railroads. By analyzing data on
commodity distribution, such as shipping and railroad statistics, this paper
approaches as closely as possible the structure of sake transportation and
its changes throughout Japan.
In the interwar period, sake was produced and consumed nationwide as
a major luxury item. Sake production was mostly produced and consumed
in response to local demand, and much of the transportation remained
within the regionʼs limits. On the other hand, there were also large sake
brewing areas such as Nada and Fushimi, where high-quality sake called
were produced and transported for nationwide distribution. The Tokyo
market, despite its large population, had almost no sake brewing industry,
so a large amount of sake, mainly Nada and Fushimi sake, was imported
and consumed. Sake transportation during the interwar period was
centered on such routes from large production areas to large consumption
areas.
This paper clarifies two points. The first point is the shift in means of
transportation. In the early modern period, sake was mainly transported by
sea and sent from the Kinki region to Edo (now Tokyo). From the midMeiji period, freight transportation by rail increased and became an
important means of transportation along with coastal shipping. Previous
studies have suggested that the transportation of sake also shifted from coastal shipping to railroads, but they have not provided specific dates or
timing differences in the routes.
The second point is the connection of the production area and
consumption market. In previous studies, the relationship between
production and consumption areas has been captured through surveys of
sales channels of sake brewing associations and other organizations in the
production areas. In this paper, the relationship between production areas
and consumption markets is captured by an Origin and Destination (OD)
survey based on rail and marine freight statistics. This method makes it
possible to capture transportation on a national scale.departmental bulletin pape