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ST. ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY BULLETIN OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Get PDFGyoki （行基）, who was born in Izumi, currently a city in the southern part of Osaka
Prefecture in Japan, became a bonze at Yakushi-ji temple （薬師寺）. It was in this temple
that he studied and mastered Yuga-Yuishiki （瑜伽唯識）, the most highly developed
Buddhist philosophy - and the most arduous to learn. Not satisfied with himself as a
learning bonze in the closed monastery, however, he went out into the world to engage in
missionary work and to strive to participate in various social contributions honoring the
altruistic principle of Mahayana Buddhism. He gathered many devotional collaborators
around him. He constructed bridges over rivers and harbors, dug reservoirs and irrigation
canals, and built many lodging houses for poor travelers, some of which still exist as
Buddhist temples. Herein, we trace the remnants of the works of Gyoki, in particular those
located in Izumi, Osaka. The toponym of Fukai （深井） is supposed to have originated
from Akai （閼伽井） which was dug by Gyoki as an offering of sacred water （閼伽＝aqua）
to Buddha. Fukai still has Doto （土塔＝earth stupa）, which is covered with tiles and has
names of Gyoki’s followers engraved on its surfaces. Much attention and pondering should
be given to the fact that a half of those on the engraved list of follower names are womendepartmental bulletin pape
Relationship between the 3-Minute Burpee Test and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test
Get PDFMaximal oxygen uptake （Vʼ O2 max） and strength abilities are the basic components of
physical fitness that significantly contribute to health benefits. The validity of maximal
oxygen uptake values is of widespread importance in clinical, sports, and researchrelated contexts. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between a field test
（Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test） and the 3-Minute Burpee Test （3 MBT）, which has
already been validated. Results showed a relationship between the estimated formula
maximal oxygen uptake obtained from the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and the
number of burpee cycles （p<0.001）. 3 MBT is a field test that can be performed anytime
and anywhere there is space for plank and standing postures. Because it is very brief,
efficient, and uses muscle groups throughout the body, it is effective and potentially quite
useful as a new field testdepartmental bulletin pape
“Mystery” of the House of Councilors and Political Turmoil: Constitutional Issues Posed by the Reiwa Rotation
Get PDFWhat is the House of Councilors in Japan? Most Japanese people would promptly reply
that it is the “chamber of wisdom”. However, what does this “chamber of wisdom” mean?
Few are able to answer this question. In fact, the Reiwa Shinsengumi party’s announcement
of their Reiwa rotation system sparked a chaotic wave of legal and political commentaries,
both in favor and opposed. These discussions on the Reiwa rotation symbolically implied
that there were not the essential considerations of the House of Councilors in Japan.
This article provides an opportunity to consider the essential issues of the House of
Councilors and the bicameral system in Japan in the context of the Reiwa rotation. It
consists of three sections. The first section explains the constitutional issues inherent in
the Reiwa rotation. The second section explores the background of the constitutional issues
presented by this Reiwa rotation system. In a sense, this issue is obliging us to resolve
constitutional problems that we seem to have unconsciously neglected and left unaddressed.
Finally, the third section offers a response to the inquiry of how the House of Councilors
should be constitutionally positioned. Now is the time to delve into the mystery of the House
of Councilors through these discussionsdepartmental bulletin pape
New Food Safety System and Challenges for Agricultural and Food Enterprises : A Case Study of Company L in Shandong Province, China
Get PDFAs is well known, since the 2000 s, China has experienced a series of
serious food pollution incidents involving food safety, such as pesticide
residue problems and powdered milk containing melamine, which have
raised concern over agricultural and food product safety and food quality.
In recent years, in order to improve food safety issues, the Chinese
government has actively focused on enacting food safety laws and
regulations and improving inspection systems, while encouraging the
reorganization of farmers’ cooperatives, family farms, modern agricultural
parks, and enterprises as new players to develop modernized agriculture
with high production, quality, and efficiency. The transformation to efficient
large-scale agriculture is being promoted.
This paper focuses on Company L, located in Laiyang City, Shandong
Province. Focusing on a field survey of this Company L, we first identify a
series of various efforts by the company to ensure food safety, including
specific safety measures in production, processing, and marketing, the
establishment of a safety system, and the promotion and marketing of safe
food products.
Taken together, we will examine the problems that exist and the
remaining challenges in the development of environmentally friendly
agriculture.departmental bulletin pape
Challenges and Responses Faced by Japanese Auto Parts Suppliers Expanding into Vietnam : Focusing on the Case of Company M
Get PDFAs is well known, the post-war development of the Japanese economy
has led to significant growth, especially in the automobile industry.
However, the limited automobile Market in Japan became saturated at a
very early stage, and the rapid appreciation of the yen, which was
triggered by the Plaza Accord in 1985, caused Japan’s major industries,
especially the automobile industry, to expand their overseas investments.
Looking at the overseas expansion of Japanese companies (as a whole)
and the automobile industry, the overseas production ratio of Japanese
companies as a whole has been on an upward trend from 26.0% in 2002 to
33.9% in 2019, while the overseas production ratio of the automobile
industry has expanded significantly from 42.7% in 2002 to 66.5% in 2019.
The ratio of overseas production in the automobile industry has expanded
significantly from 42.7% in 2002 to 66.5% in 2019. In other words, for the
Japanese automobile industry, overseas markets already account for twothirds
of the total, which indicates that overseas expansion is that much
more important for this industry.
In this context, this paper studies the overseas expansion of a Japanese
auto parts manufacturer, especially Company M (headquartered in Osaka
City), which is actively engaged in China and Vietnam, as a case study, and
examines the challenges faced by Japanese auto parts manufacturers such
as Company M and their responses.departmental bulletin pape
The Study of New Accounting Standards Law 1986 in Recent German
Get PDFThis paper is based on “An Introduction to Accounting Standards Law,”
presented by Harmer, Stein and Ota at Japanese Chamber of commerce of
Düsseldorf in 1986. It was complemented by studying Financial Statements
Vol. 2 （Introduction to New Financial Standards ）by Adolf MOXTER,
published as the third comprehensive edition at Wiesbaden in 1986.
Moxter’s resources are eminent among Introductions of New Standards in
that he consistently pursues the meaning and purpose of law. For the
purpose of common business law among EU member nations, Germany
（West Germany）enacted the 4th, 7th and 8th EU Director Board Guide
Enforcement Law（Bilanzrichtlinien-Gesetz Accounting Standards Law）on
19 December 1986.
The writer was visiting professor at the University of Frankfurt am Main
around that time, being engaged in studying under Professor A. Moxter.
Thanks to this, I came across new research topics.
Based on EU Director Board Guidance, Germany had an obligatory to
change domestic regulation of individual and group account settlements for
capital company, and auditing right of auditor’s qualification who officially
checks books of account. For the enforcement of the EU Director Board
Guide, individual member nations are allowed of many selection rights,
being a‘relative’compromise. Germany totally systemized Its Accounting
Law by using this opportunity of domestic application. Expanded
regulations for capital company fundamentally centered around the
‘perfect public account rule’. The noticeable point is that Public Account Law is not applied to limited liability companies.
In order to understand New Germany Accounting Law, first of all, some
general accounting regulations are needed for the decision of final profit.
Despite of the selection of the part, this role is important. This is the
reason of the study below. Without recognition of the commercial meaning
and purpose of account settlement, it is difficult to explain faithful of public
notice.departmental bulletin pape
The Roles of Japan’s ODA in Relation to the Remarkable Changes in the Lao Economy
Get PDFThis paper examines the economy of Laos, located in the Mekong
subregion of the Indochina Peninsula, and Japan’s official development
assistance（ODA）to Laos. The country has experienced high economic
growth, with a GDP growth rate of 6-8% for nearly a quarter century since
the 1990s. However, this growth has also led to negative effects such as
income inequality and an increase in poverty. In response, the Lao
government has shifted its economic strategy to focus on stable and
sustainable growth, addressing economic and political issues and improving
living conditions for the people.
Japan has played a significant role in Lao’s economic growth through
infrastructure improvement, and as the largest donor to Laos since the
1990s, has also focused on social development, particularly in the areas of
education, health, and medical care. In conclusion, the author proposes that
the Japanese government should increase its ODA budget to Lao PDR at
least doubling it, to contribute to the development of industries more
positively with comparative advantages and to address economic
disparities.departmental bulletin pape