Journals of University of Babylon
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Effect of Different Types of Ketogenic Diet on Lipid Profile, Atherogenic Ratios, and Cardiac Histopathology in Male Albino Rats
No full textBackground and Objective: Dyslipidemia, characterized by abnormal levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Although the ketogenic diet (KD) is widely used as a very low-carbohydrate, high-fat therapeutic approach, its effects on lipid metabolism and cardiac health remain controversial. This study aimed to compare the impact of different types of ketogenic diets on serum lipid profile, atherogenic ratios, and cardiac histopathological changes in male albino rats.
Methods: Thirty-five male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups of seven: a control group, a high-fat ketogenic diet (70% coconut oil), a high-fat ketogenic diet (70% animal fat), a high-protein ketogenic diet (35% casein, 60% coconut oil), and a cyclical ketogenic diet (70% coconut oil). The dietary intervention lasted for 50 days. At the end of the intervention, serum lipid parameters (TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C) and lipid ratios (TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C) were measured. Also, histopathological examination of heart tissue was performed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. SPSS25 software was used for statistical analysis (p<0.05).
Results: High-fat and high-protein diets significantly increased TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL levels in rats, with the coconut oil ketogenic diet showing the most adverse changes. HDL-C levels showed no significant changes across groups. Lipid ratios indicating atherogenic risk were increased dramatically in the high-fat and high-protein groups. Histological examinations of the heart in the coconut oil group showed fat accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cardiomyocyte destruction, while these changes were less severe in the animal fat group and were rarely observed in the control group.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained, the effects of ketogenic diets are significantly influenced by the macronutrient composition, especially the fat source. High-fat diets, especially those enriched with coconut oil, have significant adverse effects on metabolic od lipids and cardiac tissue, while high-protein and periodic diets are considered comparatively safer, though further studies are needed to confirm their long-term effects. These findings highlight the importance of dietary fat composition when considering ketogenic diets for potential clinical use
Integrating Remote Sensing and Field Surveying Techniques for Assessing Social Sustainability: A Case Study of South Eastern Missan
No full textSocial sustainability plays a significant role in the entire sustainable framework. It can be described in a variety of ways, such as: The capacity of a city to continue to serve as a long-term viable environment for social interaction, communication, and cultural development. At the same time, it is an aspect of sustainability that is often overlooked. Where the focus is only on the economic and environmental aspects
Materials and Methods:
This study deals with social sustainability estimation using remote sensing and surveying techniques. The study focuses on Sheikh Fars area, which is in eastern Missan, because of the economic significant of the area. The research hypothesis assumes that Sheikh Fars city is a good social sustainability according to its significance.
Results:
The results of the questionnaire survey (direct process) were analyzed used collected data (face to face interview) for residents using Likert scale approach. The results indicated that the study area is classified a poorly social sustainable area. as well as its neighboring areas, as they have the same characteristics as the region.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study weakens the first hypothesis, indicating that the Sheikh Fars area is socially unsustainable regardless of its economic significance. The findings show a significant gap between economic and social performance. This emphasizes the importance of incorporating direct social assessments into sustainable development plans
School Leadership Styles and their Relationships to the Level of Teachers\u27 Performance in Public Primary Schools in Al-Musayyib City
No full textيهدف البحث معرفة (أنماط القيادة المدرسية وعلاقتها بمستوى أداء المعلمين والمعلمات في المدارس الابتدائية الحكومية في قضاء المسيب)، والتأكد من وجود علاقة ارتباطية بين أنماط القيادة المدرسية (النمط الديكتاتوري والنمط الديمقراطي والنمط الفوضوي) ومستوى أداء المعلمين والمعلمات، وكذلك التعرف على الفروق من ناحية الجنس لأنماط القيادة المدرسية وأداء المعلمين والمعلمات، اعتمد الباحث على المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، والدراسة على عينة اختيرت عشوائيأ ومكونة من(200) معلم ومعلمة في المدارس الابتدائية، وقد صمم الباحث بطاقة الملاحظة لمعرفة أنماط القيادة التربوية ومقياس لأداء المعلمين والمعلمات، وبعد الانتهاء من تطبيق الأداتين وجمع البيانات وتحليلها ومعالجتها إحصائيا، توصلت إلى النتائج وهي: هنالك علاقة ارتباطية (موجبة) بين نمط القيادة المدرسية الديمقراطية ومستوى أداء المعلمين والمعلمات، كما ان هنالك علاقة ارتباطية (عكسية) بين نمط القيادة المدرسية الديكتاتورية ومستوى أداء المعلمين والمعلمات، وعدم وجود علاقة ارتباطية بين نمط القيادة المدرسية الفوضوية ومستوى أداء المعلمين والمعلمات، وفي ضوء النتائج توصل الباحث إلى عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات.This research aims to identify school leadership styles and their relationship to teacher performance levels in public primary schools in Al-Musayyib city, It also seeks to confirm the existence of a correlation between school leadership styles (authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire) and teacher performance levels, as well as to identify gender differences in school leadership styles and teacher performance, The researcher employed a descriptive correlational approach, and the study was conducted on a randomly selected sample of 200 male and female teachers from primary schools, The researcher designed an observation card to identify educational leadership styles and a scale for teacher performance. After completing the application of the two tools, collecting, analyzing, and statistically processing the data, the results were obtained: There is a (positive) correlation between the democratic school leadership style and the level of teacher performance, and there is a (negative) correlation between the dictatorial school leadership style and the level of teacher performance. There is also no correlation between the chaotic school leadership style and the level of teacher performance. In light of the results, the researcher reached a number of recommendations and suggestions
Some Terms Used by Arab Historians from the Early Caliphate Era to the End of the Fatimid State in Egypt
No full textيهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة عدد من المصطلحات التي تناول دراستها المؤرخون العرب منذ بداية عصر الخلافة الراشدة إلى نهاية الدولة الفاطمية في مصر(11ه/632م- 567هـ/1171م). وقد تتبعنا الأصول اللغوية وتحول دلالاتها عبر الحقب التاريخية المختلفة وتأثير التغير السياسي والمذهبي والاجتماعي في تشكيل معانيها. اعتمد البحث على أبرز تلك المصطلحات التي استخدمها المؤرخون العرب في تدوين أهم الأحداث التاريخية مستخدمًا المنهج التاريخي التحليلي القائم على تتبع المصطلحات في المصادر القديمة والحديثة وتحليل تطورها الدلالي. وسلّط البحث الضوء على بعض المصطلحات، فهي كثيرة على مختلف العصور الإسلامية ولا يسعها بحث واحد.
أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن هذه اﻟﻣﺻطﻠحات لم تكن ثابتة المعنى بل مرت بتحولات تبعًا لاختلاف العصور وأن المؤرخين استخدموها بدقة ووعي، ما يعكس تطور الوعي الثقافي لدى المؤرخين. ووضحت الدراسة ظهور مصطلحات جديدة في العصرين العباسي والفاطمي لم تكن موجودة في السابق مما يدل على التفاعل المستمر بين اللغة والتاريخ.This research aims to study a number of terms that Arab historians have examined from the beginning of the early Caliphate to the end of the Fatimid state in Egypt (11 AH/632 CE - 567 AH/1171 CE). We traced their linguistic origins and the evolution of their meanings across different historical periods, as well as the influence of political, sectarian, and social changes on shaping their meanings. The research focused on the most prominent of these terms used by Arab historians in recording significant historical events, employing an analytical historical methodology based on tracing the terms in ancient and modern sources and analyzing their semantic development. The research highlighted only a few of these terms, as they are numerous across various Islamic periods and cannot be fully covered in a single study.
The study\u27s findings revealed that these terms did not have fixed meanings but rather underwent transformations according to the different eras, and that historians used them with precision and awareness, reflecting the development of their cultural consciousness. The study also demonstrated the emergence of new terms in the Abbasid and Fatimid periods that did not exist previously, indicating the continuous interaction between language and history
Superrealism in Contemporary Iraqi Art: Artist Sadiq Jaafar as a Model
No full textجاء البحث الموسوم "السوبريالية في الفن العراقي المعاصر: الفنان صادق جعفر أنموذجاً" دراسة علمية أكاديمية هدفها الكشف عن المعالجات والآليات الفنية للواقعية المفرطة واشتغالاتها التقنية والأبعاد المعرفية والمفاهيمية للسوبريالية في أعمال الفنان صادق جعفر أنموذجا للفن العراقي المعاصر، فتناول الفصل الأول المنهجية العلمية من مشكلة البحث التي تحددت بالسؤال هل جاءت الواقعية المفرطة في الفن العراقي المعاصر هضما للتجارب الجمالية والذائقة الجمالية بفكر ورؤية واقعية محلية بعيداً عن أي مؤثرات واتجاهات خارجية؟ وهل جاءت مهارة ومعالجات الفنان صادق جعفر ترتقي لإتقان وجودة وماهية الفن السوبريالي العالمي؟ ومن ثم ذكر الحدود الزمانية بالمعاصرة ببدء مسيرة الفنان حتى الآن والمكانية في بلده العراق، أما الفصل الثاني فتطرق إلى الإطار النظري ودراسة الأسس الفكرية والفلسفية والمفاهيمية والفنية للفن السوبريالي، وعمدت بالفصل الثالث لإجراءات البحث من مجتمعه المحدد بعشرين فنان عراقي واقعي إلى عينة البحث واختيار خمسة نماذج تنتمي للواقعية المفرطة أدراجتها ضمن جدول، ودراستها وتحليلها بأبعادها الفنية والتقنية والنفسية والمفاهيمية، ويعرض الفصل الرابع النتائج والاستنتاجات التي توصلت اعتماد الفنان استثمار الثنائيات التكوينية التي تدخل في بنية أعماله الفنية وإضافاته المفاهيمية التي جاءت بصمته السيميائية المتفردة إضافة إلى معالجاته الفنية عبر الألوان وقلم الفحم الأسود وتدرجاتهم والتباينات التي خلق بها تناغماً عالياً للوصول لأهدافه التي يريد تضمينها بما ينسجم ورؤيته المفاهيمية لتحقيق المعنى ضمن آلية توظيف العلامات المكونة للسطح التصويري والمتداخلة فيها المدارس والاتجاهات والأساليب لتنتج دلالات متعددة تفضي إلى قراءات تأويلية من شأنها تحقيق المعنى والارتقاء لمستوى خصائص وسمات الفن السوبريالي العالمي بهوية عراقية خالصة كذلك طرحت بعض التوصيات والمقترحات وأخيراً قائمة المصادر.The research entitled “Superrealism in Contemporary Iraqi Art –Artist Sadiq Jaafar as a Model” came as an academic scientific study aimed at revealing the artistic treatments and mechanisms of Superrealism and its technical operations and the cognitive and conceptual dimensions of surrealism in the works of artist Sadiq Jaafar as a model of contemporary Iraqi art. The first chapter dealt with the scientific methodology of the research problem, which was defined by the question: Did Superrealism in contemporary Iraqi art come as a digestion of aesthetic experiences and aesthetic taste with a local realistic thought and vision, far from any external influences and trends? Did the skill and treatments of the artist Sadiq Jaafar rise to the level of mastery, quality and essence of global surrealist art? Then, he mentioned the temporal boundaries of contemporaneity, with the beginning of the artist’s career until now, and the spatial boundaries in his country, Iraq. As for the second chapter, it addressed the theoretical framework and the study of the intellectual, philosophical, conceptual, and artistic foundations of Superrealism art. In the third chapter, I resorted to conducting research procedures from his community, which was defined as twenty realistic Iraqi artists, to the research sample and select five models belonging to hyperrealism, which were included in a table, in addition to studying and analyzing them in their artistic, technical, psychological, and conceptual dimensions. The fourth chapter came to present the results and conclusions that the artist relied on to invest in the compositional dualities that enter into the structure of his artistic works and his conceptual additions that came as his unique semiotic imprint, in addition to his artistic treatments through colors, black charcoal pencil, their gradations, and the contrasts through which he created a high harmony to reach his goals that he wanted to include in a way that is consistent with his conceptual vision to achieve meaning within the mechanism of employing the signs that make up the pictorial surface, in which schools, trends, and styles overlap, to produce multiple connotations that lead to interpretive readings that would achieve meaning and rise to the level of the characteristics and features of Superrealism art. The global with a purely Iraqi identity, some recommendations and suggestions were also put forward, and finally the margins and sources were documented
Cartographic and graphic representation of the population distribution in Karbala Governorate and its change between 2004 and 2022
No full text تعد الخرائط السكانية من الخرائط الموضوعية التي لها اهميتها في معرفة واقع التوزيع الجغرافي للسكان وخصائصهم، اضافة الى دراسة التغير في توزيع السكان او خصائصهم، كإجراء مقارنة بين واقع ما يكون عليه ذلك التوزيع ومقارنته بما كان عليه بالسابق، وتكمن فائدة ذلك في اجراء ما يترتب على تلك الزيادة او النقصان، كامداد السكان بمزيد من الخدمات او توفير مزيد من فرص العمل او اقامة مشاريع سكنية تستوعب تلك الزيادة، وقد ازدادت اهمية تلك الخرائط ودقتها بعد الثورة التقنية التي وظفتها الدراسات الجغرافية في مجال ابحاثها، كاستعمال تقنية نظم المعلومات الجغرافية في رسم الخرائط، وما ترتب على ذلك من سهولة خزن البيانات السكانية ولمناطق متعددة واجراء مختلف العمليات الرياضية داخل بواباته والعمل على دراسة التغيرات من خلال استدعاء البيانات سواء كانت بين سنتين او سنوات متعددة وغير ذلك من الميزات، وتضمنت هذه الدراسة معرفة واقع التوزيع الجغرافي للسكان عام(2022) في محافظة كربلاء وكذلك دراسة التغير في ذلك التوزيع بين واقع عام(2022) وعام(2004)، وتبين من خلال هذه الدراسة ان الاتجاه العام للسكان في محافظة كربلاء اخذا نحو الزيادة، اضف الى الامكانية الكبيرة لنظم المعلومات الجغرافية في تمثيل الخرائط السكانية. Population maps are among the objective maps that are important in knowing the reality of the geographical distribution of the population and their characteristics, in addition to studying the change in the distribution of the population or their characteristics, as a comparison between the reality of what that distribution is like and its comparison with what it was in the past, and the benefit of this lies in conducting the consequences of This increase or decrease, such as supplying the population with more services, providing more job opportunities, or setting up housing projects to accommodate that increase, The importance and accuracy of these maps increased after the technical revolution employed by geographical studies in the field of their research, such as the use of geographic information systems technology in mapping, and the consequent ease of storing population data for multiple regions and conducting various mathematical operations within its gates and working to study changes by calling Data, whether it is between two years or multiple years, and other features. This study included knowledge of the reality of the geographical distribution of the population in the year (2022) in Karbala Governorate, as well as studying the change in that distribution between the reality of the year (2022) and the year (2004), and it was found through this study The general trend of the population in Karbala governorate is increasing, in addition to the great potential of geographic information systems in representing population maps.  
Automating Twitter Data Annotation Process for Sentiment Analysis
No full textBackground:
Sentiment analysis algorithms require high-quality annotated data during the training phase. However, this requirement has led to complex, time-consuming and costly manual data annotation process. To address these challenges, this research proposes an automatic data annotation process for sentiment analysis.
Materials and Methods:
Three semantic orientation measures (Pointwise Mutual Information, latent Semantic Analysis, and Word2Vec), five classification algorithms (K-Nearest Neighbors, Logistic Regression, naïve Bayes, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine) and NRC lexicon thesaurus are used to automate the process of tweet annotation for sentiment analysis.
Results:
Tweets were annotated using five classifiers and three semantic measures, forming fifteen combinations. The Inter-Annotator Agreement (IAA) among these combinations was evaluated using Cohen’s Kappa statistic. The obtained results show that (Pointwise Mutual Information + Logistic Regression) and (Pointwise Mutual Information + Naïve Bayes) achieved the highest agreement score of 0.7008.
Conclusion:
These results have shown that the corpus-based semantic orientation measures have provided substantive results. However, it can still be enhanced through the use of a broader vocabulary, the application of contextual information and the implementation of the newest deep learning algorithms
A Hybrid Approach to Arabic Sign Language Recognition by HSV Space and Deep Learning Classification
No full textUnderstanding and automatically recognizing sign language is crucial for equal opportunities for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals in society. In the world of Arabic sign language communication, people share their ideas, thoughts, and feelings and engage in meaningful daily interactions. While artificial intelligence and computer vision technologies have improved, studies focused on Arabic sign language processing have come first and continue to be a research frontier compared to other world languages. This research proposed a methodology to leverage the HSV color space model for initial segmentation to eliminate background noise to refine the input data. This process segments the hand or semantic sign area. Then, the data is passed onto a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for precise sign classification. This method’s novelty is the coordinated interplay of differential data simplification through color space manipulation and the profound representational power of the CNN for improved overall system performance for hood sign recognition.
The research also seeks to fill an existing gap in the field of Arabic signal processing by presenting an integrated model, opening up broad horizons for applications in the fields of education, healthcare, and smart government services. The proposed method showed promising results, as the results of the used criteria ranged between Accuracy 95.3%, Precision 93.5%, Recall 92.8%, and F1-score 93.1%.
Background:
Recognizing sign languages has always been a vital topic in societies, especially with the recent massive expansion of the deaf and mute community. It serves as the main form of communication for over 70 million deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals globally. Thus, the development of simple, accurate, and effective methods that utilize readily available resources deserves attention. Among the various forms of sign language, sign language and Arabic are especially significant, as Arabic is predominantly spoken in the Middle East and North Africa. Yet, the challenges that arise from the communication gap between this population and the hearing members of society continue to affect various areas of the deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals educational, social, and professional for educational, social, and, professional integration. Hence, creating automated systems that can comprehend Arabic Sign Language is an essential development in helping socially integrate and bridge communication gaps [1].
Materials and Methods:
The proposed hand gesture recognition system relies on a multi-stage methodology aimed at high-resolution image processing and efficient feature extraction. The methodology begins with the data collection phase, where a set of images and videos representing letters and words in Arabic Sign Language is collected on the Kaggle Dataset.
Results:
The proposed Arabic Sign Language recognition system was developed through two principal stages: (1) segmentation using the HSV color space with experimentally defined thresholds, and (2) classification via a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The segmentation stage, relying on the HSV model with the defined lower range (H=0,S=30,V=60) and upper range (H=20,S=150,V=255), demonstrated effectiveness in isolating the hand region from complex backgrounds, contributed significantly to noise reduction and the removal of irrelevant small objects, and enhanced the clarity of the extracted hand region prior to classification.
Conclusion:
Recognizing sign languages has always been a vital topic in societies, especially with the recent massive expansion of the deaf and mute community. Therefore, it is important to focus on easy and highly accurate techniques that can be relied upon with relatively available resources. The proposed methodology is highly flexible and scalable, as the HSV color space boundaries can be modified or the CNN architecture optimized to suit research requirements and the characteristics of different datasets
تحديات الطلبة المطبقين في قسم اللغة الإنجليزية أثناء التطبيق العملي في المدارس العراقية
No full textThe purpose of this research is to investigate the diverse difficulties experienced by student-teachers who are studying to become English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers. The focus of this research is particularly concerned with the \u27shock\u27 experience for many student-teachers who go through the reality of the classroom once they have completed their theoretical studies at university, specifically the transition from idealized or theoretical instruction to the limitations imposed by institutions. The research is grounded in a comprehensive theoretical framework which allows researchers to understand how both environment and personal development interact in relation to each other. A descriptive quantitative research method was used to collect data from 405 final year student-teachers at the University of Kerbala using a validated 38-item Likert scale survey instrument. Statistical analyses indicated that although the majority of student-teachers reported sufficient administrative support (mean=3.51), there were several obstacles to student-teachers including physical school facilities (mean=3.07) and access to educational technology (mean = 3.28). The research found that although student-teachers had moderate levels of flexibility with regard to curriculum design, they experienced significant pressures in terms of providing differentiated instruction and managing time constraints for developing and implementing lesson plans. The research concluded that the successful completion of the practicum is dependent on the health of the host institution, where there is open communication and mentoring.
يهدف هذا البحث إلى استقصاء الصعوبات المتنوعة التي يواجهها الطلبة المطبقون المتخصصون في تدريس اللغة الإنجليزية بوصفها لغة أجنبية (EFL). ويركز البحث بشكل خاص على تجربة "صدمة الواقع" التي يمر بها العديد من الطلبة المطبقين عند مواجهة الواقع الفعلي للفصول الدراسية بعد إتمام دراستهم النظرية في الجامعة، وتحديداً مرحلة الانتقال من التعليم المثالي أو النظري إلى القيود التي تفرضها المؤسسات التربوية.
يستند البحث إلى إطار نظري شامل يتيح للباحثين فهم كيفية تفاعل كل من البيئة المدرسية والتطور الشخصي مع بعضهما البعض. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي الكمي لجمع البيانات من (405) طالباً وطالبة في السنة النهائية بجامعة كربلاء، باستخدام أداة استبيان (مقياس ليكرت) مكونة من 38 فقرة بعد التحقق من صدقها.
أشارت التحليلات الإحصائية إلى أنه على الرغم من إفادة أغلبية الطلبة المطبقين بوجود دعم إداري كافٍ (بمتوسط حسابي 3.51)، إلا أن هناك عقبات واجهتهم تتعلق بالمرافق المادية للمدارس(بمتوسط 3.07) ومدى توفر التكنولوجيا التعليمية (بمتوسط 3.28). وكشف البحث أنه على الرغم من تمتع الطلبة المطبقين بمستويات معتدلة من المرونة فيما يتعلق بتصميم المناهج، إلا أنهم واجهوا ضغوطاً كبيرة في تقديم التعليم المتمايز(التعليم الذي يراعي الفروق الفردية) وإدارة القيود الزمنية اللازمة لتطوير خطط الدروس وتنفيذها. وخلص البحث إلى أن النجاح في إتمام فترة التطبيق العملي يعتمد على كفاءة المؤسسة المضيفة، ومدى توفر التواصل المفتوح والتوجيه التربوي المستمر