Journals of University of Babylon
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Immunological Insights into White Spot Lesions in Fixed Orthodontic Patients: Focus on Salivary Inflammatory Markers
No full textBackground: Orthodontics is a dental specialty focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and management of malaligned teeth and craniofacial discrepancies, and prompting facial esthetics. The use of fixed orthodontic appliances, creates numerous retentive niches that predispose individuals to increased plaque accumulation and food debris retention. This, in turn complicates effective oral hygiene practices.
Objective: The study’s objective is immunological evaluation of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin 26(IL-26) in white spot lesions in fixed orthodontic treatment.
Material and method: A total of 100 individuals, including 50(50%) experimental and 50 (50%) controls, 36 males and 64 females, aged 15-35, underwent fixed orthodontic treatment for those measuring salivary biomarkers by ELISA for at least one month after appliance activation. Results: The findings showed that the case group had higher significant differences as opposed to the control group with p value = 0.002 regarding IgA, while IL-26 showed no significant difference between the two groups with p value 0.557. Conclusion: Compared to the control group, which exhibited no sign of white spot lesions, the case group demonstrated elevated levels of salivary IgA, while IL-26 levels remained relatively unchanged
Green Synthesis and Laboratory Characterization of Metal–Oxide Nanocomposites for Environmental and Energy Applications
No full text The development of eco-friendly nanomaterials has become a central objective in modern materials science due to growing concerns about environmental sustainability and energy demand. Conventional methods for synthesizing metal–oxide nanocomposites often require toxic precursors and energy-intensive processes, whereas green synthesis provides a safer and more sustainable approach by utilizing plant-derived phytochemicals, aqueous media, and mild reaction conditions. In this study, three nanocomposites—CeO₂–ZnO, ZnO–SnO₂, and NiO–ZnO were prepared using green routes, including plant-mediated extract synthesis, sol–gel, and co-precipitation. The materials were thoroughly characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, and BET techniques to examine their crystalline structure, morphology, functional groups, optical properties, and surface area. The nanocomposites were subsequently tested for three different applications: photocatalysis, solar cells, and supercapacitors. The results demonstrated that all composites exhibited enhanced performance compared with their single-oxide counterparts. Specifically, they achieved over 90% photocatalytic efficiency in dye degradation, improved power conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells, and high specific capacitance and cycling stability in supercapacitors. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized nanocomposites as multifunctional materials that combine environmental remediation with renewable energy conversion and storage. The outcomes of this work point toward the feasibility of scaling up green synthesis approaches and integrating such materials into hybrid energy and environmental systems
Measurement of Nuclear Track Parameters for LR-115, CR-39, and CN-85 Detectors
No full text In this study, three different types of commercial solid detectors (CR-39, CN-85 and LR-115) were used for alpha particle detection, which are the most common and widely used in scientific laboratories for alpha particle detection. The detectors were cut and irradiated with a 570 kBq Americium (Am-241) radioactive source for 3 hours. After that, the detectors were immersed in NaOH solution for chemical scraping at different temperatures. An optical microscope was used to calculate the tracks of alpha particles, which are the traces and diameters of the alpha particles resulting from the irradiation, as well as the sensitivity and scraping efficiency of the detectors. Through calculations and practical results, it became clear that the LR-115 detector had the highest alpha path density (602 tr./mm²), while the CR-39 detector showed the largest path diameter (2µm), highest sensitivity (1.667), and highest efficiency (0.398) compared to the other detectors
Euphoria in Andalusian Poetry: A Psycho-aesthetic Approach
No full textتُعد اليوفوريا – السعادة القصوى أو النشوة – حالة من الشعور بالسعادة أو الإثارة أو الشعور بالرفاهية الشديدة (شعورٌ قويٌّ بالسعادة) وفقد الإحساس بما حولك لتعيش لحظة جميلة آنية حنيناً لشعور مررت به، فالشاعر يحاول أن يعبر عن دواخلهِ وشعورهِ بالقصائد والرسام باللوحات والمُلحن بالموسيقى فيصل لحالة النشوة والسعادة التي يريد الوصول إليها بإنتاجهِ وإبداعاته. تهدف الدراسة إلى انتقاء عينات مختلفة من الأبيات الشعرية لشعراء مختلفين ومن عصور مختلفة لدراسة النزعات الروحية والعاطفية والتي تنبثق منها الصوفية والتفاخر والحب والوطن والتهنئة والشوق والنزعات الحياتية والتي منها الانتصار والجمال والعزة والكرامة ومجالس الأنس والشواهد والرحلات. في الدراسة الحالية، تم توظيف هذه الظاهرة بمنهج وصفي تحليلي يقوم بوصف حال الشاعر عند اليوفوريا وتحليل هذه الأبيات ووصف صورتها عند تلك الحالة. توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج وأهم ما فيها أنّ مصطلح اليوفوريا موجودة في الحياة بأكملها، وأن الشعر هو في الأصل لحظة يوفوريا أو نوستاليجيا؛ عندما يعتري الشاعر مشاعر الفقد والحنين والحب والحزن يريد أن يعبر عن نفسه في لحظة يوفوريا ترجعه الى تلك اللحظات فاقداً الإحساس بالزمان والمكان فيكتب الأبيات الشعرية لاندماجه بالإحساس بكل جوارحهِ، ومعالجة اللحظة التي تلهم الشاعر لقول الشعر في موضوعٍ ما.Euphoria - extreme happiness or ecstasy - is a state of feeling happy, excited, or feeling extremely well-being (a strong feeling of happiness) and losing awareness of what is around you to live a beautiful moment of longing for a feeling you have experienced; the poet expresses his inner self and feelings through poetry, the painter through paintings, and the composer through music, reaching the state of ecstasy and happiness that he strives to achieve through his production and creativity. The study aims to select diverse samples of poetic verses from different poets and eras to study the spiritual and emotional tendencies from which Sufism, pride, love, homeland, congratulations, longing, and life tendencies emerge, including victory, beauty, pride, dignity, gatherings of companionship, evidence, and journeys. In the current study, this phenomenon was followed using a descriptive and analytical approach that describes the poet’s state at euphoria, analyzes these verses, and describes their image at that state. The study reached a set of results. The most important thing is that Euphoria is present in all of life, and poetry is originally a moment of euphoria or nostalgia; when the poet is overcome by feelings of loss, longing, love and sadness, he wants to express himself in a moment of euphoria that takes him back to those moments, losing the sense of time and place, so he writes poetic verses to merge with the feeling with all his senses, addressing the moment that inspires the poet to write poetry on a certain subject
Juha\u27s Pictorial Formation in the Works of Al-Majd Channel for Children
No full textيعد "جحا" أحد الرموز التراثية المنتشرة في الأدب العربي، وما ساعد على انتشاره هو ملامح شخصيته الساخرة والناقدة والفكاهية في الوقت ذاته، فيجري الأديب على لسان هذه الشخصية ما عجز عن التصريح به من نقد وسخرية.
وقد وظفت قناة المجد للأطفال الفضائية الأدب الرقمي التراثي، ففتحت على لسان جحا عددا من القيم والدروس الأخلاقية في قالب مشوق فكاهي.
ويتناول هذا البحث بالدراسة والتحليل أنشودتين من أناشيد قناة المجد الفضائية: الأولى "مسمار جحا" حيث كان جحا هو القاص الفكاهي الذي يتشوق الأطفال لسماع حكاياته وأخباره التي تحمل في طياتها حكمة وقيمة ثقافية لتغرسها في العمل لتظهر في تصرفات الجار، فتغمر نفوس الأطفال البرئية من تلك الأخلاق والتصرفات. والأنشودة الثانية "حمار السلطان" ظهر جحا في صورة الشخص الذي جمع بين استغلال الفرص، والمغامرة بذكاء، وفضلاً عن ذلك، فيحصل على المكافآت من خلال قبول طلب السلطان الغريب في تعليم الحمار الذي يزعم أنه مميز ذكي من سلالة زكية، وعندما يطالب الناس جحا بتفسير فعله المستنكر يجيب بأن المدة التي كانت شرطًا لقبول تعليم الحمار طويلة جدًا، فقد يهلك هو أو الحمار أو السلطان، فهو في كل الحالات رابح.
واعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واصفًا صورة جحا وملامحها في الأنشودتين، ثم حلل التشكيل التصويري لصورة جحا في الأنشودتين من خلال الوقوف على بناء الجمل والالتزامات في البعدين: التركيبي والتصويريJuha is one of the most renowned folkloric figures in Arabic literature. His wide dissemination is largely due to the satirical, witty, and humorous traits that define his persona, enabling writers to employ his voice as a medium for critique and social commentary that could not be openly expressed.
Al-Majd Children’s Channel has drawn on this folkloric legacy by incorporating Juha’s character into digital heritage literature. Through Juha’s voice, the channel presents moral values and ethical lessons in an engaging narrative style that combines humor with educational purpose.
This study examines two songs broadcast by Al-Majd Channel. The first, “Juha’s Nail”, depicts Juha as a humorous storyteller whose amusing tales carry wisdom and cultural values, shaping children’s behavior and interactions within their social environment. The second, “The Sultan’s Donkey”, portrays Juha as a character who blends intelligence with opportunism; by accepting the Sultan’s peculiar request to teach his donkey, he ensures that the long timeframe of the task places him in a winning position regardless of the outcome-whether the Sultan dies, the donkey perishes, or Juha himself passes away.
The analysis adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology to explore Juha’s image as represented in these songs, highlighting the figurative construction of his character and examining the textual structure at both syntactic and semantic levels
Numerical Investigation of a Square Finned Heat Sink at Different Angles of Inclination
No full text This study presents a numerical investigation of a finned heat sink in forced convection flow. Tests were conducted on a square fin with varying angles of inclination, heights, and distances between fins. These parameters were examined at different Reynolds numbers within the turbulent range (from 5000 to 25000) and a heat flux of 5000 W/m². The heat distribution and flow behavior around the heat sink were modeled using the full Navier-Stokes and energy equations. The simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent with the k-ε model. Results indicated that decreasing fin spacing from 6mm to 2mm led to 9% reduction in surface temperature and an increase in the Nusselt number by 41%, highlighting a significant enhancement in convective heat transfer. Similarly, variations in fin height showed a noticeable influence on thermal behavior, resulting by 16% reduction in surface temperature and enhancing the Nusselt number by 94%, and an inclination of 15 was found to provide the optimal thermal performance among the investigated angles, achieving the lowest surface temperature by 6% .تقدم هذه الدراسة بحثًا رقميًا لمبدد حرارة ذي زعانف في تدفق حراري قسري. أجريت الاختبارات على زعنفة مربعة بزوايا ميل وارتفاعات ومسافات متفاوتة بين الزعانف. تم فحص هذه المعلمات عند أرقام رينولدز مختلفة ضمن النطاق المضطرب (من 5000 إلى 25000) وتدفق حراري قدره 5000 واط/م². تم نمذجة توزيع الحرارة وسلوك التدفق حول المبدد الحراري باستخدام معادلات نافييه-ستوكس الكاملة ومعادلات الطاقة. تم إجراء المحاكاة باستخدام ANSYS Fluent مع نموذج k-ε. أشارت النتائج إلى أن تقليل المسافة بين الزعانف من 6 مم إلى 2 مم أدى إلى انخفاض بنسبة 9٪ في درجة حرارة السطح وزيادة في رقم نسلت بنسبة 41٪، مما يسلط الضوء على تحسن كبير في نقل الحرارة بالحمل الحراري. وبالمثل، أظهرت التغيرات في ارتفاع الزعانف تأثيرًا ملحوظًا على السلوك الحراري، مما أدى إلى انخفاض بنسبة 16٪ في درجة حرارة السطح وزيادة رقم نسلت بنسبة 94٪، وتبين أن الميل 15 يوفر الأداء الحراري الأمثل بين الزوايا التي تم فحصها، حيث حقق أدنى درجة حرارة سطح بنسبة 6٪
A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Skin Cancer Classification Using Elephant Herding Optimization
No full textBackground:
Skin cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, and its prevention and early detection play a crucial role in reducing morbidity and mortality. Recent advances in deep learning have significantly improved the accuracy of automated skin lesion classification. However, several challenges remain in designing a computationally efficient hybrid model that integrates multiple lightweight architectures.
Materials and Methods:
This work proposes a hybrid deep learning model that combines the MobileNetV3+ and ShuffleNetV2 architectures. To enhance model performance, the Elephant Herd Optimization (EHO) algorithm was employed to optimize key hyperparameters, including learning rate, batch size, and the number of epochs. Skin image datasets were collected from SkinDataSe and the ISIC archive, encompassing both benign and malignant cases. Preprocessing involved contrast enhancement and various data augmentation techniques such as rotation, scaling, flipping, and translation to improve model generalization. All images were resized to 224×224×3 pixels and normalized to [0,1] range. The dataset was then divided into 70% for training, 15% for validation, and 15% for testing.
Results:
The hybrid model demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving a training accuracy of 99.72% and an F1-score of 0.93.
Conclusion:
The findings of this study confirm the potential of the proposed hybrid deep learning framework, optimized via EHO, in delivering accurate, swift, and early diagnosis of skin cancer
Mass Spectrometry for the Structural Elucidation of Peptide-Based Therapeutics
No full text In recent decades, the life sciences have undergone a paradigm shift in the strategies used to characterize genes, proteins, transcriptomes, and metabolites. This transformation has been propelled by the advent of high-throughput analytical platforms, which enable the simultaneous interrogation of vast numbers of biomolecules with unprecedented efficiency and resolution. Among these technologies, mass spectrometry has emerged as a cornerstone methodology, owing to its unrivaled sensitivity, selectivity, and quantitative power in ion detection. By facilitating the accurate reconstruction of the molecular and chemical architecture of complex biological systems, mass spectrometry has become indispensable to contemporary biological and biomedical research, driving advances in systems biology, drug discovery, and personalized medicine.
MS enables high-throughput measurement of complex protein or peptide mixtures, sequencing and quantifying proteins or peptides, detecting post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, and predicting their 3D folding and topology. Peptides and proteins are typically studied using mass spectrometry because traditional ionization techniques easily generate protonated species. Peptide drug conjugates (PDC) are a prodrug type in which drug molecules are conjugated to peptides by covalent bonding via specific linkers. The fragmentation of this PDC type depends on several parameters, such as instrument settings, solvent composition, and fragment ion intensities and types, which also depend on the structure. A novel conjugate of Anthracycline and peptide provides safe and effective cancer therapy. For its structure elucidation via MS, several detection techniques would be complementary
Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Flaxseed\u27s in Letrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Rats by Histology
No full textBackground: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic condition that impacts females during their reproductive years. PCOS is marked by the presence of multiple cyst-like follicles on the ovaries, irregular or absent ovulation, and resistance to insulin. This research seeks to investigate the consequences of flaxseed extract on the ovary in the PCOS rat’s model by histological techniques and serum hormone level.
Materials and Methods: Sixteen female albino rats (6–8 weeks old, estrous cycle in female rats repeats every 4–5 days) were assigned to four groups: the first group was the control, second group received 0.2 mg/kg body weight of letrozole by gavage, the third group was given 100 mg/kg body weight flaxseed extract intraperitoneally, and the mixed group received both letrozole and flaxseed daily for 21 days. The total period of the study was 2 months, including 15-20 days for preparation, 21 days for animal experimentation, and 20 days for histological and statistical analysis.
Results: Histological examination of the ovary revealed letrozole-induced ovarian cysts and disruption of follicles. Flaxseed treatment significantly restored ovarian morphology, with a recovery of follicular development. Hormonal assay indicated that testosterone and AMH were elevated, while estrogen and progesterone were decreased in the letrozole group to other groups. Extraction of flaxseed supplementation restored hormonal equilibrium, lowering testosterone and increasing estrogen and progesterone
