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What is the relation between smearing effect of least squares estimation and its influence function?
No full textIn some cases, tests for outliers and robust methods based on the Least Square Estimation (LSE)
fail to detect and isolate outliers. LSE ’smears the effect’ of an outlier on all estimates of the
residuals, the unknowns, and the a posteriori variance of unit weight. Therefore as bias goes to
infinity, the Influence Function (IF) also goes to infinity. This study aims to investigate the effect
of an outlier on the unknown parameters, etc., compared to the IF concept. Moreover, how the
ratio of the resulting outlier effect is related to the redundancy of the geodetic network has been
shown through the concepts of Sensitivity Curve (SC) and smearing effect by Monte Carlo
Simulation. Also, it has proved that the SC of LSE was almost equal to the ‘smearing effect’ of
LSE, which behaves systematically as a function of the partial redundancy that varies from one
residual to another in the geodetic network
Effect of betulinic acid administration on TLR-9/NF-kappa B /IL-18 levels in experimental liver injury
No full textBackground/aim: Acetaminophen (APAP), used in the composition of thousands of preparations, is the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug. The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of the betulinic acid (BA) treatment through an APAP-induced hepatotoxicity rat model, using inflammatory, biochemical, and histopathological parameters. Materials and methods: The study consisted of four groups: control group, APAP group, BA group, and APAP+BA group. Experimental studies continued for fifteen days. Serum samples were analysed for glucose, total cholesterol (TChol), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), aspartate amino transferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Results: TLR9, IL-18, NF-kappa B, and MDA levels increased significantly in liver injury groups. These increases considerably decreased by the BA treatment. All groups showed immunopositivity for 8-hydroxy-2 & rsquo;& ndash;deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and interleukin (IL-1 beta) in the hepatocytes, inflammatory cells, and epithelial cells of bile ducts. Conclusion: BA can be used as an effective agent in the prevention and treatment of acute liver diseases due to its inhibitory properties in multiple pathways and its potent antioxidant effects.Coordinator of Scientific Research Projects at the University of Artvin Coruh 2018.M83.02.0
Pappus and fruit micromorphology and fruit anatomy in some members of the tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae) from Turkey with their contributions to systematics
No full textThe present investigation aims to determine pappus and fruit characters of 21 taxa
representing 12 different genera from Turkey. For this reason, present data of pappus and cypsela characters as well as previous results from 21 additional Cardueae
taxa have been comparatively evaluated, and a total of 42 taxa were grouped by
using cluster and MDS analysis methods. The cluster analysis resolved two main clusters, with five taxa having scale or coroniform pappus as the first-branching group.
Considerable variations were observed in the surface sculpture, and the pericarp and
testa anatomical structures as well as the pappus characteristics. On the basis of fruit
surface sculpture, four major types and two subtypes of ornamentation patterns
were discerned, and based on their anatomies three types of testa epidermal structure were recognized. Our results show that Centaurea s.l. taxa do not exhibit clear
distinction from the genus level; in some cases the taxa are separated to some extent,
in other cases they are combined with Cyanus and Psephellus taxa. Two Klasea species with sclerenchymatous mesocarp exhibit the closest relationship to Centaurea
s.l. taxa. Rhaponticum repens displays the nearest neighborhood with Centaurea
s.l. and Klasea taxa. A diagnostic key based on the examined characteristics has been
given. The taxonomic importance and systematic implications of the results are discussed in the light of the current framework. The evaluated cypsela and pappus characters are useful not only in assessing relationships within this group but also in
delimiting genera and species
Alpha lipoic acid application promotes water-deficit tolerance by modulating osmoprotectant metabolism-related genes in maize
No full textAbstract: Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a potent antioxidant molecule that has positive effects on plant growth and the adaptation of plants to environmental stresses. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the effect of exogenous ALA on the tolerance of plants to environmental stresses associated with osmolyte metabolism are not yet known. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the potential role of exogenous ALA in the water-deficit tolerance mechanism related to the osmolyte metabolism of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in hydroponic conditions. Three-week-old maize seedlings were treated or not treated with ALA (12 μM) and exposed to water-deficit stress generated by addition of 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG6000). The results showed that exogenous ALA enhanced the proline content and the transcript level of the pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene while decreasing the transcript level of the proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) gene under PEG-induced water-deficit stress. With ALA treatment, the contents of polyamines and transcript level of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) gene increased while the transcript level of the diamine oxidase (DAO) gene decreased. In addition, the content of soluble sugar and transcript level of the sucrose synthase (SUS) gene increased in ALA-treated maize seedlings under the PEG-free and PEG-induced water-stress conditions but the transcript level of sucrose phosphate synthase (SUPS) did not change. These findings provide evidence that ALA application to plants under water deficit can be a useful strategy for enhancing their stress tolerance by regulating the metabolism of some osmolytes or signal intermediate compounds such as proline, soluble sugar, and polyamine and thus by reducing water loss
The effect of wrist grip angle on traumatic symptoms in body builders
No full textThe purpose of the study is to investigate the acute effect on the traumatic symptoms and angle of the wrist joint when lifting
the weight. This study included three hundred males. The age range of the individuals was determined to be 18-40. After
determining the aged 22,92± 6,2 years and bodyweight of 77,20± 12,2 kg (range, 55-113 kg) the participants, their angle of
comprehension was examined. Before and after lifting weights, a visual pain scale was used for wrist pain level and the normal
range of motion of the wrist was measured with a digital goniometer. When lifting weights, wrist joint angle was measured with
a digital goniometer. It was determined that the participants did not have pre-test pain. There was no statistical difference in
wrist joint limitation (p> 0.05). However, when the joint position of the wrist was 15o
extension, it was found that there was
statistically less pain than other wrist joint positions (p <0.05). The findings of this study are to assist bodybuilders to work
healthier and more consciously by providing less wrist injuries while lifting weights. As a result of this study, bodybuilders can be
a guide in terms of continuing to be in a more successful and healthy sports life
Determination of distribution channels and income distribution in pine nuts marketing (Bergama-Kozak case)
Get PDFTürkiye’de odun dışı orman ürünleri yönetim ve işletmeciliğinde, odun dışı bitkisel ürünler önemli bir
yer tutmaktadır. Türkiye’ de planlı olarak üretime konu olan odun dışı bitkisel orman ürünleri
içerisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan ve Orman Genel Müdürlüğü’nün odun dışı bitkisel ürünler
bakımından en çok gelir elde ettiği önemli türlerden biri de, fıstık çamıdır. Bu çalışma ile; çam fıstığının
üretiminden nihai tüketiciye ulaşmasına değin geçen süreçte oluşan dağıtım kanal türlerini ortaya
koymak, dağıtım kanalı üyelerinin her birinin elde ettiği gelirleri belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca
ulaşmak için dağıtım kanalında yer alan üyeler ile derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Yapılan görüşmeler sonucu elde edilen veriler neticesinde; devlet ormanlarından toplanan çam fıstığı
ticaretinden elde edilen toplam gelirden perakendecilerin % 48, kooperatifin %31, orman köylüsünün
% 20 oranında pay aldığı belirlenirken, Kozak Orman İşletme Şefliğinin ise %1 oranında pay aldığı tespit
edilmiştir. Bununla beraber, şahsa ait arazilerden toplanan çam fıstığının ticaretinden elde edilen
toplam gelirden perakendecilerin % 49, kooperatifin %31 ve orman köylüsünün % 20 oranında pay
aldığı belirlenmiştir.Non-wood plant products play an important role in non-wood forest products management in Turkey.
Pine nut which has a significant share in the Turkish non-timber plant products market has been
produced in a planned way in Turkey. Besides, stone pine is one of the most income-generating species
among the plant products to the General Directorate of Forestry. The aims of this study are to
determine; (1) distribution channel types emerging from the beginning of the production to the final
consumer, (2) income of the each of the distribution channel members and (3) the share of the channel
members in the distribution channel. In order to achieve this goal, depth interviews were conducted
with the members of the distribution channel. As a result of the data of these interviews; it was
determined that the retailers had a share of 48%, the cooperative 31% and the forest villagers had a
share of 20% from the total income generated from pine nut trade collected from state forest, while
the Kozak State Forest Management had only a share of 1%. In addition, it was determined that the
retailers had a share of 49%, a cooperative 31% and the forest villagers had a share of 20% from the
total income generated from pine nut trade collected from private land
Odor-aided analysis for landfill site selection: study of DOKAP Region, Turkey
No full textIn our world, with the increase of factors such as the rapid and irresponsible consumption of natural resources, man-made
environmental disasters, global warming, and pollution of water resources in our world, the need for more efficient storage
and disposal of solid waste has arisen. The presentation of the data required to solve spatial problems such as storage, management, and location selection can be carried out extensively and effectively using geographic information systems (GIS). On the
other hand, the unsatisfactory results obtained with GIS recently have made it mandatory to use spatial multiple criteria decisionmaking (S-MCDM) methods that include the decision-makers in the process. In this study, landfill site selection was carried out
in eight provinces in the region under the responsibility of the Eastern Black Sea Project Regional Development Administration
(DOKAP). GIS and S-MCDM were used together in this site selection process. A total of eight spatial data layers were used in the
site selection application. Afterwards, storage areas determined as suitable via GIS analysis underwent additional evaluation,
taking into account geological, seismic, and environmental factors as well as transportation costs. In addition to these multicomponent evaluations, odor analyses were carried out on the proposed storage areas using the prevailing wind direction
An approach for the automated extraction of road surface distress from a UAV-derived point cloud
No full textThe condition of the road surface should be inspected to increase the service life of the road and to ensure safety and comfort. This study aims to automatically detect and measure road distress from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based images. The proposed methodology consists of three steps. First, images acquired from the UAV are used to generate the three-dimensional point cloud. Then, the road surface is extracted from the 3D point cloud. Finally, the developed algorithm is used to automatically detect and measure road distress. The accuracy assessment is conducted by comparing the analyses from point cloud data and measurements obtained from the traditional inspection method. The root mean square error values range from 2.09–6.72 cm. Finally, the outcomes of the proposed methodology are compared with those of commercial GIS software. Both produce statistically similar results for detecting road surface distress.This work was supported by the Artvin Coruh University Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship (Grant No. 2019.F40.02.02
Introducing the Hiking Suitability Index to evaluate mountain forest roads as poten- tial hiking routes – a case study in Hatila Valley National Park, Turkey
Get PDFPlanning recreational areas for a conservation-use balance is important in the sustainable use of national parks. This study was conducted to determine the ability of forest roads as hiking routes in Hatila Valley National Park, northeostern Turkey. The indicators used as evaluation criteria were determined using the natural characteristics and landscape values of the National Park. A multi-criteria decision analysis (the Analytic Hierarchy Process; AHP) was used, with route length, slope, altitude, aspect, walking time, landscape quality and access to clean water as the main parameters. Experts were consulted to determine the weights of parameters and the linear scoring functions. Expert opinions were also used for scoring measurable and unmeosurable sub-parameters. A Hiking Suitability Index (HSI) was formulated using these parameters to score the suitability of existing roads for hiking. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to map the parameters and hiking routes. Results showed that slope was the most important parameter in assessing suitability. We concluded that forest roads can be used for hiking in protected areas without harming nature, and the suitability of routes can be determined using AHP
Phubbing: Which personality traits are prone to phubbing?
No full textSmartphones play an important role in our lives thanks to the opportunities they offer in terms of access, interaction, and communication. However, in addition to these positive aspects, smartphones have transformed into objects of dependence due to gaming, social media, and access to the Internet and are beginning to harm the quality of face-to-face communications that take place between different individuals. The current study examined the relationship between Big Five Personality Traits and phubbing. Participants were 545 university students (383((71%)) female, 156((29%)) male, M (age) = 18.84, SD = 1.18) who completed the questionnaire package of the Big Five Personality Inventory and the Phubbing Scale. A hierarchical regression analysis was used with Big Five Personality Traits to explain variance in phubbing. The results showed that neuroticism and conscientiousness were significant predictors of phubbing, which account for 7% of the total variance. In the study, it was determined that the participants consisted of individuals with high levels of income, daily access to the Internet and social media users. Results are discussed in light of the literature