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Direct and indirect effects of cash dividend policies on firms' capital accumulation in selected developed markets
Get PDFThe effects of cash dividend policies on the capital accumulation of non-bank firms operating in The United States (S&P
500), The United Kingdom (FTSE 100), Japan (Nikkei 225), and France (CAC 40) have been investigated in this study. The
dataset used in the study consists of annual observations between 2010 and 2015. Also, the data were retrieved from the
Thomson Reuters database. The system in GMM is employed in the econometric estimations in this paper. “Total effect”
of cash dividend policies on capital accumulation has been bisected as “direct” and “indirect” effects. In this study, we
call the effect of the cash dividend policies on investments via financial and liquidity constraints as “direct effect” and the
effect of the policies on the accumulation via market value and business reputation as “indirect effect”.
Obtained results show that the indirect effect is positive, whereas the direct effect is negative. However , the magnitude
of the direct effect is larger than that of the indirect. Therefore , the total effect of cash dividend policies on the
accumulation of capital and investments is negative.
The fact that movements in stock prices of firms have an effect on the capital accumulation has shown that the financial
markets could affect real economic variables. Also, the results that the cash dividend policies positively affect the market
value of firms are mounting evidence to the validity of Signalling and Information Content Approach and Bird in Hand
Theory.
Fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing among the Turkish general population: a serial mediation model
Get PDFThe novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major health problem worldwide. The impact of COVID-19 has also been associated with psychological and social problems. The main objective of the present study was to examine the associations between fear of COVID-19 and mental wellbeing, through a serial mediation analysis that included loneliness and smartphone addiction. Utilising convenience sampling from 73 of 81 cities in Turkey via the web-based survey the present study comprised 773 participants (556 females and 217 males; aged between 18 and 66 years) were collected. Self-report data were collected including psychometric measures assessing fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing. Fear of COVID-19 was found to have both a direct and indirect effect on mental wellbeing. In addition, results supported a serial mediation model where fear of COVID-19 was found to influence mental wellbeing via loneliness and smartphone addiction in a sequential manner. The findings suggest that higher fear of COVID-19 is associated with lower mental wellbeing by negatively affecting individuals' emotion and behaviour
Endangered species in Turkey: A specific review of endangered Fabaceae species with IUCN Red List data
Get PDFHabitatlar üzerinde devam eden baskı ile artan nüfus, endüstriyel ve kentsel gelişim, artan tarım uygulamaları,
istilacı türlerin artan tehditleri ve iklim değişikliğinin etkileri ile birlikte bugün tehlike altında olmayan birçok tür,
gelecekte büyük olasılıkla tehdit altına girecektir. Bu nedenle tehdit altında olan ya da olmayan tüm türler için
yaşayabilir popülasyonların sürdürülmesini sağlamak amacı ile ortaya koyulan eylemler, türlerin yerinde
korunmasını esas almalı ve bu eylem planları gerekli müdahale derecesine bağlı olarak tür yönetimi, eylem, koruma
veya kurtarma planları olarak sınıflandırılmalıdır. Bu çalışmada, gelecekte gerçekleştirilmesi önerilen tür yönetimi
planlarındaki ilk adım olması amacı ile Dünya Doğa ve Doğal Kaynakları Koruma Birliği (IUCN) Kırmızı Listesi’nde yer
alan ve ülkemizde soyu tükenme tehlikesi altında bulunan Fabaceae familyasına ait türlerin (Lathyrus, Astragalus,
Vicia, Lotus, Thermopsis) detaylı bir araştırması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, (1) Fabaceae familyasına ait türlerin
yayılış gösterdiği biyocoğrafik bölgelere, (2) yetiştiği habitatlara, (3) ekolojik özelliklerine, (5) karşı karşıya oldukları
tehditlere, (6) ekonomik önemlerine, (7) etnobotanik özelliklerine ve halk arasındaki kullanım olanaklarına ilişkin
detaylara yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışma ile, türlerin lokasyonlarına ait güncel kayıtlar da değerlendirilmiştir.
Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda familyaya ait türlerin doğal yaşam alanlarına yönelik en önemli tehdit
unsurlarının iklim değişikliği, aşırı otlatma, arazi ıslahı, saman yapma ve erozyon, baraj yapımı ve kentleşmenin
neden olduğu bozulmalar olduğu görülmüştür. Tarımsal faaliyetler ve insan kaynaklı habitat kaybı ve bozulmaları
da önemli tehdit unsurlarındandır. Bu çalışmaya göre ülkemizin önemli genetik zenginliklerinden olan ve IUCN
Kırmızı Liste’sindeki Fabaceae familyasına ait türlerin nesillerini devam ettirebilmeleri amacı ile gerekli koruma
önlemlerinin alınması ve koruma bilincinin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca, bu türlerin kullanım alanlarının
belirlenmesi, ekolojik ve ekonomik önemlerinin saptanması son derece önemlidir. Türlerin korunmasına yönelik
eylem planlarının hazırlanması ve genetik çeşitliliğin de içinde yer aldığı sürdürülebilir koruma ve kullanım
stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ise bu türlerin tüm yönleriyle araştırılmasına bağlıdırMany species that are not endangered today will likely be threatened in the future because of the growing
population, the rising need for industrial and urban development and agricultural practices, the increasing threats
of invasive species, and the effects of climate change. Therefore, actions aiming to maintain viable populations for
all threatened or non-threatened species should be based on in-situ conservation of the species. These action
plans should be classified as species management, action, conservation, or rescue plans depending on the degree
of intervention required. For the future species management plans, in this study, the species belonging to the
Fabaceae family (Lathyrus, Astragalus, Vicia, Lotus, Thermopsis), which are in the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and under threat of extinction in Turkey, has been reviewed based on the
details about (1) their biogeographic regions, (2) habitats, (3) ecological characteristics, (4) potential threats, (5)
economic importance, (6) ethnobotanical features and (7) usage opportunities among the people. Additionally,
this study evaluates up-to-date records of the species' locations. As a result of the evaluations, the most critical
threats to the natural habitats of the species belonging to the Fabaceae family are climate change, overgrazing,
land reclamation, haymaking and erosion, deterioration caused by dam construction, and urbanization. Agriculture
and anthropogenic habitat loss and degradation are also important threats. According to this study, it is vital to
take the necessary conservation measures and develop conservation awareness for the future. Additionally, it is
essential to determine these species' usage areas and determine their ecological and economic importance. The
preparation of action plans for the conservation of species and the development of sustainable conservation and
usage strategies, including genetic diversity, depend on the investigation of these species in all aspect
Kelebek şeklinde çiçek açan çiçeklerin tozlayıcıları için bir inceleme
Get PDFThe evolution of keel flowers within Fabaceae, Polygalaceae and some other clades of angiosperms is
attributed to skilled and strong bees. However, whether this is true or not, is still an open question.
Therefore, the literature is surveyed for the Hymenopteran pollinators of keel flowers, for 119 sources
and for 112 species, six genera and two tribes for five characters which are the size of the flowers,
Hymenopteran flower visitors/pollinators, size of the Hymenopteran pollinators, pollen and nectar
robbers/thieves and size of the Hymenopteran thieves/robbers. The results suggest that Fabales keel
flowers are mainly pollinated by long-tongued bees, from Apidae and Megachilidae families; and the
most common pollinators of the keel flowers are small Megachile and Osmia; medium-sized Apis,
Anthophora and Eucera; and large Xylocopa, Bombus and Centris. While the literature suggests that
keel flowers are pollinated by skilled and strong bees, the results of the current review have shown
that this is not the whole case in terms of flower size and bee size. There is no difference between
pollinator diversity and flower size. While floral robbers/thieves are mostly up to 2 cm, among them
honey-bees (Apis mellifera) both pollinate and rob the keel flowers. Keel flowers of Polygalaceae and
other angiosperm lineages are somehow similar to the keel flowers of Papilionoideae.Baklagil çiçek tipinin Fabaceae, Polygalaceae ve diğer angiosperm gruplarındaki evriminin becerikli ve
güçlü arılar sayesinde olduğu fikri ortaya atılmıştır. Ancak, bunun doğruluğu tartışmalıdır. Bu nedenle,
bu derlemede toplam 119 kaynak (112 tür, altı cins ve iki tribe) beş karakter (çiçek büyüklüğü,
Hymenoptoran polinatörleri, Hymenoptoran polinatörlerinin büyüklüğü, polen ve nektar hırsızları,
Hymenoptoran polen ve nektar hırsızlarının büyüklüğü) açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Derlemenin
sonuçları göstermiştir ki, Fabales baklagil çiçekleri temelde Apidae and Megachilidae familyalarından
uzun dilli arılar ile döllenmekte, ve en yaygın polinatörler ise küçük Megachile ve Osmia; orta boylu
Apis, Anthophora ve Eucera; ve büyük Xylocopa, Bombus ve Centris’dir. Literatur, baklagil çiçeklerinin
becerikli ve büyük arılarla döllendiğini önerirken, bu derlemenin sonuçları çiçek ve polinatör
büyüklüğü açısından bunun tam anlamıyla doğru olmadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, çiçek büyüklüğü ve
polinatör çeşitliliği arasında da bir bağlantı görülmemiştir. Çiçek hırsızları genelde 2 cm’ye kadar
olurken, bunların arasında bal arılarının (Apis mellifera) hem hırsız hem de polinatör olarak işlev
gördüğü anlaşılmıştır. Diğer taraftan, Polygalaceae ve diğer angiosperm baklagil benzeri çiçeklerin
gerçek baklagil çiçeklerine polinatör açısından benzer olduğu görülmüştür
Analysis of the phillips curve: an assessment of Turkey
Get PDFThis study analyzes the validity of the Phillips curve with regards to Turkey. The existence and direction of the causality relationship (reason-outcome relationship) between unemployment and inflation is investigated using inflation and unemployment data for the period 1980-2019. Unit root tests were utilized to evaluate the stationarity of the series. In line with the Zivot-Andrews unit root test, which was developed in response to the criticism of the failure of studies that presented macro-variables like inflation to consider traditional unit root tests, in this research, the Engle-Granger cointegration test was implemented to check whether the series could perform a joint action, and, finally, the Granger causality relationship was explored. According to the results of the analysis, over the relevant period there was a single directional causality relationship from inflation toward unemployment in Turkey. The importance of this relationship at the 10% significance level indicates the existence of many different factors that affect inflation and unemployment. Given the existence of a cointegration and causality relationship between inflation and unemployment, it can be said that, in Turkey, the Phillips curve is valid for the period 1980-2019 and that an increase of 1% in inflation will reduce the unemployment rate by 0.028%
Changes and interactions in forest soils after fire
No full textInfluences of forest fires on soils could be both positive and negative depending on the type of the properties of soil while they burn all plant cover in aboveground. Fires impose negative effects on soil organic matter, N content, cation exchange capacity, soil respiration and soil microbial activity when fuel load and fire severity are high. But these negative impacts repair in two-three years depending on fire severity. On the other hand, soil pH, Ca, Mg, P and K contents are positively affected properties of soil from fires. Surface fires can be successfully used as a tool in natural regeneration studies in Mediterranean forests where thick surface litter prevents regeneration
Criticism of the neo-classical salafi understanding forming the discourse of religious exclusivism an evaluation on the specifics of the critiques aimed at fakhr al-din al-razi regarding the epistemological value of language
Get PDFAl-Razi stated that specific criteria should exist for interpreting religious texts, with one of the two in particular prioritizing the conflict of 'aql [reason] and naql [revelation]. Accordingly, he developed the theory of the hypothetical nature of linguistic evidence. According to al-Razi's theory, literary evidence have been exposed to possible errors from transferring al-nahw [lexicography, morphology, and grammar] rules to the present day; different linguistic possibilities such as figurative speech homonymy and transfer of meanings (naql al-lugha) are likely to have occurred in the process. Therefore, religious texts do not express certainty when qarinas [contextual clues] are absent. Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, leading names in the neo-classical Salafi understanding, described the view that literal evidence does not express 'ilm [definitive knowledge] but rather expresses Uann [speculative knowledge] as taghut [an idol], criticizing it to have a marginalizing and exclusionary style. The present article will examine the discourse of religious exclusivism produced within the framework of the hypotheticality of language and will show that this discourse is caused by Ibn Taymiyya's and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya's words being misunderstood. This study will first explain what is meant by religious exclusion and provide the intellectual background of the theory of the hypotheticality of language. Next, it will cover Ibn Taymiyya's and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya's questioning of al-Razi's religiosity, and finish with how the accusations against Razi had stemmed from a misunderstanding of his ideas
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-{[(E)-(3-cyclo butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino] meth yl}phenol
Get PDFThe title compound, C13H14N4O, was developed using the reaction of salicyl aldehyde and 3-amino-5-cyclo butyl-1,2,4-triazole in ethanol under microwave irradiation. This eco-friendly microwave-promoted method proved to be efficient in the synthesis of 2-{[(E)-(3-cyclo butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)imino] meth yl}phenol in good yields and purity. The title compound is a Schiff base that exists in the phenol-imine tautomeric form and adopts an E configuration. The three independent mol ecules in the asymmetric unit (A, B and C) are not planar, the cyclo butyl and the phenol-imine rings are twisted to each other making a dihedral angle of 67.8 (4)° in mol ecule A, 69.1 (2)° in mol ecule B and 89.1 (2)° in mol ecule C. In each mol ecule an intra molecular O - H⋯N hydrogen bond is present, forming an S(6) ring motif. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to investigate the contributions of the different inter molecular contacts within the supra molecular structure. The major inter actions are H⋯H (53%), C⋯H (19%) and N⋯H (17%) for mol ecule A, H⋯H (50%), N⋯H (20%) and C⋯H (20%) for mol ecule B and H⋯H (57%), C⋯H (14%) and N⋯H (13%) for mol ecule C
Farklı ülkelerin matematik öǧretim programlarının istatistik öǧrenme alanı açısından karşılaştırılması
No full textThe purpose of this study is to compare Turkey to several other countries such as Singapore, Korea, the United
States, and New Zealand according to the field of statistics learning in the curriculum. GAISE (Guidelines for Assessment
and Instruction in Statistics Education) framework suggests using the components of statistical process (formulate question,
collect data, analyze data, interpret results) and developmental levels of statistical process (Levels A, B, and C) in such
comparisons. It is found that in both Korea and Turkey, the number of learning outcomes of statistics, as well as the weight
of learning outcomes in the curriculum, have been having a weaker profile than in other countries. The field of statistics
learning is mostly condensed around Level A in Turkey. On the other hand, other countries in the study included more Level
B and C. Considering the importance of statistics instruction, Turkey’s national mathematics curriculum needs improvements
in its field of statistical learning. This study suggests designing and developing new standards for teaching statistics that deal
with higher developmental levels of statistical process.Bu çalışmada Türkiye ile Singapur, Kore, Amerika ve Yeni Zelanda’nın matematik öğretim programlarının istatistik
öğrenme alanı açısından karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu karşılaştırmalarda GAISE (İstatistik Eğitiminde Öğretim ve
Değerlendirme için İlkeler) raporunda istatistik öğretimine yönelik tavsiye edilen istatistiksel süreç aşamaları (problem
durumunu belirleme, veri toplama, veri analizi ve sonuçları yorumlama) ve bu aşamalar için tanımlanan, temelden gelişmişe
doğru olarak belirlenen üç seviye (A, B ve C seviyeleri) dikkate alınmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda, Kore ve Türkiye’nin
hem istatistik kazanım sayısı hem de bu kazanımların öğretim programındaki ağırlığı açısından diğer ülkelere kıyasla daha
zayıf bir profile sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ülkemizdeki kazanımların ağırlıklı olarak temel seviyede (A seviyesi)
yoğunlaştığı, diğer ülkelerde ise daha çok B ve C seviyesine odaklanan kazanımların olduğu görülmüştür. İstatistik
öğretiminin önemi göz önüne alındığında, ülkemizde matematik öğretim programında istatistik öğrenme alanına ait
kazanımların sayısının hem artırılması hem de bu kazanımların daha yüksek seviyelerle ilişkili olarak ele alınması
önerilmektedir
Determining the properties of forest soils affected by logging for power lines in Artvin’s Ortaköy Forestry Directorate
Get PDFBu çalışmada, Artvin Orman İşletme Müdürlüğüne bağlı Ortaköy Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırları
içerisinden geçen “154 Kw Meydancık Bayram HES-Artvin II Enerji İletim Hattı” için yapılan üretim
faaliyetlerinin (kesme, sürütme, yükleme ve taşıma) toprak üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışma,
hat güzergâhının geçtiği ve en yoğun kesimlerin yapıldığı 285, 286, 321 nolu bölmelerde yapılmıştır.
Çalışmanın yapıldığı bölmelerdeki üretim faaliyetlerinin toprağın fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri üzerine
etkilerini belirleyebilmek amacıyla iki derinlik kademesinde (0-10 cm ve 10-20 cm) toprak örnekleri
alınmış ve geçirgenlik (permeabilite), su tutuma kapasitesi (nem ekivalanı), hacim ağırlığı, mekanik
analiz (tekstür tayini), toprak reaksiyonunun (ph) tayini, organik madde tayini gibi analizler yapılmıştır.
Analiz sonuçlarına göre, makine kullanmadan yapılan bölmeden çıkarma çalışmalarında toprağın
geçirgenlik, hacim ağırlığı ve toprak suyu dengesinin değiştiği, hava hattı ile yapılan bölmeden çıkarma
çalışmaların da ise toprağın organik madde ve besin elementleri miktarlarının azaldığı tespit edilmiştir.This study investigates the physical and chemical effects on forest soils of the logging activities of log
pulling, dragging, loading and transport on the 154 Kw Meydancık Bayram HEPP-Artvin II Energy
Transmission Line located within the boundaries of the Ortaköy Forestry Directorate. Soil samples
were collected to determine logging’s physical (permeability, moisture, water holding capacity, bulk
density, fine and coarse materials, and texture) and chemical (pH, organic matter) effects on the soil
in sections 285, 286 and 321. Two depth levels (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) and were analyzed to
determine permeability, water holding capacity (moisture retention), bulk density, mechanical
analysis (texture), soil reaction (ph) and organic matter content. The analysis determined that the
permeability, volume weight and soil water balance of the soil changed in the extraction studies
without using machinery, while the organic matter and nutrients in the soil decreased in the extraction
studies beneath the overhead line