Jurnal Kajian Wilayah (JKW)
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The Human Trafficking of Cambodian Women and Children for Sex Industry: Internal end External Case Study
Get PDFPerdagangan manusia atau human trafficking menjadi isu yang penting di kawasan Asia Tenggara, bahkan global seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah korban dan perubahan pola-pola perdagangan manusia yang sangat cepat. Konflik dan perkembangan teknologi, serta kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat turut mempercepat angka perdagangan manusia, tak terkecuali di Kamboja dimana banyak yang menjadi korban perdagangan manusia ke Thailand dan Vietnam. Paper ini akan menjawab pertanyaan apa sebenarnya penyebab utama perdagangan manusia di Kamboja, bagaimana pola-pola perdagangan manusia, serta bagaimana respon dari pemerintah Kamboja untuk memberantas perdagangan manusia
Memahami ACFTA dari Perspektif Masyarakat Jaringan
Get PDFThis paper tries to explain the ACFTA from the perspective of the network society. This paper argues, the establishment of ACFTA is an effort to expand capital in Cina-ASEAN region which is supported by both MNC and a network of political-economic elites who embrace neo-classical paradigm, especially export-oriented industrialization strategy. The development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has enabled the implementation of the MNCs global production using global commodity chain. At the same time, political elites need the flow of capital to boost exports and spur economic growth. They believe that everything that can attract foreign investment needs to be done. One of them is to eliminate trade barriers and create stability in the region to ensure smooth production of foreign investors. Cooperation between the MNC with the political economic elites in both regions finally managed to encourage the formation of ACFTA. Under such a condition, inequality between economic and political elites on one hand, and the masses, on the other in the two regions widened. Political economic elites in both regions are embodied in the dominant network to enjoy more fruits of growth, while the mass largely enjoy just the remainder of the development cake. Today, the gap is not only evident between countries, but also between networks of people. Only by establishing and strengthening alternative networks, can the exploitative effects of dominant networks be minimized.Keywords: ACFTA, network society, export-oriented industrialization, inequality, alternative networ
CRONY CAPITALISM AND POST-CRISIS ECONOMY IN INDONESIA AND THE PHILIPPINES
Get PDFCrony capitalism is one main feature of the ersatz capitalism. Indonesian and Philippines, two East-Asian countries which are categorized by scholars in the same group practicing the form of ersatz capitalism system, respectively had undergone a historical period of robust authoritarian regime. This fact has indeed influenced the emergence of the strong cronyism in both countries. Through this article, we are briefly revisiting the experiences of Indonesia and Philippines during the Asian financial crisis 1997-98, focusing on their respective political reforms and the impact on the cronyism and eventually on the ability of both countries to survive the crisis. It is apparent that to a certain degree, the political reforms were indeed the key factor for both Indonesia and Philippines to outlast the hit of the Asian financial crisis in 1997-98. In other word, it was undeniably through a motion toward a more genuine capitalism system that these countries with that of ersatz capitalism could carry on against economic crises.AbstrakKapitalisme kroni merupakan salah satu fitur utama sistem kapitalisme semu. Sebagai negara Asia Tenggara yang dikenal memiliki sistem ekonomi yang disebut kapitalisme semu oleh para ahli, Indonesia dan Filipina sama-sama pernah mengalami periode sejarah kepemimpinan rezim otoriter yang turut membentuk kultur kapitalisme kroni yang kuat di kedua negara tersebut. Artikel ini memaparkan kembali secara singkat pengalaman Indonesia dan Filipina dalam menghadapi krisis moneter Asia tahun 1997-98, berfokus terutama pada reformasi politik dalam negeri masing-masing negara serta pengaruhnya terhadap kapitalisme kroni dan kemampuan negara mengatasi krisis. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa reformasi politik di Indonesia dan di Filipina hingga taraf tertentu merupakan faktor kunci bagi kedua negara dalam mengatasi keterpurukan ekonomi akibat krisis keuangan Asia 1997-98 lalu. Dengan kata lain, Indonesia dan Filipina mampu mengatasi krisis ekonomi berkat langkah-langkah yang membawa sistem kapitalisme semu menjadi kapitalisme yang lebih murni
KEBIJAKAN JALUR SUTRA BARU CINA DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI AMERIKA SERIKAT
Get PDFThe China’s New Silk Road Policy is one of foreign policies from a middle power” country with its rising on economic and military power that in the future could challenge international order dominated by the US. The China’s New Silk Road Policy which consist of two aspects of land (new Silk Road Economic Belt) and maritime (21st Century Maritime Silk Road) is a combination of geopolitics and geoeconomic power to connect Eurasia region with China as the center. This article analyses internal and external factors that drive the China’s government to conduct the policy. Moreover, this article analyses the implementation of the China’s New Silk Road policy and its implications to American hegemony in the world. This article uses concepts such as geopolitic, geoeconomy, foreign policy, and hegemonic stability theory to answer the questions.Keywords: New Silk Road, China, United States of America, foreign polic
KOMODIFIKASI AGAMA-AGAMA DI KOREA SELATAN
Get PDFThe commodification of religions in South Korea reveals how religious aspects are commercialized and become a very dynamic marketplace. The commodification of religions reinforces the notion that religions is still strongly significant in the era of post-modern and neo-liberalism. Religions increasingly present in the public space and marketplace in South Korea. In the context of Buddhism, the commodification of religions has changed Buddhist temples, monasteries, and rituals become attractive and massive tourist destination. In the context of Christianity, commodification shows how church institutions utilize science of marketing and management in managing the churchs and the rituals in line with the interests of conggregation. Thirdly, in the context of Islam, the doctrine of halal increasingly to be institutionalized in the Islamic world has prompted the Korean food industries producing halal products for export to Islamic countries that are a potential and big market.AbstrakKomodifikasi agama di Korea Selatan mengungkapkan bagaimana aspek-aspek agama dikomersialkan dan menjadi pasar yang menarik. Komodifikasi agama memperkuat pandangan bahwa agama masih signifikan dalam era post-modern dan neo-liberalisme. Agama semakin hadir di ruang publik dan ruang pasar di Korea Selatan. Dalam konteks agama Budha, komodifikasi agama telah mengubah vihara, kehidupan vihara dan ritual Budha menjadi obyek pariwisata menarik sehingga menopang pariwisata Budha secara masif. Dalam konteks agama Kristen, komodifikasi memperlihatkan bagaimana institusi gereja memanfaatkan ilmu manajemen dan marketing dalam mengelola gereja dan menjalankan ritual sehingga lebih sesuai dengan minat jemaat. Ketiga, dalam konteks Islam, doktrin halal di dunia Islam telah mendorong industri makanan Korea Selatan memproduksi produk-produk halal untuk diekspor ke negara-negara Islam yang merupakan pangsa pasar potensial
Indonesia and Nigeria, 1965-1985: Structural Factors, Technocracy and the Politics of Rural Development
No full textTulisan ini membandingkan perkembangan ekonomi antara Indonesia dan Nigeria pada periode tahun 1965-1985. Kedua negara merupakan negara pascakolonial yang kaya akan minyak, padat penduduk, multietnis, dan pihak militer mendominasi kehidupan politik. Faktor struktural maupun institusional yang terintegrasi ke dalam ranah sosial dan sejarah politik perlu dinyatakan untuk memahami perkembangan kedua negara. Tulisan ini akan menunjukkan bahwa teknokrasi beroleh peran penting dalam menata perkembangan ekonomi, khususnya dalam pengembangan pertanian dan pembangunan pedesaan yang terpengaruh kuat oleh politik pembangunan pedesaan. Faktor struktural yang saling memengaruhi ini, baik secara exogenous maupun endogenous, menjadi penopang bagi kebijakan yang mendukung rakyat miskin maupun strategi untuk mereduksi angka kemiskinan, dan kebijakan itu dapat diterapkan dalam waktu jangka panjang. Stabilitas politik pada masa Orde Baru di Indonesia merupakan faktor penting bagi para perencana ekonomi untuk menerapkan kebijakan ekonomi mereka. Sedangkan di Nigeria, faktor-faktor struktural yang tidak memiliki benang merah, utamanya permasalahan antara negara dan masyarakat, memeperlihatkan adanya kelemahan institusi politik yang mengakibatkan para elit-teknokrat tidak dapat merumuskan maupun mengimplementasikan pembangunan ekonomi. Kesukesan pembangunan ekonomi pada periode tahun 1965-1985 di Indonesia terlaksana berkat adanya kelompok ekonom-teknokrat yang membantu perkembangan ekonomi dan sebagian besar dari mereka mengurusi pembangunan pedesaan.Kata kunci: pembangunan ekonomi, kebijakan, pertanian, pembangunan pedesaan, ekonom-teknora
Konsumsi dan Gaya Hidup: Interseksi Kelas di Asia Tenggara
Get PDFThis paper discusses on the current developments in the cities of Southeast Asia by looking at the expansion of the global market as an independent variable that give an impact on the consumption patterns of urban communities in Southeast Asia. Although the wave of globalization has swept the region from few decades ago, but since the 2000s the cities in Southeast Asia experience significant changes due to the overwhelming stream of mass commodity products. The emergence of modern business and shopping district at the heart of major cities in Southeast Asia become a common phenomenon that evolves and has a contribution in shaping the face of urban areas in Southeast Asia. The presence of a mass commodity also contributes in shaping the discourse of lifestyle and consumption then defining the atmosphere of urban and social dynamics in the public space. This paper demonstrates the changes in the landscape and its impact on a culture of consumption that occurred in the cities in Southeast Asia. Focus area as the case study in this paper is Surabaya (Indonesia) and Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia
Contesting Welfare State: Health Care System in Australia
Get PDFKebijakan kesehatan adalah salah satu sumber penyebab pasang surut politik dan pergantian kekuasaan di Australia semenjak pemilu pada tahun 1940-an. Hal ini terjadi karena adanya perbedaan dan konflik ideologi dari berbagai kelompok kepentingan dan stakeholders di sektor kesehatan yang saling memperjuangkan kepentingan mereka di berbagai lini. Nuansa perang kepentingan itu terlihat jelas dari ketidakstabilan kebijakan kesehatan akibat perubahan dan pergantian kebijakan yang biasanya didahului oleh pergantian kekuasaan. Bila partai yang berkuasa adalah partai liberal yang propasar, maka kebijakan kesehatan diarahkan pada minimalisasi peran negara dalam layanan kesehatan dan mendukung peran yang lebih besar bagi sektor swasta dan individu. Sedangkan bila partai sosial demokratik yang prorakyat berkuasa, mereka berjuang sekuat tenaga untuk mendorong peran negara yang lebih besar dalam mewujudkan negara kesejahteraan khususnya dalam menjamin layanan kesehatan. Meskipun kebijakan kesehatan mengalami pasang surut seiring pergantian kekuasaan dan resesi ekonomi yang menyebabkan biaya kebijakan sosial makin mahal, Australia sampai saat ini mampu menjamin akses layanan kesehatan gratis untuk semua warganya (universal coverage) dengan tidak mengurangi mutu dan kualitas layanan kepada semua warganya. Bahkan Australia saat ini termasuk salah satu negara dengan kualitas layanan kesehatan terbaik di dunia
Islam, Identitas dan Minoritas di Asia Tenggara
Get PDFGlobalization has encouraged the emergence of a challenge to respect minority rights are stronger in almost all countries are plural. The appearance was not only urged the governments in many countries to change their vision of nationalism, it even challenged the great narratives such as Islam, democracy and human rights to change the doctrine of justice that are not conventional. For that Islam, democracy and human rights alike are facing a change that can no longer be seen with the measures and standardization of the old uniform. This paper raised the challenge of empirical findings in Southeast Asia by taking samples of Malaysia, Thailand, and Philippines
Transformasi Ekonomi-Politik Jerman dan Regionalisasi Ekonomi di Asia
Get PDFThe pressures to transform the Modell Deutschland have been culminated, particularly by the triumph of the ordo-liberal coallitions. Reunification process, European Union regionalism, and economic liberalization waves were the historical momentum in which the ordo-liberal groups gain its legitimacy. Such transformation also brought about in the context of globalizing production system which has massively insisted the German industries to transnationalize and to improve its competitiveness.The expansion of German economy arround the world went hand in hand with the massive regionalization in Asia. The industrial shape since 1980s has been highly attractive for the developed countries to take part in the Asian regionalization. Besides presenting the political economic transformation in Germany, this paper also seeks to examine the significance and the dynamics of its economic networks in Asian regionalization.Kata Kunci: Modell Deutschland, transformasi ekonomi-politik, restrukturasi industrial, jejaring ekonomi, regionalisasi Asi