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Innowacje otwarte polskich przedsiębiorstw
Full text linkThe study assesses the impact of inbound open innovation (search and screening, cooperation and pecuniary open innovation) on the innovation performance of enterprises. The author also identifies the firm-level determinants of open innovation. The analysis is conducted using data for 2008-2010 from the Polish Community Innovation Survey (CIS). The sample covers 7,783 medium-sized and large manufacturing firms, 990 of which are selected for the final study (N = 990). The results of the structural equation model used by the author show a statistically significant relationship between innovation cooperation with competitors as well as in-house R&D performed on a continuous basis and innovation performance measured by the log of fraction of sales of innovative products. Based on the analysis of critical values between parameters, a hierarchy of attributes determining inbound open innovation is established. The results of the study show a complex relationship between the analyzed dependent and independent variables, leading the author to conclude that innovation cannot be reduced to linear relationships
Konkurencyjność przedsiębiorstw z obszarów wiejskich w województwie wielkopolskim
Full text linkThe paper studies the competitiveness of non-agricultural enterprises doing business in rural areas. It examines the conditions in which these enterprises operate and the role they play in the sustainable economic development of rural areas and the economy as a whole. The author uses a model of enterprise competitiveness reflected in the competitive potential, competitive position and competitive strategy of the studied businesses. Wiśniewska collected her research material through questionnaires. She surveyed random businesses based in rural areas in Poland’s western Wielkopolska region. The author found that entrepreneurship in rural areas is largely based on traditional instruments of competitiveness that enable rural-based businesses to secure a competitive advantage. The enterprises surveyed shape their competitiveness on the basis of product quality, price and close relations with buyers, the author says. The article examines existing threats to the competitiveness of the studied enterprises. The most important threats are risk avoidance and a lack of financial means to undertake new economic and market solutions, the author notes. The businesses surveyed are inflexible and poorly adapted to new market conditions, according to Wiśniewska. At a time of growing domestic and international competition on local markets, rural-based firms will enjoy a lasting competitive advantage only if they decide to work together and embrace product, process and market innovation, the author concludes
Wpływ długu publicznego na oczekiwania inflacyjne konsumentów w Europie
Full text linkThe study analyzes the impact of public debt on consumer inflation expectations in 20 selected European countries. According to the so‑called fiscal theory of the price level, fiscal policy may influence the inflation rate. Consequently, it may also influence inflation expectations. In order to check whether or not European consumers understand the relationship proposed by the fiscal theory of the price level, the author estimates an inflation expectations equation with the public debt‑to‑GDP ratio as one of the explanatory variables. Moreover, the author analyzes the macroeconomic efficiency of inflation expectations with respect to public debt. Mackiewicz‑Łyziak estimates the equations using panel data. The results suggest that in low‑indebted countries the public debt level does not significantly influence consumer inflation expectations. In heavily indebted countries, on the other hand, higher public debt leads to an increase in inflation expectations, the author notes. Moreover, in countries with high public debt, consumers tend to process data on debt in an effective manner, Mackiewicz‑Łyziak says, while in low‑indebted countries expectational errors are not orthogonal with respect to information on the public debt level. The author concludes that the research points to the existence of an additional channel—an “expectations channel”—through which high public debt affects future inflation
Unikanie opodatkowania w firmach rodzinnych notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie
Full text linkThe article seeks to establish whether and why family firms listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) are more likely to avoid paying taxes than other companies. The author examines the tax avoidance practices of listed firms, using a long-run measure of tax avoidance drawn from the literature: the so-called three-year cash effective tax rate (“cash tax paid divided by pre-tax book income”). The author demonstrates that family firms exhibit greater tax avoidance than their non-family counterparts, as shown by their lower cash effective tax rate. The difference in the effective tax rate between family and non-family firms is more than 4.0%, the author says. The research validates the hypothesis that family firms are ready to seek tax savings even at the expense of potential fines imposed by tax inspectors and reputation damage. The author also finds that diversified family firms and family firms that do not depend on external finance exhibit greater tax avoidance. Among family firms, a higher level of tax avoidance is characteristic of “opaque” firms and firms using dual-class shares, Kałdoński says. This indicates that diversification and financial independence tend to lower the costs of tax avoidance, while a lack of transparency and dual-class shares can be used for tax avoidance purposes, the author adds
Tenant Herding in the Cuba Valley (New Mexico)
Full text linkExcerpts: As it is generally understood, tenancy relates primarily to the use, under varying contractual arrangements of non-ownership, of agricultural land. In urban areas it refers principally to the renting of homes. In a range area it is concerned with the leasing of land and the renting of livestock. It is this last form of tenancy that is here called tenant herding. Tenant herding in the Cuba Valley is a contractual agreement between a large sheep owner (Bond, in this case) and about twenty-five tenants whereby these tenants agree to run sheep on a rental basis. Bond supplies breeding herds varying from a few hundred to 2,100 sheep
Financing a Centralized Peach-Packing Facility in Southeastern Missouri
Full text linkExcerpts from the Preface: To fill this request, Farmer Cooperative Service (FCS) studied current needs and future growth to: A. Determine the volume of peaches producers are willing to commit to a marketing cooperative in 1975 and 1980. B. Determine the facility requirements and projected operating costs to handle the expected volume in 1975 and 1980. C. Determine capital requirements and develop a financial structure, including producers' need to supply equity capital. D. Develop the longrun financing plan based on the financial inputs of members, credit sources, debt service requirements, operating costs, and projected volume. FCS staff met with peach growers individually and as a group, and viewed their facilities to assess interest and need for a marketing cooperative. Seventeen of 22 possible peach growers, representing an estimated 90 per cent of the peach acreage in the area, provided information on their production potential. Growers, with help from equipment suppliers and engineers from the Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, designed the proposed facility and obtained the cost estimates used in this report
National Farm Program Data, 1932-1940: Vermont Highlights
Full text linkContents: Part One: Farm Income (Cash Farm Income and Cash Income from Principal Farm Products – Prices of Farm Commodities – Farm Purchasing Power – Farm Real Estate Values and Farm Foreclosures, Sales and Bankruptcies – Payments to Farmers Under A.A.A. Programs – Crop Insurance – Farm Credit and Farm Debt Adjustment – Commodity Loans – Export Payments and Distribution of Surplus Foodstuffs) --- Part Two: Conservation and Wise Use of Agricultural Resources (Agricultural Conservation Programs – Soil Conservation Service Programs – Forest Service Programs) --- Part Three: Greater Security and Better Living on the Land (Farm Security Administration Programs – Rural Electrification Administration Programs) --- Part Four: Strengthening Democracy Through the Farm Programs (Participation in A.A.A. Programs – Results of A.A.A. Referenda – Farmer Committees in the National Farm Programs – Land Use Planning by Farmers)
Agriculture and the National Economy
Full text linkExcerpts from the Letter of Transmittal: This report has been submitted to the Temporary National Economic Committee by a committee appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture, consisting of Messrs. Louis H. Bean, Mordecai Ezekiel, Donald E. Montgomery, and Frederick V. Waugh, all of the Department of Agriculture. The report was written by Dr. Meyers [Senior Economist, USDA] under the supervision of the above committee. Dr. Meyers is one of the foremost authorities on monopolistic competition in the United States. He is the author of "Elements of Modern Economics" and "Modern Economic Problems." The report deals with the present situation of agriculture as a part of our economic system and more specifically with monopolistic practices and inefficiency in the marketing system for farm products and for the products farmers buy. The impact of monopolistic restriction of industrial output and employment upon farm income, farm population and farm economy in general is extensively discussed
Old Ideals Versus New Ideas in Farm Life
Full text link[Contents:] America's Inheritance from “The Age of Enlightenment” --- Some Early American Agricultural Institutions (Agricultural Societies – Agricultural Fairs – Agricultural Journals) --- The Seed of a New Growth --- Agrarianism (The Tradition – Rural-Urban Antagonisms – Regional Differences in Rural-Urban Relationships – The Democratic Character of American Agrarianism) --- The Virtue of Labor (Work Was Work in Town and Country Alike) --- The Idea of Progress (Rapid Development of Mechanical Devices – Resistance to “Book Farming”) --- The Vogue of Nature Study --- Belief in the Triumph of the Good --- Rising Land Values and Boomer Psychology --- The Vogue of Self-Education (Growth of Farmers’ Clubs) --- The Drive to Democratize Education (Education as a Means of Personal Advancement) --- Democracy and Security a Century Ago --- Forces of Change: Commercialization, Urbanization, and Technological Advance --- New Economic Demands Upon Agriculture (Self-Sufficiency Gives Way to Interdependence) --- The Influence of Farm Bookkeeping --- The Farmer Becomes a Businessman --- Changed Attitudes Toward Labor (Rural Opposition to Organized Industrial Labor – The Widening Gap Between Proprietors and Hired Hands – New Ideas About Success) --- The Persistence of Some Older Ideas --- Changing Ideals in Agricultural Education --- The Popular Acceptance of Science Applied to Agriculture (Technical Progress in Many Fields) --- The Development of Professional Farm Leadership --- Paper Values Versus Work Values --- Farmers and Middlemen --- The Country Adopts City Ways --- Loss of the Old with Acceptance of the New (The Conflict Between the Old and the New) --- Literature Cited
