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Struktury klastrowe jako bieguny wzrostu gospodarki – przykład Bawarskiego Klastra Biotechnologicznego
Full text linkThe article focuses on business clusters, which have become a popular method for organizing business operations, based on the geographical and sectoral concentration of enterprises. Business clusters are analyzed primarily in the context of the growth pole theory formulated by French economist François Perroux. Under this approach, sectoral polarization, or the rapid development of some sectors of the economy, influences spatial polarization, which means the emergence of locations (referred to as growth poles) characterized by a higher growth rate than other areas. This article aims to validate the hypothesis that clusters can act as growth poles for the economy because they represent an effective mechanism for concentrating resources and stimulating cooperation, conducive to the further development of the sector. This hypothesis is validated on the basis of an analysis of the Bavarian Biotechnology Cluster, which is one of the strongest biotechnology centers in Europe. This cluster acts as a growth pole for Germany’s Bavaria region, influencing the development of the biotechnology sector, one of the most advanced sectors of the regional economy. The Bavarian Biotechnology Cluster also helps disseminate knowledge and innovation, thus contributing to greater innovation and competitiveness of the regional economy. The growing popularity of clustering and the concept of cluster-based development policies have encouraged the Bavarian authorities to take action to support this form of cooperation in the economy. These measures cover the biotechnology sector, one of the key sectors of the Bavarian economy
Wpływ prawnej ochrony zatrudnienia na rynek pracy w warunkach negatywnego szoku ekonomicznego
Full text linkThe article is concerned with the problem of employment protection legislation (EPL) and its impact on the labor market, especially on employment and unemployment. The purpose of the discussion is to determine the nature and scope of employment protection legislation and to examine its influence on labor markets in OECD countries. Employment protection is a set of standards and procedures governing the dismissal of workers and, as such, it has an influence on employment, unemployment and wages. The impact of employment protection legislation on the labor market is transmitted by two major mechanisms: a direct weakening of fluctuations in employment and unemployment and falling profits, a factor that reduces demand for labor. The authors hypothesize that there is a U-shaped relationship between the level of employment protection and employment/unemployment. The hypothesis that employment protection legislation has an impact the labor market was tested empirically using data for 26 OECD countries from the 2008-2011 period. The results show that it is reasonable to expect major declines in employment (accompanied by increases in unemployment) during a crisis in countries where employment protection legislation is either relatively weak or relatively strong. The smallest decreases in employment (increases in unemployment) during the crisis can be expected in countries in which the EPL indicator is close to 2
Potencjał wiedzy w polskiej gospodarce w badaniach Banku Światowego
Full text linkThe article ranks a total of 145 economies by knowledge potential, a major factor behind international competitiveness today. The classification is based on the Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) and the Knowledge Index (KI) used by the World Bank in its Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM). The author discusses the four main pillars of knowledge potential – the Economic Incentive and Institutional Regime; the Innovation System; Education and Human Resources; and Information and Communication Technology. He also conducts cluster analysis (a taxonomic method tool used as part of multidimensional comparative analysis) to determine the boundaries between individual groups of countries. The use of knowledge potential in individual economies varies considerably. Poland, in comparison to highly developed countries, fares poorly and has a lot of catching up to do in this area. What’s even worse, Poland’s position in the overall classification has weakened over the past several years, the author says
National Farm Program Data, 1932-1940: Michigan Highlights
Full text linkContents: Part One: Farm Income (Cash Farm Income and Cash Income from Principal Farm Products – Prices of Farm Commodities – Farm Purchasing Power – Farm Real Estate Values and Farm Foreclosures, Sales and Bankruptcies – Payments to Farmers Under A.A.A. Programs – Crop Insurance – Farm Credit and Farm Debt Adjustment – Commodity Loans – Export Payments and Distribution of Surplus Foodstuffs) --- Part Two: Conservation and Wise Use of Agricultural Resources (Agricultural Conservation Programs – Soil Conservation Service Programs – Forest Service Programs) --- Part Three: Greater Security and Better Living on the Land (Farm Security Administration Programs – Rural Electrification Administration Programs) --- Part Four: Strengthening Democracy Through the Farm Programs (Participation in A.A.A. Programs – Results of A.A.A. Referenda – Farmer Committees in the National Farm Programs – Land Use Planning by Farmers)
Ewolucja regionalnego zróżnicowania płac realnych w Polsce
Full text linkThe paper aims to offer an empirical verification of a hypothesis concerning real wage equalization among Poland’s regions. Unlike most previous studies, which focus on the evolution of nominal wages, the article uses regional purchasing power parity (PPP) deflators to analyze the evolution of real wages. Regional labor market disparities in Poland, including regional wage differentials, have been amply discussed in research papers, the author says. Such an analysis is important, he adds, because regional wage differentials frequently determine migration decisions. Some theoretical models suggest that the outflow of workers from regions with lower wages partially reduces regional disparities in unemployment rates. However, other models show that regional unemployment rate differentials in fact increase as a result of labor force migration, Rokicki says. Most authors focus on the correlation between the growth and the initial level of wages (beta convergence) and on the evolution of the regional dispersion of wages (sigma convergence), according to Rokicki. The results of these analyses imply the existence of a divergence process in recent decades. The author argues, however, that these results may be significantly biased. Rokicki’s own analysis, based on wages adjusted with regional PPP deflators, suggests that the divergence trend reversed in the second half of the previous decade – in favor of a convergence process that has been at work ever since then
Zmiany strukturalne i koniunkturalne a zatrudnienie w polskim przemyśle przetwórczym
Full text linkThe article examines the impact of changes in the sector breakdown of employment on the level of employment in Poland’s manufacturing industry. To investigate the scope of structural changes, the author uses a method originally developed by Groshen and Potter (2003). The method assumes that changes in employment are structural in nature if they have the same direction at a time of both recession and recovery (for example, if employment in the sector rises or falls in both periods). Cyclical changes occur if their direction at a time of recession is different from that at a time of recovery – for example, if employment in the sector falls during a recession, while rising at a time of recovery, the author says. The study finds that sectors that lost out as a result of structural changes in the analyzed period accounted for a decreasing proportion of total manufacturing sector employment. At the same time, the role of pro-cyclical sectors increased, the author says. He adds that the drop in demand for labor related to the economic downturn at the end of the last decade was less acute than the decline at the end of the preceding decade. This shows that traditional macroeconomic policies can have a greater impact on employment than other measures, especially in manufacturing, Bartosik concludes
Zagraniczne inwestycje bezpośrednie w regionie świętokrzyskim w latach 2005-2011
Full text linkThe article examines the activities of foreign investors in Poland’s Świętokrzyskie region. To this end, the author uses literature analysis and descriptive statistical methods. Based on a review of available literature, the author outlines basic concepts related to foreign direct investment and the main theoretical models of FDI. He also identifies the key factors behind foreign investment and discusses the positive and negative effects of FDI. The author analyzes the organizational structure and conditions underlying the operations of companies with foreign capital in the Świętokrzyskie region. The study uses data from Poland’s Central Statistical Office (GUS) for the 2005-2009 period. To ensure the comparability of data, the analyzed values are calculated in per capita terms. The analysis found that the inflow of foreign investment to the region mainly consisted of taking over and modernizing existing plants. Foreign investors chiefly invest in the largest cities in the region, such as Kielce, Starachowice and Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, and in their vicinity. A special economic zone in Starachowice plays a significant role in attracting foreign investment to the Świętokrzyskie region. Among foreign investors active in the region are many companies with global business. These include building material manufacturers, who are a significant component of the regional economy and have a positive impact on the incomes and living conditions of local residents. However, these businesses have poor ties with local companies and produce limited spillover effects, according to the author. Maintaining the current direction of foreign investment means that the Świętokrzyskie region will continue to specialize in raw material production, Pastuszka says. To avoid this scenario, the regional authorities should create conditions to attract investors to more technologically advanced sectors, the author concludes
Współpraca w klastrach w różnych fazach ich cyklu życia
Full text linkThe article explores the role that Polish business clusters play in the transfer of knowledge and innovation from science to business. It also identifies the forms of such cooperation at individual stages of cluster functioning. The discussion shows that the forms of knowledge and innovation transfer from research centers to enterprises are changing with the development of clusters. This conclusion is based on an analysis of available literature as well as on the findings of empirical studies. The article describes individual stages of cluster development and their role in the process of knowledge and technology transfer. The author evaluates the scope of collaboration between research centers and enterprises working as part of clusters. According to respondents, collaboration with the science sector enhances the technological advancement of businesses and boosts their competitive advantage. Despite these obvious gains, however, such collaboration is still limited in Poland, the author says
A Report on Breeding Priorities for the High-Value Pea Processing Sector in Western Canada
Full text linkThis research investigates the plant breeding priorities of high-protein pea processors and explores the market potential of climate-smart certification programs and gene-edited pea varieties. Stakeholders in the higher-value pea processing sector were engaged to identify important pea breeding traits and assess potential premiums for high-protein pea varieties. An online survey and semi-structured interview were used to understand valued pea attributes and price premiums for high-protein peas and gather opinions on gene-editing and climate-smart certification. The findings provide insights into processor priorities and the dynamics of the high-protein food market
Wpływ wielkości przedsiębiorstw na innowacyjność systemu przemysłowego w Polsce
Full text linkThe article looks at how the size of enterprises influences innovation in Polish industry. The author attempts to determine whether or not enterprise size has an impact on different forms of innovation and whether this calls for a revision in the government’s innovation policy. The article also aims to establish whether or not Polish industrial enterprises innovate in a different way than their counterparts in highly developed countries. In transition economies, enterprise size influences economic processes, including innovation in industry, the author says. The methodological part of the study makes use of a probit modeling approach based on probability theory. The results of the study show that the key to enhanced innovation is to encourage medium-sized and large enterprises to innovate, the author says. Micro and small businesses, on the other hand, exhibit a low level of risk acceptance, Świadek adds. Still, over time, innovation in small businesses tends to evolve toward the pattern observed in medium-sized and large enterprises, according to the author. The article identifies areas in which the author believes innovation should be particularly supported by the government