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Les liaisons verticales par branches de l'industrie alimentaire hongroise
Get PDFVertical Connections Between Branches in the Hungarian Food Industry Based on a comprehensive analysis of the natural conditions and the technological possibilities, the economic reformation of 1967 aims at a better specialization of agriculture and a better allocation of the productive ressources. The objectives of this reformation are to obtain a harder concentration, a horizontal integration through specialization, a suipple planning adapted to the world market and to the home market and a vertical integration in order to realize an optimal allocation of the food industries
Organisation et perspectives de la production alimentaire en Hongrie
Get PDFUp till the economic reformation, the relationship between food production and marketing was characterized by a heavy centralization. A market information has been instituted towards consumers and producers which allows freer négociations. There is not yet a free competition between firms : prices are still regulated, supply scanty and monopolies far from disappearing
Développement régional : deux expériences d'animation en Basse-Normandie
Get PDFReport on two development programs in the Calvados département : rural crafstmen in St-Pierre-sur-Dives, farming in Creully. This analysis leads to a study of the respective roles of the people involved and of the extension personnel in this type of program
L'intégration verticale et son action sur la production de viande
Get PDFIntegration in meat production is developing slowly and is meeting many difficulties. The uncertain nature of this kind of production is not limited only to unorganized structures, it is to be found also, to a lesser degree, in integrated units and is to be explained by the present impossibility of regulating efficiently the flow of animals and products. This impossibility is linked, on the one hand, to the nature of biological phenomena, not yet entirely under control, on which production activities depend and, on the other hand, on the irregularity of the demand. This situation is worsened by the very vulnerable state of the meat-producing industry's structures in France. For these various reasons, vertical integration, as it is practised at the moment, does not necessarily ensure a satisfactory adjustment of supply and demand
Peut-on faire des abattoirs publics un outil économique?
Get PDFHow can one eliminate the management deficit of the French public slaughter-houses which have not yet been modernized, enlarged or built ? This deficit concerns a great number of oublie slaughterhouses and the author describes the symptoms and analyses the means by which it can be reduced. The are only palliative measures which prevent the closing of establishments with a deficit, the permanent aid provided by municipal funds presents serious disadvantages. This diagnosis shows that the municipal slaughter-house cannot satisfy the demands of a public service either from the point of view of hygiene and public health or that of tax evasion. Many restrictions oblige the slaughter-house to be a vast, highly perfected organism, difficult to manage. Local authorities are weither prepared nor equipped, even making use of the services of only one user, to build and direct such establishments. The 1965 law seems to be already out-of-date
Evolution du marché et des structures de production porcine
Get PDFEvolution of the Merket and the Structures in the Pork Meat Production - Since 1966, an annual survey among pig breeders relates the evolution of the production structures in the pork meat branch. The Rationalisation Plan, started in 1969, has stimulated the improvement of the production structures so that they are now probably better than in West Germany. Besides, the regions of Bretagne and the North have now reached stock sizes similar to those of Belgium, although still smaller than those of Great Britain or the Netherlands. In 1975, 90 % of the production should be supplied by less than 50.000 pig breeders. The home production is not sufficient to cover the demand of the French consumers, only to the extent of 85 %. This percentage has been seadily declining for the past decade. In any case, it would take ten years to obtain a balanced situation, which is not necessarily desirable in the hypothesis of a common agricultural market. In the long run, the pollution problems may change the concentration of pig breeding from the traditional areas of Western and Northern France to cereal-growing or to underpopulated areas
Les problèmes de la distribution des produits dérivés du porc. Bilan et perspectives
Get PDFMarketing Problems of Pork Meat Products - The author examines why the hand-made pork meat products are declining. In fact, the purchase and processing activities have been overstressed up till now to the disadvantage of the sales activities. The only way this specialized production could survive would be to change the order of priorities. The development difficulties of the curing industries, especially the marketing deficiencies even in nationwide firms are rather distressing
La consommation de viande de porc
Get PDFThe Consumption of Pork - After beef, pork is the second basic meat composing the French diet.. In carcass weight, the annual consumption of pork was 28 kg per head, in 1969. Pork meat is consumed in different forms : fresh meat (roats, chops...) or processed meat (ham, sausages, etc.). In processed products weight, the average consumption per head is about 8 kg of meat, 4 kg of ham and 8 kg of sausages and other processed products. Pork meat consumption cannot be studied in an aggregate manner without considering the form of consumption. As a matter of fact, the behaviour of the consumers is different for pork meat, a stagnating traditional product on one side and on the other side ham, sausages etc., an easily prepared food with an expanding demand. After presenting the existing sources of information, the author studies the behaviour of the households through survey data. Time series show the evolution of this behaviour during the past decade and gives an outline for the future evolution of the consumption
Comment les économistes agricoles peuvent-ils contribuer à la solution des problèmes agricoles en Europe ?
Get PDFApplication de la TVA en agriculture et comportement de quelques exploitants agricoles
Get PDFThe application of VAT to Agriculture and the behaviour of soms farmers - The extension of VAT to agriculture in 1968 gives farmers the possibility of choosing between two new methods of taxing their turn-over ; either being repaid a forfeitary sum or VAT. Until Jan. 1 1972 those who did not opt for one of these two forms of taxation continued to benefit from the reduction on agricultural machinery. These forms of taxation are simplified in comparison with the form generally applied; nevertheless, agricultural VAT is a fairly complicated system when it comes to the rules covering the deductions and obligations of those whose activity concerns livestock. A survey carried out in August 1971 amongst a hundred or so farmers in the Loire Valley area was intended to analyses the attitudes towards VAT of farmers who have chosen VAT, of those being repaid a forfeitary sum and those who still opt for the discount system. In order to obtain a homogeneous cross-section only few technico-economic categories were retained : fruit-growers with between 5 and 10 hectares, market- gardeners with less than 5 hectares, those going in for mixed farming and stokraising with between 20 and 50 hectares, and 50 and 100 hectares, cereal-growers with between 20 and 50 hectares, and 50 and 100 hectares. The factor analysis of the data collected enabled certain attitudes corresponding to the various tax systems to be pinpointed. The farmer's training and education, his sources of information, his belonging to agricultural organisations, his marketing system appeared to be the deciding factors. In some cases it was possible to pick out a group of elements common to the farmers in one technico economic category. In example, the marketing system for the market-gardeners and the fruit-growers, or the tendency to invest for those engaged in mixed-farming and stock-breeding. The application of VAT to agriculture was often seen as an initiative on the part of the tax authorities to gain firmer control of production and incomes. Only a small minority seems to be aware of the decrease in taxation for which it was created. If a change of attitude is indispensable, it does not seem that VAT is either a determining nor important factor of this change